February 17, 1993 United States Court of Appeals For the First Circuit
No. 92-1052
THE PH GROUP LTD., F/K/A, COGNETICS EUROPE LTD,
Plaintiff, Appellant,
v.
DAVID L. BIRCH, ET AL.,
Defendants, Appellees.
No. 92-1053
THE PH GROUP LTD., F/K/A COGNETICS EUROPE, LTD.,
Plaintiff, Appellee,
v.
DAVID L. BIRCH,
Defendant, Appellee,
COGNETICS, INC.
Defendant, Appellant.
APPEALS FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
[Hon. W. Arthur Garrity, Jr., Senior U.S. District Judge]
Before
Breyer, Chief Judge,
Brown,* Senior Circuit Judge,
Stahl, Circuit Judge.
Edwin A. McCabe with whom Joseph P. Davis, III, Karen Chinn
Lyons, and The McCabe Group were on brief for appellants.
Robert J. Kaler with whom Gadsby & Hannah was on brief for
appellees.
February 17, 1993
*Of the Fifth Circuit, sitting by designation.
STAHL, Circuit Judge. This case involves a failed
attempt to license American-made computer software for use in
Europe. On appeal, plaintiff The pH Group Ltd., formerly
known as Cognetics Europe Ltd. ("PH"), challenges the
district court's failure (1) to award it attorneys' fees and
(2) to rule favorably on its claims of unfair and deceptive
trade practices. Defendants Cognetics, Inc. ("Cognetics")
and David L. Birch cross-appeal, taking issue with the
district court's denial of their motion for judgment n.o.v.
or a new trial on their counterclaims for breach of
contract.1 Finding no error in the district court's
rulings, we affirm.
I.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PRIOR PROCEEDINGS
David Birch developed computer software which
analyzes Dun & Bradstreet data bases for business consulting
purposes.2 In order to exploit this software in the United
States, Birch and his associates formed Cognetics. PH was
formed by Rolf Hickmann, Norbert Reis, and other individuals
principally to develop a consulting business in Europe
through the use of the Cognetics software. PH and Cognetics
1. Because the interests of Birch and Cognetics are inexorably intertwined for purposes of this appeal, references to Cognetics should be construed as applying equally to Birch.
2. Dun & Bradstreet generates computer data bases which report the financial statistics of private businesses.
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negotiated a license agreement ("the Agreement"), under which
PH received the right to use the Cognetics name and software
in Europe. For its part, Cognetics was to provide PH with
both Dun & Bradstreet's European data bases and the Cognetics
software to analyze them. The parties agreed that
Massachusetts law would govern the Agreement's construction.
The Agreement was signed in January of 1987, and PH
began doing business in Europe. Shortly thereafter, the same
individuals who had formed PH incorporated Maven Systems,
Ltd. ("Maven").3 The record reflects that Maven was formed
to allow the individual owners of PH to pursue consulting
business in Europe without using the Cognetics software. The
Agreement clearly contemplates and allows for such outside
activity.4
Almost immediately, difficulties between the
parties surfaced. Essentially, PH claimed that Dun &
Bradstreet's European data bases differed from its American
data bases, and that Birch and Cognetics knew, or should have
3. Maven is not a party to this appeal. Cognetics named Maven as a defendant-in-counterclaim below, but does not appeal the district court's ruling that Maven is not liable on the counterclaims.
4. Section 2(e) of the Agreement, entitled "Other Businesses," states:
[N]othing shall preclude [PH] from conducting a business unrelated to [Cognetics] Software, Related Software or Products . . . provided that such business is not conducted under the [Cognetics] Name or any variation thereof.
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known, that as a result of these differences the European
data bases could not be analyzed effectively with Cognetics
software. Cognetics, on the other hand, claimed that PH had
violated the Agreement by improperly allowing Maven to use
the Cognetics name in Maven's initial business dealings. By
September 1987, each party was claiming that it had
terminated the Agreement.
