1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 THE ESTATE OF OMAR MORENO Case No.: 3:21-cv-01956-RBM-SBC ARROYO, by and through its successor- 12 in-interest Tammy Wilson, et al., ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFFS’ 13 Plaintiffs, MOTION FOR LEAVE TO FILE A SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT 14 v.
15 COUNTY OF SAN DIEGO, et al., [Doc. 43] Defendants. 16 17 18 Pending before the Court is Plaintiffs Estate of Omar Moreno Arroyo and Tammy 19 Wilson’s (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) Motion for Leave to File a Second Amended 20 Complaint (“Motion”), which was filed on December 4, 2023. (Doc. 43.) On December 21 19, 2023, Defendants County of San Diego, William Gore, Emily Lymburn, and Jared 22 Anderson, and “doe” defendants 1–40 (collectively, “Defendants”) filed an Opposition to 23 Plaintiffs’ Motion (“Opposition”). (Doc. 46.) On January 9, 2024, Plaintiffs filed a Reply 24 to Defendants’ Opposition (“Reply”). (Doc. 51.) 25 The Court finds this matter suitable for determination on the papers and without oral 26 argument pursuant to Civil Local Rule 7.1(d)(1). For the reasons set forth below, Plaintiffs’ 27 Motion is GRANTED. 28 1 I. BACKGROUND 2 A. Plaintiffs’ First Amended Complaint 3 1. General Allegations 4 On November 16, 2021, Plaintiffs filed the present action against Defendants. (Doc. 5 1.) On April 8, 2022, Plaintiffs filed a First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) alleging the 6 following causes of action: (1) False Arrest/False Imprisonment (42 U.S.C. § 1983); (2) 7 Denial of Medical Care (42 U.S.C. § 1983); (3) Right of Association (42 U.S.C. § 1983); 8 (4) Failure to Properly Train (42 U.S.C. § 1983); (5) Failure to Properly Supervise and 9 Discipline (42 U.S.C. § 1983); (6) Monell (42 U.S.C. § 1983); (7) False Arrest/False 10 Imprisonment; (8) Negligence; (9) Bane Act Violation (Cal. Civ. Code § 52.1); and (10) 11 Wrongful Death (Cal. Code of Civ. Proc. § 377.60 et seq.). (Doc. 13 at 1.)1 12 Plaintiffs allege that, on January 6, 2021, Omar Moreno Arroyo (“Arroyo”) “was 13 under the influence of methamphetamine and was behaving in a paranoid and irrational 14 way: looking under the bed, and in the closet, and using a drill to make holes in the floor 15 and walls of their home.” (Doc. 13 (“FAC”) at 3.) His wife, Tammy Wilson (“Wilson”), 16 called 911 to request help. (Id.) “[Wilson] explained to the dispatcher what was happening 17 and explained that her husband was not violent, and had not harmed her, but was behaving 18 bizarrely. The dispatcher characterized the call as a ‘5150 – PSYCH’ event in reference to 19 California Welfare and Institutions Code [section] 5150.” (Id.) 20 Plaintiffs allege that, at approximately 11:30 a.m., San Diego Sheriff’s Department 21 deputies arrived at Arroyo and Wilson’s home and placed Arroyo in handcuffs. (Id.) The 22 deputies “looked around the house and located a glass pipe” and subsequently took Arroyo 23 to the San Diego Central Jail Facility where he was booked. (Id.) “They decided to change 24 the call from … Welfare and Institutions Code [section] 5150 (relating to a commitment 25 for mental health evaluation) to Health and Safety Code [section] 11550[] (criminal offense 26 27 28 1 1 of under the influence of a controlled substance).” (Id.) “In doing so, they ignored all 2 evidence of [Arroyo] being in medical and psychiatric distress and in need of immediate 3 medical care ….” (Id.) “These deputies and the sergeant knew that being under the 4 influence and being in possession of drug paraphernalia were not bookable offences under 5 the County’s Covid 19 policies … [so] these defendants decided to make up a charge of 6 ‘being drunk in public’ … so that he would be accepted into custody at the Jail.” (Id. at 3– 7 4.) 