WATERMAN, Circuit Judge.
The defendant appeals (1) from an order of July 30, 1956 entered by the U. S. District Court for the Western District of New York denying his motion filed before sentence to withdraw a plea of guilty entered July 13, 1954; and (2) from a subsequent order denying' his motion filed after sentence for leave to reargue the prior denied motion.
On December 20, 1951, an indictment containing three counts was filed in the U. S. District Court for the Western District of New York against the defendant and two others.1 The first count charged the defendant with unlawful importation of merchandise in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 545; the second with aiding in such unlawful importation in violation of 19 U.S.C.A. § 483; and the third with conspiring unlawfully to import merchandise in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371. The defendant was arraigned on January 14, 1952 at which time he was represented by counsel who entered a plea of not guilty in his behalf. There were no further proceedings until July 13, 1954, when the defendant, without counsel, appeared before District Judge Knight at Jamestown with the Assistant United States Attorney, Cordes, and two U. S. Customs agents; withdrew his earlier plea; and pleaded guilty to the second count of the indictment. Thereupon, on motion of the Government, the first and third counts of the indictment were dismissed. On July 12, the day before he pleaded guilty, the defendant had discussed the indictment with Cordes in the latter’s office in Buffalo. Although notice of appearance of counsel for the defendant had been filed on May 20, which appearance had not been withdrawn, the defendant was not accompanied by any lawyer on July 12.2 The defendant’s version of the July 12 meeting is found in his affidavit in support of his motion for leave to reargue. He asserts that Cordes offered to dismiss the first and third counts of the indictment if he would plead guilty to the second. The defendant says he replied that he was innocent of the charges against him and that he had no intention of going to jail. In answer to this he was told that because of his cooperation in other cases he “would get full consideration [499]*499from the Court” if he pleaded guilty. The defendant further states that he understood this to mean that “nothing would happen” to him. The Government’s version of the meeting, while not contradicting the defendant’s version in all respects, does differ from it materially. At the July 30, 1956 hearing on the first motion there was testimony on behalf of the Government that the defendant while at Cordes’ office and after discussion of the indictment, offered to plead guilty to the second count. Cordes testified that he made no promises to induce the plea. A customs agent who was present at the meeting corroborated this, and further testified that the defendant was told that he might receive a fine or prison term or suspended sentence.
When the defendant changed his plea in open court on the following day neither of these versions was brought out before the trial judge. The entire transcript of these proceedings, a copy of which is set forth in the margin,3 reveals only that the defendant, in reply to questions from Cordes, indicated that he did not desire the assistance of counsel; that he had received a copy of the indictment; that he understood the charge against him; and that he pleaded guilty to the second count of the indictment. Sentence was not imposed. Over two years elapsed before there were any further proceedings. In the meantime Judge Knight deceased. On July 30, 1956, prior to sentence, the defendant, with new counsel, appeared in the district court before Judge Morgan and moved that his earlier plea of guilty be withdrawn and that he be permitted to plead not guilty. After a hearing, the motion was denied. Sentence was then pronounced. Lester appealed from the denial of his motion. Pending that appeal, on October 23, 1956, the defendant, now represented by yet another lawyer, moved the district court for leave to re-argue the previously-denied motion. This motion was also denied. Lester appealed from this decision. We ordered the two appeals consolidated.