On April 22, 1988, PH sued Cognetics in diversity,
alleging common law fraud, breach of contract, negligence,
breach of an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing,
breach of an implied warranty of fitness for a particular
purpose, and violation of Mass. Gen. Laws Ann. ch. 93A, 2
and 11 (West 1984 and Supp. 1992) (hereinafter referred to
collectively as "ch. 93A"), which proscribe unfair and
deceptive trade practices. PH sought $10 million in damages
on these claims. The complaint also asked for a declaratory
judgment that the Agreement's non-competition clause did not
preclude PH from pursuing its now established European
consulting business.5
Cognetics counterclaimed, alleging breach of
contract, misappropriation of trade secrets, unfair
5. PH also sought to recover $30,000, a "fixed fee" to be paid to Cognetics for certain services due PH under the Agreement. PH had placed this money into an escrow account when its relations with Cognetics began to sour, and it began to question whether Cognetics would provide the "fixed fee" services. Cognetics never contested PH's entitlement to the $30,000, and the district court awarded the funds to PH.
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competition, violation of the Lanham Trade-Mark Act, 15
U.S.C.A. 1125(a) (West Supp. 1992), violation of Mass. Gen.
Laws Ann. ch. 110B, 12 (West 1990), which forbids trademark
infringement, and violation of ch. 93A, 11. Cognetics also
sought injunctive relief to prevent further use of its name
and proprietary materials.
The district court bifurcated the trial and tried
all liability issues first. After directing verdicts against
several of the parties' substantive claims, the court
submitted the following claims to the jury: (1) PH's claims
for fraud, breach of contract, and breach of implied covenant
of good faith and fair dealing; and (2) Cognetics' claims for
misappropriation of trade secrets, and breach of contract.
The claims and counterclaims under ch. 93A were tried to the
court along with the requests for declaratory and injunctive
relief.
The jury found against PH on all of its claims
except for the claim of breach of an implied covenant of good
faith and fair dealing. In the subsequent damages phase of
the trial, notwithstanding the favorable verdict, the jury
awarded PH zero damages on this claim. The jury found
against Cognetics on all of its counterclaims. The district
court found no violations of ch. 93A by either party and
denied all requests for declaratory and injunctive relief.
Finally, the court denied Cognetics' motion for judgment
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n.o.v. or new trial, and denied PH's motion for attorneys'
fees.
II.
DISCUSSION
A. PH's Appeal
1. PH's Claim for Attorneys' Fees
PH argues that it is entitled to attorneys' fees
under section 21 of the Agreement6 because it "prevailed" on
its covenant of good faith and fair dealing claim.7 As an
initial matter, we note that the parties dispute whether this
issue was properly preserved for appeal. Assuming without
deciding that the issue was preserved, we find unpersuasive
PH's contention that it was a "prevailing party" below.
6. Section 21 of the Agreement states:
Attorneys' Fees. In any litigation, arbitration or
court proceeding between the parties, the prevailing party shall be entitled to all costs of the proceedings incurred in enforcing this Agreement.
7. At oral argument, PH seemed to argue that the uncontested award of the $30,000 in escrow entitled it to prevailing party status. This argument, however, appears nowhere in the trial record, nor does it appear in PH's appellate brief. It is settled in this circuit that issues adverted to on appeal in a perfunctory manner are deemed to have been abandoned. United States v. St. Cyr, 977 F.2d 698, 701 (1st Cir. 1992).
As a result, we need not address this argument.
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Courts, both in Massachusetts and elsewhere, have
uniformly required that a party succeed on a significant
issue in order to be entitled to attorneys' fees. See, e.g.,
Handy v. Penal Insts. Comm'r of Boston, 592 N.E.2d 1303, 1307
(Mass. 1992) (requiring that party in civil rights case
"succeed[] on a significant issue" to be entitled to
attorneys' fees); Fedele v. School Comm. of Westwood, 587
N.E.2d 757, 761 (Mass. 1992) (same). See also Farrar v.
Hobby, 113 S. Ct. 566, 569 (1992) (holding that "[w]hen a
[civil rights] plaintiff recovers only nominal damages
because of his failure to prove an essential element of his
claim for monetary relief, the only reasonable [attorneys']
fee is usually no fee at all." (citation omitted)); Texas
State Teachers Ass'n v. Garland Indep. Sch. Dist., 489 U.S.