8 Plaintiffs allege that “[Arroyo] should have been taken to a hospital facility because 9 he was in a state of acute methamphetamine intoxication and agitation, was unable to care 10 for himself, and was in danger of death due to his heart condition.” (Id. at 4.) Plaintiffs 11 explain that the deputies “failed to communicate to the medical intake staff that [Arroyo] 12 had a heart condition and took daily medication for his heart” and that “[Arroyo] was 13 suspected to be under the influence of methamphetamine or that [Arroyo] was having a 14 mental health crisis.” (Id.) Plaintiffs also explain that “[a]n x-ray administered before he 15 was admitted to the jail showed what appeared to be a foreign object in his abdomen, 16 suspected to be a baggie of an illicit substance[,]” and that “[j]ail officials did not take 17 [Arroyo] to a hospital facility.” (Id.) Rather, Arroyo was placed under a “book and 18 release” status. (Id.) 19 Plaintiffs allege that “[j]ail authorities placed [Arroyo] in a holding cell and 20 subsequently failed to monitor his condition.” (Id.) “While in a holding cell waiting to be 21 released, [Arroyo] collapsed and began having seizure like activity. [Arroyo] was unable 22 to breathe because a mask and a food bolus in his throat caused an obstruction in his 23 airway.” (Id.) “Despite [Arroyo’s] critical medical distress, no jail personnel responded 24 properly or timely. They left him there to die for over an hour.” (Id. at 4–5.) Plaintiffs 25 contend that “[j]ail personnel did not commence life-saving measures until it was too late” 26 and that Arroyo “died on the floor of his jail cell.” (Id. at 5.) 27 28 1 2. The DOE Defendants 2 Plaintiffs allege that “[‘doe’ defendants] 1–2 were San Diego County Sheriff’s 3 deputies who arrested [Arroyo] on January 6, 2021” and that “[o]ne of them is believed to 4 be a sergeant.” (FAC ¶¶ 14, 32.) Specifically, Plaintiffs allege that, “[a]t approximately 5 11:30 a.m., San Diego Sheriff’s deputies, Defendants Anderson and [‘doe’ defendants] 1 6 and 2, arrived at [Arroyo] and [Wilson’s] home. They placed [Arroyo] in handcuffs and 7 took him to the porch.” (Id. ¶ 31.) “Anderson and [‘doe’ defendants] 1–2 knew that being 8 under the influence of methamphetamine was not a bookable offence.” (Id. ¶ 181.) 9 “Defendants Anderson and [‘doe’ defendants] 1–2 … knew that Omar was suffering acute 10 methamphetamine intoxication and agitation, but failed to render aid, call for a doctor, or 11 transport him to the hospital.” (Id. ¶ 193.) Likewise, they “knew that Omar’s pulse was 12 160 beats per minute” and, “[i]nstead of rendering aid to a man in medical and psychiatric 13 crisis, these defendants decided to phony up a charge so they could change the nature of 14 the call from 5150 (psychiatric help) to being drunk in public.” (Id. ¶ 196.) Defendants 15 Anderson and “doe” defendants 1–2 were required to give truthful and complete 16 information to the jail booking staff that Arroyo was suffering from acute 17 methamphetamine intoxication, had a heart condition, was under the care of a cardiologist, 18 and was required to take daily heart medication. (Id. ¶¶ 196–98.) 19 Plaintiffs allege that “[‘doe’ defendant] 5 was a [j]ail staff member and operator of 20 the body scanner who never identified or inquired with [Arroyo] about anomalies on his 21 body scan. [‘Doe’ defendant] 5 saw that there was a baggie in Omar’s body and failed to 22 take any action.” (Id. ¶¶ 16, 59.) “According to SDSD video surveillance footage, [‘doe’ 23 defendant] 5 was seen continuously looking at paperwork while he conducted [Arroyo’s] 24 body scan. He then brightened the scan and simultaneously walked away from the 25 machine.” (Id. ¶ 60.) “[‘Doe’ defendant] 5 was required to make an inquiry upon seeing 26 an anomaly. He was required to ask the detainee to voluntarily turn over the object and re- 27 scan the body to verify all contraband was removed.” (Id. ¶ 64.) Yet, “[‘doe’ defendant] 28 5 failed to indicate possible contraband on [Arroyo]’s scan, and as a result, Omar was never 1 put on contraband watch.” (Id. ¶¶ 67, 202.) “[‘Doe’ defendant] 5 was required to further 2 analyze these parts of the