On the record before us there can be no doubt but that Judge Knight failed to perform his duty adequately when the plea of guilty was received on July 13, 1954. Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, 18 U.S.C. provides that the court “shall not accept the plea [of guilty] without first determining that the plea is made voluntarily with understanding of the nature of the charge.” While such a determination does not require observance of a particular ritual, United States v. Davis, 7 Cir., 1954, 212 F.2d 264; United States v. Swaggerty, 7 Cir., 1955, 218 F.2d 875, the Rule clearly contemplates that there be something more than a perfunctory examination conducted by the prosecutor that does not serve to inform the judge of the extent of the prisoner’s knowledge of the consequences of his choice of a guilty plea.4 A mere routine inquiry — ■ [500]*500the asking of several standard questions —will not suffice to discharge the duty of the trial court. It is the duty of a federal judge before accepting a plea of guilty to thoroughly investigate the circumstances under which it is made. United States v. Davis, supra. Cf. Johnson v. Zerbst, 1938, 304 U.S. 458, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 82 L.Ed. 1461; Kercheval v. United States, 1927, 274 U.S. 220, 47 S.Ct. 582, 71 L.Ed. 1009. Even when the defendant is represented by counsel it has been held that the mere statement of the accused that he understands the charge against him does not relieve the court of the responsibility of further inquiry. United States v. Davis, supra. When, as in the present case, the defendant appears before the court without the benefit of counsel an even more exacting inquiry is demanded. Comprehension of the charge demands more than familiarity with the crime alleged. The court must determine whether the plea has been improperly induced by the prosecutor and whether the defendant is aware of “the nature of the charges, the statutory offenses included within them, and the range of allowable punishments thereunder, possible defenses to the charges and circumstances in mitigation thereof, and all other facts essential to a broad understanding of the whole matter.” Von Moltke v. Gillies, 332 U.S. 708, 724, 68 S.Ct. 316, 323, 92 L.Ed. 309. Smith v. United States, 5 Cir., 1956, 238 F.2d 925. Such a determination may be made only by a penetrating and comprehensive examination of all the circumstances under which the plea is made.
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WATERMAN, Circuit Judge.
The defendant appeals (1) from an order of July 30, 1956 entered by the U. S. District Court for the Western District of New York denying his motion filed before sentence to withdraw a plea of guilty entered July 13, 1954; and (2) from a subsequent order denying' his motion filed after sentence for leave to reargue the prior denied motion.
On December 20, 1951, an indictment containing three counts was filed in the U. S. District Court for the Western District of New York against the defendant and two others.1 The first count charged the defendant with unlawful importation of merchandise in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 545; the second with aiding in such unlawful importation in violation of 19 U.S.C.A. § 483; and the third with conspiring unlawfully to import merchandise in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371. The defendant was arraigned on January 14, 1952 at which time he was represented by counsel who entered a plea of not guilty in his behalf. There were no further proceedings until July 13, 1954, when the defendant, without counsel, appeared before District Judge Knight at Jamestown with the Assistant United States Attorney, Cordes, and two U. S. Customs agents; withdrew his earlier plea; and pleaded guilty to the second count of the indictment. Thereupon, on motion of the Government, the first and third counts of the indictment were dismissed. On July 12, the day before he pleaded guilty, the defendant had discussed the indictment with Cordes in the latter’s office in Buffalo. Although notice of appearance of counsel for the defendant had been filed on May 20, which appearance had not been withdrawn, the defendant was not accompanied by any lawyer on July 12.2 The defendant’s version of the July 12 meeting is found in his affidavit in support of his motion for leave to reargue. He asserts that Cordes offered to dismiss the first and third counts of the indictment if he would plead guilty to the second. The defendant says he replied that he was innocent of the charges against him and that he had no intention of going to jail. In answer to this he was told that because of his cooperation in other cases he “would get full consideration [499]*499from the Court” if he pleaded guilty. The defendant further states that he understood this to mean that “nothing would happen” to him. The Government’s version of the meeting, while not contradicting the defendant’s version in all respects, does differ from it materially. At the July 30, 1956 hearing on the first motion there was testimony on behalf of the Government that the defendant while at Cordes’ office and after discussion of the indictment, offered to plead guilty to the second count. Cordes testified that he made no promises to induce the plea. A customs agent who was present at the meeting corroborated this, and further testified that the defendant was told that he might receive a fine or prison term or suspended sentence.