782, 792 (1989) (holding that civil rights plaintiff seeking
attorneys' fees "must be able to point to a resolution of the
dispute which changes the legal relationship between itself
and the defendant. Beyond this absolute limitation, a
technical victory may be so insignificant . . . as to be
insufficient to support prevailing party status."); Guglietti
v. Secretary of Health and Human Servs., 900 F.2d 397, 399
(1st Cir. 1990) (requiring either "bottom-line litigatory
success" or "catalytic effect in bringing about a desired
result" for social security plaintiff to be entitled to
attorneys' fees). Moreover, outside of the civil rights
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context, an award of zero damages, supported by a rational
basis in the record, is generally considered a judgment for
defendant. See, e.g., Ruiz-Rodriguez v. Colberg-Comas, 882
F.2d 15, 17 (1st Cir. 1989) (stating that award of zero
damages is "commonly viewed as, in effect, a judgment for
defendant"); Poulin Corp. v. Chrysler Corp., 861 F.2d 5, 7
(1st Cir. 1988) (holding that, upon award of zero damages,
"plaintiff has failed to establish an essential part of its
proof, and judgment should have been entered for
defendant."). Cf. Farrar, 113 S. Ct. at 573-74 ("Of itself,
`the moral satisfaction [that] results from any favorable
statement of law' cannot bestow prevailing party status. . .
. No material alteration of the legal relationship between
the parties occurs until the plaintiff becomes entitled to
enforce a judgment, consent decree or settlement against the
defendant.") (quoting Hewitt v. Helms, 482 U.S. 755, 762
(1986). The thrust of this authority renders unpersuasive
PH's argument that the district court erred in finding that
it was not a "prevailing party" under section 21 of the
Agreement.
Moreover, PH has not proffered any evidence of the
parties' intent in drafting section 21 of the Agreement. Nor
has it argued, let alone demonstrated, that any construction
other than the ordinary construction of the term "prevailing
party" should apply. Accordingly, we find no error in the
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district court's holding that PH was not a "prevailing party"
for purposes of section 21 of the Agreement.
2. PH's ch. 93A Claim
PH also argues that the district court's ruling
that Cognetics did not violate ch. 93A is inconsistent as a
matter of law with the jury's verdict that Cognetics breached
the Agreement's implied covenant of good faith and fair
dealing. Massachusetts courts have held, however, that a
trial court's ruling on a ch. 93A claim may differ from a
jury's verdict on common law claims involving the same
evidence. Chamberlayne Sch. v. Banker, 568 N.E.2d 642, 648-
49 (Mass. App. Ct. 1991) ("Although consistency . . . ha[s] a
surface appeal, we think the broader scope and more flexible
guidelines of ch. 93A permit a judge to make his or her own
decisions under [ch.] 93A without being constrained by the
jury's findings."). See also Turner v. Johnson & Johnson,
809 F.2d 90, 102 (1st Cir. 1987) (interpreting Mass. law)
(holding that jury's determination is not binding on court's
ch. 93A decision); Wallace Motor Sales, Inc. v. American
Motor Sales Corp., 780 F.2d 1049, 1063-67 (1st Cir. 1985)
(interpreting Mass. law) (finding no reversible error where
district court denied judgment n.o.v. on jury counts,
reviewed same evidence, and reached conclusion contrary to
jury's verdict on the ch. 93A claim). Moreover, violations
of ch. 93A must meet a higher standard of liability than do
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breaches of an implied covenant of good faith and fair
dealing. Compare Anthony's Pier Four, Inc. v. HBC
Associates, 583 N.E.2d 806, 820-22 (Mass. 1991) ("[t]he
implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing provides that
neither party shall do anything that will have the effect of
destroying or injuring the right of the other party to
receive the fruits of the contract . . . .'") (quoting Druker
v. Roland Wm. Jutras Assocs., Inc., 348 N.E.2d 763, 765
(Mass. 1976)) with Tagliente v. Himmer, 949 F.2d 1, 7 (1st
Cir. 1991) (stating that under ch. 93A, "`[t]he objectionable
conduct must attain a level of rascality that would raise an
eyebrow of someone inured to the rough and tumble of the
world of commerce.'" (quoting Quaker State Oil Refining Corp.
v. Garrity Oil Co., Inc., 884 F.2d 1510, 1513 (1st Cir.