image using the different image analysis tools. Additionally, 3 based on the results of the further analysis, [Arroyo] should have been rescanned to see if 4 the anomaly was still present after 30 minutes to determine if the anomaly was body waste 5 or gas. [‘Doe’ defendant] 5 failed to do so.” (Id. ¶¶ 69, 204.) “[‘Doe’ defendant] 5 was 6 required to save the image in the ‘positive tab folder’ with a descriptive label for future 7 reference and/or comparison. He failed to do so.” (Id. ¶ 201.) “[‘Doe’ defendant] was 8 required to further analyze these parts of the image using the different image analysis 9 tools.” (Id. ¶ 204.) Instead, “[‘doe’ defendant] 5 saw the anomaly and ignored it. Had 10 [Arroyo] been placed on contraband watch, he would have been closely monitored and 11 watched for any adverse reaction from methamphetamine toxicity. This includes irrational, 12 self-harming behaviors.” (Id. ¶ 72.) “[Arroyo] was cleared as ‘fit for booking,’ per medical 13 staff, [‘doe’ defendant] 5[,] and Defendant Lymburn.” (Id. ¶ 73.) 14 Plaintiffs allege that “[‘doe’ defendants] 6–20 were medical staff and correctional 15 staff, including contractors, within the San Diego Central Jail who were responsible for 16 [Arroyo’s] screening, assessment, intake, booking, housing …, safety checks, and 17 monitoring once [Arroyo] was in the Central Jail.” (Id. ¶ 17.) “During the medical 18 screening process, in addition to the X-rays, Defendant Lymburn and [‘doe’ defendants] 19 6–20 … learned from Omar that he ‘smoked meth a lot.’” (Id. ¶ 75.) “Despite the 20 knowledge that [Arroyo] may have ingested a baggie of drugs and had a foreign object in 21 his stomach, Lymburn and [‘doe’ defendants] [6]–20 did not take [Arroyo] to a hospital 22 facility as required under the Sheriff’s Department ‘Receiving Screening’ detentions policy 23 for jail admission.” (Id. ¶ 76.) “Defendants Lymburn and [‘doe’ defendants] [6]–20 … 24 had an obligation to transport [Arroyo] to a hospital to have him medically evaluated in an 25 acute care facility and properly assess [Arroyo] for booking into the [j]ail.” (Id. ¶ 77.) 26 Defendant Lymburn and “doe” defendants [6]–20 “failed to ensure prompt medical 27 attention, administration of medication, or immediate access to medical diagnosis and 28 care.” (Id. ¶ 78.) Defendant Lymburn and “doe” defendants [6]–20 “should have denied 1 [Arroyo] admission into the jail and ordered Anderson or other deputies to transport 2 [Arroyo] to the emergency room of a hospital.” (Id. ¶ 80.) Defendant Lymburn and “Doe” 3 defendants 5–20 “deprived [Arroyo] of medical monitoring and assessment once they 4 admitted him into the jail.” (Id. ¶ 81.) Defendant Lymburn and “doe” defendants [6]–20 5 “knew that when [Arroyo] was x-rayed during booking, the x-ray revealed what appeared 6 to be a foreign object in his abdomen, suspected to be a baggie of an illicit substance.” (Id. 7 ¶ 213.) “Upon identifying a foreign object in [Arroyo’s] abdomen in an x-ray, medical 8 staff … [was] required to send [Arroyo] to the hospital” or “ensure that Omar was 9 monitored.” (Id. ¶¶ 214–15.) 10 Finally, Plaintiffs allege that “[‘doe’ defendants] 21–40 were supervisors at the San 11 Diego County Sheriff’s Department who were responsible for supervising, disciplining, 12 and training subordinate individual defendants in this case.” (Id. ¶ 18.) “Despite the fact 13 that injury or death from drug or alcohol use is a recurring situation, [they] failed to 14 implement a policy or training on how to book and monitor detainees coming into the Jails 15 with symptoms of dangerous drug use or overdose.” (Id. ¶ 110.) “[They] failed to 16 implement proper protocols to comply with that policy to ensure that people who were at 17 risk of dying from overdose or withdrawal would be monitored and given medical care.” 18 (Id. ¶ 113.) “[They] did nothing to provide adequate medical care to those who died from 19 overdose or withdrawal.” (Id. ¶ 143.) 