When the defendant changed his plea in open court on the following day neither of these versions was brought out before the trial judge. The entire transcript of these proceedings, a copy of which is set forth in the margin,3 reveals only that the defendant, in reply to questions from Cordes, indicated that he did not desire the assistance of counsel; that he had received a copy of the indictment; that he understood the charge against him; and that he pleaded guilty to the second count of the indictment. Sentence was not imposed. Over two years elapsed before there were any further proceedings. In the meantime Judge Knight deceased. On July 30, 1956, prior to sentence, the defendant, with new counsel, appeared in the district court before Judge Morgan and moved that his earlier plea of guilty be withdrawn and that he be permitted to plead not guilty. After a hearing, the motion was denied. Sentence was then pronounced. Lester appealed from the denial of his motion. Pending that appeal, on October 23, 1956, the defendant, now represented by yet another lawyer, moved the district court for leave to re-argue the previously-denied motion. This motion was also denied. Lester appealed from this decision. We ordered the two appeals consolidated.
On the record before us there can be no doubt but that Judge Knight failed to perform his duty adequately when the plea of guilty was received on July 13, 1954. Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, 18 U.S.C. provides that the court “shall not accept the plea [of guilty] without first determining that the plea is made voluntarily with understanding of the nature of the charge.” While such a determination does not require observance of a particular ritual, United States v. Davis, 7 Cir., 1954, 212 F.2d 264; United States v. Swaggerty, 7 Cir., 1955, 218 F.2d 875, the Rule clearly contemplates that there be something more than a perfunctory examination conducted by the prosecutor that does not serve to inform the judge of the extent of the prisoner’s knowledge of the consequences of his choice of a guilty plea.4 A mere routine inquiry — ■ [500]*500the asking of several standard questions —will not suffice to discharge the duty of the trial court. It is the duty of a federal judge before accepting a plea of guilty to thoroughly investigate the circumstances under which it is made. United States v. Davis, supra. Cf. Johnson v. Zerbst, 1938, 304 U.S. 458, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 82 L.Ed. 1461; Kercheval v. United States, 1927, 274 U.S. 220, 47 S.Ct. 582, 71 L.Ed. 1009. Even when the defendant is represented by counsel it has been held that the mere statement of the accused that he understands the charge against him does not relieve the court of the responsibility of further inquiry. United States v. Davis, supra. When, as in the present case, the defendant appears before the court without the benefit of counsel an even more exacting inquiry is demanded. Comprehension of the charge demands more than familiarity with the crime alleged. The court must determine whether the plea has been improperly induced by the prosecutor and whether the defendant is aware of “the nature of the charges, the statutory offenses included within them, and the range of allowable punishments thereunder, possible defenses to the charges and circumstances in mitigation thereof, and all other facts essential to a broad understanding of the whole matter.” Von Moltke v. Gillies, 332 U.S. 708, 724, 68 S.Ct. 316, 323, 92 L.Ed. 309. Smith v. United States, 5 Cir., 1956, 238 F.2d 925. Such a determination may be made only by a penetrating and comprehensive examination of all the circumstances under which the plea is made.
The failure of the district court to conduct such an inquiry at the time the plea was entered denied the defendant the protection which he was entitled to receive from a federal judge. The inadequacy of those proceedings does not, however, constitute reversible error in the absence of a showing that at the time the plea of guilty was entered the defendant had, as claimed, been misled by the Government. Cf. United States v. Davis, supra. It was this issue which was raised by the motions the denial of which is the subject of this appeal.
The motion for withdrawal of the plea of guilty was based upon the ground that the defendant believed, at the time the plea was entered, that he was pleading guilty to a misdemeanor and not to a felony. The trial court affirmatively found against the defendant on this issue. This finding of the trial court would have been sufficient to require affirmance by us of his disposition of the motion if it had not been for the inadequacy of the prior proceedings before Judge Knight. The withdrawal of a plea of guilty is not, in the federal courts, a legal right. Rule 32(d), Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. Permission to withdraw the plea may be granted at the discretion of the trial court and a denial thereof is reversible only if it appears that there has been an abuse of discretion. Williams v. United States, 5 Cir., 1951, 192 F.2d 39; Richardson v. United States, 8 Cir., 1954, 217 F.2d 696; Stidham v. United States, 8 Cir., 1948, 170 F.2d 294. But we think that the failure of Judge Knight to fully perform his duty when he accepted the guilty plea made it mandatory upon Judge Morgan, when Lester sought to withdraw that plea, to ascertain whether the guilty plea was made with a full understanding of the likely consequences. Since the record does not disclose that such a determination was made, the motion of the defendant for leave to reargue his prior motion should have been granted.