1989)). As such, PH's claim that the verdicts were legally
inconsistent is without merit.8
B. Cognetics' Cross-Appeal
Cognetics appeals the district court's denial of
its motion for judgment n.o.v. or new trial on its breach of
contract claim. We must sustain the district court's denial
8. Although it is not clear from its briefs, PH appears to argue that the district court (a) failed to make findings of fact sufficient to support its ch. 93A ruling and/or (b) inappropriately relied upon the jury's finding that Cognetics committed no fraud. Having carefully reviewed the record, we find that the district court's factual findings were both comprehensive and independent of the jury's fraud verdict. Thus, PH's contentions to the contrary are entirely meritless.
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of a motion for judgment n.o.v. unless the evidence, together
with all reasonable inferences in favor of the verdict, could
lead a reasonable person to only one conclusion, namely, that
the moving party was entitled to judgment. Luson Int'l
Distribs., Inc. v. Fabricating and Prod. Mach., Inc., 966
F.2d 9, 10-11 (1st Cir. 1992). On the other hand, we review
denial of a motion for new trial under an abuse of discretion
standard, with a view toward whether "`the verdict was so
clearly against the weight of the evidence as to amount to a
manifest miscarriage of justice.'" Pontarelli v. Stone, 930
F.2d 104, 113 (1st Cir. 1991) (quoting Hendricks & Assocs.,
Inc. v. Daewoo Corp., 923 F.2d 209, 217 (1st Cir. 1991)).
Cognetics presented uncontroverted evidence at
trial that the Cognetics name appeared on two separate Maven
products. On the first occasion, the Cognetics name appeared
in a Maven slide presentation at the bottom of every page.
On the second occasion, it appeared on the first and last
pages of a 43-page Maven presentation. On both occasions,
the Maven products were produced without the use of Cognetics
software.9 Cognetics argues that this evidence can only
9. Cognetics cites a third and different use of the Cognetics name in arguing that section 2(b) was breached. On this third occasion, PH used the Cognetics name in a product proposal, but the final product used neither the Cognetics name or software. We fail to see how such evidence relates to sublicensing. PH's use of the Cognetics name in product proposals is clearly contemplated by the Agreement. More importantly, this third example presents no evidence that Maven, or any other alleged "sublicensee," actually used the
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lead to one conclusion, namely, that PH breached section
2(b),10 the Agreement's sublicensing provision. We
disagree.
In determining whether a breach of the Agreement's
sublicensing provision has occurred, we must first define the
terms "licensing" and "sublicensing" as they are used in the
Agreement. We consider the terms "in light of all the other
phraseology in the instrument," and "in light of the
circumstances of the transaction." McDonald's Corp. v. Lebow
Realty Trust, 888 F.2d 912, 913-14 (1st Cir. 1989) (citations
omitted).
Cognetics name or software. PH's use of the Cognetics name in this situation might support a claim that PH breached section 11(e) of the Agreement, which states that neither PH nor its affiliates may market products which compete with Cognetics products. However, this evidence does not support Cognetics' claim that PH improperly sublicensed its rights under the Agreement.
10. Section 2(b) provides:
Sublicense Right. Cognetics grants to [PH] the right to sublicense its rights under Section 2(a) to an entity or entities which are wholly owned by [PH], provided however, that (i) [PH] notifies Cognetics in advance and in writing with respect to such sub-license, (ii) the foregoing right shall not relieve [PH] from its obligations hereunder, and (iii) such sub-licensee is subject to all of the terms and conditions of this Agreement. Cognetics may, in advance of such sub-license, require any reasonable documentation of [PH] and its sub-licensee in order to assure sub-licensee's agreement to the foregoing.
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As we read section 2(a)11 of the Agreement,
licensing consists of three elements: (1) an agreement; (2)
which permits the licensee to use the Cognetics name in
tandem with the Cognetics software; (3) in an ongoing
commercial manner. These three characteristics ensure that
PH, the licensee, can establish a viable consulting business
in Europe through the use of the Cognetics name and software.
Section 2(b), in turn, grants PH the right to
"sublicense" its rights under the Agreement to wholly owned
third parties. Sublicensing under 2(b) is similar to
licensing under 2(a). It consists of: (1) an agreement; (2)
whereby PH grants a third party permission to use the
Cognetics name in tandem with the Cognetics software; (3) for
ongoing commercial purposes.