20 B. Plaintiffs’ Motion 21 In their Motion, Plaintiffs “move this Court for leave to file a [s]econd [a]mended 22 [c]omplaint identifying [the ‘doe’ defendants] and alleging claims against the newly 23 identified [‘doe’] defendants.” (Doc. 43 at 2.) Plaintiffs first argue that leave should be 24 freely granted under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(2) because each relevant factor 25 weighs in favor of granting Plaintiffs leave to amend their FAC and because Plaintiffs are 26 entitled to an opportunity to test their claims on the merits. (Id. at 3–6.) Specifically, 27 Plaintiffs argue that there is no prejudice to the current or future defendants because 28 discovery has just started in this case, Plaintiffs sought leave to file a second amended 1 complaint by the deadline set forth in the parties’ scheduling order, the pretrial conference 2 is not scheduled until November 14, 2024, and a trial date has not been set. (Id. at 4–5.) 3 Plaintiffs also argue that the newly identified defendants are all agents and employees of 4 the County of San Diego, so their interests overlap with the existing municipal defendants. 5 (Id. at 5.) Plaintiffs further argue that they have not acted in bad faith in seeking leave to 6 file an amended complaint. (Id.) 7 Second, Plaintiffs argue that amendment would not be futile because the statute of 8 limitations “relates back” to the filing of their original complaint. (Id. at 6–7.) Specifically, 9 Plaintiffs argue that, in situations where federal and state law conflict, districts courts apply 10 the more lenient “relation back” standard, here California law. (Id. at 6.) Plaintiffs argue 11 that California law permits the use of fictitious names, e.g., DOES 1–40, in instances where 12 plaintiffs are genuinely ignorant of the identity of the proper defendants so that they can 13 file a complaint before the statute of limitations runs. (Id.) Then, when the identity of the 14 defendant is ascertained, plaintiffs may amend the complaint to add the newly discovered 15 defendant without violating the statute of limitations. (Id.) Plaintiffs further argue that 16 they only received the identities of some of the defendants the day before filing the present 17 Motion, as well as information supporting the new claims. (Id. at 7.) 18 C. Defendants’ Opposition 19 In their Opposition, Defendants first argue federal procedural law does not recognize 20 “doe” allegations and that Plaintiffs should not be able to substitute individuals for the 21 “doe” placeholders. (Doc. 46 at 2–3.) Alternatively, Defendants argue that the Federal 22 Rules of Civil Procedure can only “indulge” “doe” defendants when there are specific 23 allegations regarding how each “doe” defendant violated the plaintiff’s rights.2 (Id. at 3– 24 5.) Finally, Defendants argue that the statute of limitations bars the addition of new 25 defendants or the substitution of individuals for the “doe” defendants. (Id. at 5–7.) 26
27 2 The Court notes that, in making this argument, Defendants cite case law directly 28 1 Specifically, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs’ claims arise from the decedent’s death on 2 January 6, 2021 and the statute of limitations ran, at the very latest, in January 2023. (Id. 3 at 6.) Defendants also argue that substituting individuals for the “doe” defendants is barred 4 by the statute of limitations because these substitutions cannot “relate back” to the filing of 5 the original complaint. (Id. at 6–7.) 6 D. Plaintiffs’ Reply 7 In their Reply, Plaintiffs reiterate that their proposed second amended complaint 8 “relates back” to the filing of their original complaint. (Doc. 51 at 9–10.) Plaintiffs also 9 contend that a plaintiff who names “doe” defendants have three years from the 10 commencement of the action in which to discover the identity of “doe” defendants, to 11 amend the complaint, and to effectuate service of the complaint on the newly identified 12 defendants. (Id. at 10.) Finally, Plaintiffs argue that their FAC sets out in detail all the 13 facts set forth in the CLERB investigation, the only publicly available document regarding 14 Arroyo’s death, including the specific acts or failures of the “doe” defendants. (Id. at 10– 15 11.) 