This is not the customary situation in which the defendant seeks to withdraw his plea because of disappointment over the severity of the sentence. See, e. g., United States v. Norstrand, 2 Cir., 1948, [501]*501168 F.2d 481; United States v. Sehon Chinn, D.C.S.D.W.Va.1947, 74 F.Supp. 189, affirmed 4 Cir., 1947, 163 F.2d 876. Nor is this a case in which the defendant, by failing to deny his guilt, seeks only “to ‘throw dust in a juryman’s eyes, or hoodwink a judge who is not overwise.’ ” United States v. Paglia, 2 Cir., 1951, 190 F.2d 445, 448; United States v. Norstrand, 2 Cir., 1948, 168 F.2d 481. The defendant has repeatedly asserted his innocence, claiming that he pleaded guilty only because the prosecutor led him to believe that such a plea would not result in a prison sentence.
Surely the standard for determining whether a plea of guilty should be withdrawn prior to sentence under Rule 32(d) is not less favorable to the defendant than the standard for acceptance of such a plea under Rule 11. Rule 11 provides than a plea of guilty shall not be accepted unless it is voluntary. This requirement is not satisfied if the plea is entered by one who is not fully aware of the consequences of his plea, nor fully aware of the extent to which reliance may safely be placed upon any representations which may have been made by the prosecutor or any other government officials.5 Shelton v. United States, 5 Cir., 246 F.2d 571; cf. Kercheval v. United States, supra; United States v. Sehon Chinn, supra; United States v. Norstrand, supra. The defendant here has the burden of establishing that he entered his plea of guilty relying upon commitments made by the prosecutor and that he was unaware that such commitments were not binding upon the trial court, cf. Bergen v. United States, 8 Cir., 1944, 145 F.2d 181. If he is able to sustain this burden, his motion to withdraw his plea should be granted.
In his affidavit submitted in support of the motion for leave to re-argue, the defendant does not claim that the Assistant United States Attorney made an unambiguous promise that no prison sentence would be imposed. He merely states: “he [the Assistant U. S. Attorney] * * * told me to plead guilty to the lesser charge and that I would get full consideration from the court. I understood him to mean that nothing would happen to me.” This statement was never denied by the Government, but there was testimony by a customs agent which, if believed, would have negated the possibility that the defendant could have so construed the statement. The fact that the defendant may have had expectations that his plea would result in leniency is not sufficient, in the absence of evidence that the expectation was induced by the Government, to justify withdrawal of the plea. United States v. Norstrand, supra; United States v. Sehon Chinn, supra. But, upon remand, if the court determines that the defendant pleaded guilty reasonably relying upon representations made by the prosecutor that a prison sentence would not be imposed, then permission to withdraw the plea should be granted. The fact that the Assistant United States Attorney’s statement relied upon by the defendant is not an unambiguous promise is not conclusive upon the issue of whether it might reasonably have been understood by the prisoner to be a promise of leniency. The crucial question is whether a layman, not represented by counsel and unfamiliar with the respective powers of prosecutors and judges, might have so understood the statements. If the statements the defendant claims were made to him are found to have been, in fact, made; and if the construction which the defendant claims to have placed on the statements was, under the circumstances, reasonable; and he is able to establish that he was in fact misled; then his motion to withdraw the plea of guilty should be granted.
The order denying defendant’s motion for leave to reargue his motion to with[502]*502draw the plea of guilty is reversed, and the caüse remanded for further proceedings in conformity with this opinion.