11. Section 2(a) provides:
Software and Name License. Cognetics hereby grants
to Licensee the exclusive, non-transferable right and license without right of sublicense, except as specifically provided in subsection (b) hereof, (the "License"), to (i) use the Object Code version of the [Cognetics] Software and any Related Software, including but not limited to any Improvements, and all Software Documentation, (ii) use and to commercialize the Name, including but not limited to as part of the Name under which Licensee does business in the European Market, provided, however, that use of the Name shall be solely in respect of [Cognetics] Products and (iii) use, market, sell and otherwise to commercialize the Products, provided however, that all the foregoing is granted throughout but solely within the European Market.
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In order to prove a breach of section 2(b),
Cognetics would first have to establish the existence of a
sublicensing agreement between PH and Maven. Cognetics would
then have to show that the sublicensing was improper under
section 2(b) or some other provision of the Agreement.
Cognetics has failed to allege or demonstrate that any such
sublicensing occurred.
Both at trial and on appeal, Cognetics seems to
rely on the mistaken assumption that any misuse of the
Cognetics name by Maven or PH, whether intentional or
inadvertent, conclusively demonstrates improper sublicensing
in breach of section 2(b) on the part of PH. However, not
all misuses of the Cognetics name by non-sublicensed third
parties amount to breaches of section 2(b). General misuses
of the Cognetics name may be actionable under several of the
Agreement's provisions.12 However, in order to give rise
to a claim under section 2(b), the misuse must take place in
the context of an improper sublicensing agreement.
At trial, PH's principals testified that Maven's
misuse was essentially inadvertent. For example, Rolf
12. For example, section 6(c) states that PH acquires no proprietary interest in the Cognetics name; section 11 states that both parties agree to preserve the confidentiality of proprietary material; section 14 states that PH will notify Cognetics of any infringements of the Agreement by third parties; and section 16 states that PH may not assign its rights or obligations under the contract without Cognetics' consent.
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Hickmann, a principal of both PH and Maven, testified that
the use of the Cognetics name in Maven's slide presentation
was "careless," and that, between them, PH and Maven "could
only afford one set of stationery for slide material."
Cognetics offered no contrary evidence showing that the
misuses of the Cognetics name were in fact due to an improper
sublicensing agreement.
At best, Cognetics has demonstrated that PH and/or
Maven misused the Cognetics name on two occasions. Standing
alone, this evidence of misuse does not conclusively show
that PH improperly sublicensed its rights to Maven, or that
PH breached section 2(b) of the Agreement. Thus, contrary to
Cognetics' claim in its post-trial motion, the evidence does
not lead inexorably to the conclusion that PH improperly
sublicensed its rights to Maven in breach of section 2(b) of
the Agreement. A reasonable jury could have concluded that
Maven's misuse of the Cognetics name was inadvertent. In
fact, we find no evidence in the record which would allow a
jury to conclude otherwise. Accordingly, the district court
properly denied Cognetics' motion for judgment n.o.v.
By the same token, the verdict is not clearly
against the weight of the evidence and presents no manifest
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miscarriage of justice. Thus, the district court committed
no error in denying Cognetics' motion for new trial.13
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the
district court is affirmed.
13. Cognetics also challenges the district court's instructions to the jury on section 2(b). The district court instructed the jury that only "material" breaches of section 2(b) give rise to a right to terminate the Agreement. Cognetics argues that under the Agreement, non-material breaches of section 2(b) also give rise to a right to terminate, and that the district court's failure to so instruct entitles it to judgment n.o.v. or a new trial. We assume without deciding that non-material breaches of section 2(b) give rise to a right to terminate. Nonetheless, as we have noted above, Cognetics failed to allege or demonstrate a breach of section 2(b), material or otherwise. Thus, even if the district court's instruction on section 2(b) was incorrect, the evidence does not necessarily lead to the conclusion that a non-material breach of 2(b) occurred. Nor can we say that the verdict was so clearly against the weight of the evidence as to amount to a manifest miscarriage of justice. Accordingly, Cognetics' argument regarding jury instructions does not alter our determination that the district court properly denied Cognetics' motion for judgment n.o.v. or new trial.
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