16 E. Subsequent Motions 17 While the present Motion was pending before this Court, on February 7, 2024, 18 Plaintiffs filed an Ex Parte Motion to Amend the Scheduling Order (Doc. 37) before 19 Magistrate Judge Chu. (Doc. 63.) In this ex parte motion, Plaintiffs request an order from 20 the Court “extending the December 4, 2023 deadline to allow Plaintiffs to file a [t]hird 21 [a]mended [c]omplaint … that corrects certain allegations in the proposed [s]econd 22 [a]mended [c]omplaint … and names two new defendants who were not identified in the 23 SAC ….” (Id. at 2.) Plaintiffs contend that “[g]ood cause exists to extend the December 24 4, 2023 deadline to file a TAC that names two new defendants, a Sergeant Cardoza and a 25 Deputy Sherman, because Plaintiffs only became aware of the identities [and claims 26 against] these defendants … on February 7, 2024.” Plaintiffs contend that “[t]he County 27 only [identified] Cardoza in January 2024 – well after the December 4th deadline had 28 lapsed” and that “Plaintiffs only became aware of Deputy Sherman today after deposing 1 Sergeant Cardoza.” (Id.) Defendants, however, contend that Plaintiffs “received 2 documents identifying Sergeant Cardoza and Deputy Sherman nearly seven months ago … 3 on July 14, 2023, and again on August 29, 2023.” (Doc. 65 at 3–4.) 4 On February 22, 2024, Plaintiffs filed a second Ex Parte Motion to Amend the 5 Scheduling Order (Docs. 37, 42) before Magistrate Judge Chu. (Doc. 69.) In this ex parte 6 motion, Plaintiffs again request an order from the Court “extending the December 4, 2023 7 deadline to allow Plaintiffs to file a [t]hird [a]mended [c]omplaint … that corrects certain 8 allegations in the proposed [s]econd [a]mended [c]omplaint … and names two new 9 defendants who were not identified in the SAC ….” (Id. at 2.) Defendants again respond 10 that “Plaintiffs received documents identifying [Sergeant Cardoza and Deputy Sherman], 11 more than seven months ago.” (Doc. 70 at 3, 5–6.) 12 Issues pertaining to the parties’ scheduling order generally fall within the purview 13 of the Magistrate Judge and are subject to the “good cause” standard set forth in Federal 14 Rule of Civil Procedure 16. See Johnson v. Mammoth Recreations, Inc., 975 F.2d 604, 607 15 (9th Cir. 1992). Therefore, the Court will defer all issues pertaining to the scheduling order 16 to Magistrate Judge Chu. However, the Court cautions the parties that, should Magistrate 17 Judge Chu find “good cause” to amend the scheduling order and grant Plaintiffs additional 18 time to request leave to file a third amended complaint under Rule 15, the Court will apply 19 the same liberal standard set forth below. AmerisourceBergen Corp., 465 F.3d at 951 20 (“Rule 15(a) is very liberal ….”) (quotation and citations omitted); Morongo Band of 21 Mission Indians, 893 F.2d at 1079 (“[Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)’s policy] is to be applied with 22 extreme liberality.”); Stearns, 763 F. Supp. 2d at 1154 (“Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 15(a) … should be applied with ‘extreme liberality.’”) 24 II. LEGAL STANDARD 25 Because Plaintiffs’ Motion was filed before the deadline identified in the parties’ 26 scheduling order (see Docs. 37, 40, 42), Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15 governs the 27 Court’s determination of this Motion. See Johnson v. Mammoth Recreations, Inc., 975 28 1 F.2d 604, 607 (9th Cir. 1992). Rule 15 affords the Court broad leeway to grant plaintiffs 2 leave to amend their pleadings before, during, or after trial. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15. 3 Before trial, the Court “should freely give leave [to amend] when justice so 4 requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). “Rule 15(a) declares that leave to amend shall be freely 5 given when justice so requires; this mandate is to be heeded. If the underlying facts or 6 circumstances relied upon by a plaintiff may be a proper subject of relief, he ought to be 7 afforded an opportunity to test his claim on the merits.” Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 8 182 (1962) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); see also Hurn v. Ret. Fund Tr. 9 of Plumbing, Heating & Piping Indus. of S. California, 648 F.2d 1252, 1254 (9th Cir. 1981) 10 (“‘[T]he Supreme Court has instructed the lower federal courts to heed carefully the 11 command of Rule 15(a) … by freely granting leave to amend when justice so requires.’”) 12 (quoting Howey v. United States, 481 F.2d 1187, 1190 (9th Cir. 1973)); 13 AmerisourceBergen Corp. v. Dialysist W., Inc., 465 F.3d 946, 951 (9th Cir. 2006) (“Rule 14 15(a) is very liberal and leave to amend shall be freely given when justice so requires.”) 15 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 16 In the Ninth Circuit, “[t]he propriety of a motion for leave to amend is generally 17 determined by reference to several factors: (1) undue delay; (2) bad faith; (3) futility of 18 amendment; and (4) prejudice to the opposing party.” Hurn, 648 F.2d at 1254; see also 19 Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962) (finding that, absent undue delay, bad faith or 20 dilatory motive on the part of the movant, a repeated failure to cure deficiencies by 21 amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of 22 allowance of the amendment, futility of amendment, etc., leave to amend should be freely 23 given). “[T]he consideration of prejudice to the opposing party [] carries the greatest 24 weight.” Eminence Cap., LLC v. Aspeon, Inc., 316 F.3d 1048, 1052 (9th Cir. 2003). 25 “Absent prejudice, or a strong showing of any of the remaining Foman factors, there exists 26 a presumption under Rule 15(a) in favor of granting leave to amend.” Id. 27 “Defendants carry the burden of showing why leave to amend should not be 28 granted.” Stearns, 763 F. Supp. 2d at 1154 (citing Genentech, Inc. v. Abbott Lab’ys, 127 1 F.R.D. 529, 530–31 (N.D. Cal. 1989) (“[S]ince Rule 15 favors a liberal policy towards 2 amendment, the nonmoving party bears the burden of demonstrating why leave to amend 3 should not be granted.”)). For the reasons set forth below, Defendants have not met their 4 burden. 5 III. DISCUSSION 6 As stated above, “[t]he propriety of a motion for leave to amend is generally 7 determined by reference to several factors: (1) undue delay; (2) bad faith; (3) futility of 8 amendment; and (4) prejudice to the opposing party[,]” Hurn, 648 F.2d at 1254, and 9 “Defendants carry the burden of showing why leave to amend should not be granted[,]” 10 Stearns, 763 F. Supp. 2d at 1154 . Here, Defendants do not explicitly address each factor. 11 Instead, Defendants argue Plaintiffs have not tolled the statute of limitations, there is no 12 federal authority for “doe” allegations, and Plaintiffs do not plead their “doe” allegations 13 with specificity. (Doc. 46 at 2–7.) The Court construes Defendants’ arguments as 14 concerning the futility of amendment factor. The Court addresses each of Defendants’ 15 arguments as they pertain to futility of amendment, as well as the remaining factors, below. 16 A. Futility of Amendment 17 1. The Statute of Limitations and the Relation Back Doctrine 18 “Section 1983 provides a federal cause of action, but in several respects relevant 19 here federal law looks to the law of the State in which the cause of action arose. This is so 20 for the length of the statute of limitations: It is that which the State provides for personal- 21 injury torts.” Wallace v. Kato, 549 U.S. 384, 387 (2007) (citations omitted); see also 22 Colony Cove Props., LLC v. City of Carson, 640 F.3d 948, 956 (9th Cir. 2011) 23 (“California’s statute of limitations for personal injury actions governs claims brought 24 pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983.”) (citations omitted); Canatella v. Van De Kamp, 486 F.3d 25 1128, 1132 (9th Cir. 2007) (holding California’s statute of limitations “for assault, battery, 26 and other personal injury claims” applies to § 1983 claims). In California, “[a]n action for 27 assault, battery, or injury to, or for the death of, an individual caused by the wrongful act 28 1 or neglect of another” must be filed within two years. Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 335.1. Thus, 2 Plaintiffs’ 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims are subject to a two-year statute of limitations. 3 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(c)(1) states: 4 An amendment to a pleading relates back to the date of the original pleading when:
5 (A) the law that provides the applicable statute of limitations allows 6 relation back;
7 (B) the amendment asserts a claim or defense that arose out of the 8 conduct, transaction, or occurrence set out—or attempted to be set out—in the original pleading; or 9
10 (C) the amendment changes the party or the naming of the party against whom a claim is asserted, if Rule 15(c)(1)(B) is satisfied and if, within 11 the period provided by Rule 4(m) for serving the summons and 12 complaint, the party to be brought in by amendment: (i) received such notice of the action that it will not be prejudiced in defending on the 13 merits; and (ii) knew or should have known that the action would have 14 been brought against it, but for a mistake concerning the proper party’s identity. 15
16 Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1). The 1991 advisory committee notes accompanying this provision 17 state, “the rule does not apply to preclude any relation back that may be permitted under 18 the applicable limitations law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1), Advisory Committee Notes, 1991 19 Amendment. The 1991 advisory committee notes also state, “[w]hatever may be the 20 controlling body of limitations law, if that law affords a more forgiving principle of relation 21 back than the one provided in this rule, it should be available to save the claim.” Id. 22 “Thus, Rule 15(c)(1) incorporates the relation back rules of the law of a state when 23 that state’s law provides the applicable statute of limitations and is more lenient. As a 24 result, if an amendment relates back under the state law that provides the applicable statute 25 of limitations, that amendment relates back under Rule 15(c)(1) even if the amendment 26 would not otherwise relate back under the federal rules.” Butler v. Nat’l Cmty. Renaissance 27 of Cal., 766 F.3d 1191, 1200 (9th Cir. 2014). In other words, when “the limitations period 28 1 derives from state law, Rule 15(c)(1) requires us to consider both federal and state law and 2 employ whichever affords the ‘more permissive’ relation back standard.” Id. at 1201. 3 Thus, Defendants’ argument that “Plaintiff[s] should be required to follow 4 procedures that … would include a showing that Plaintiff[s] met federal standards 5 permitting the untimely addition of newly [] discovered defendants” is incorrect. It is true 6 that “[t]he Federal Rules of Civil Procedure do not authorize or prohibit the use of fictitious 7 parties, but Rule 10 does require a plaintiff to include the names of all parties in his 8 complaint.” Keavney v. Cnty. of San Diego, Case No. 3:19-cv-01947-AJB-BGS, 2020 WL 9 4192286, at *4 (S.D. Cal. July 21, 2020); see also Carnalla v. Doe, No. 2:23-cv-01799- 10 EFB (PC), 2023 WL 8261639, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 29, 2023) (“The Federal Rules of 11 Civil Procedure ‘do not explicitly allow the naming of fictitious or anonymous parties in a 12 lawsuit[.]’”) However, as stated above, “Rule 15(c)(1) incorporates the relation back rules 13 of the law of a state when that state’s law provides the applicable statute of limitations and 14 is more lenient.” Butler, 766 F.3d at 1200. The Court now turns to its analysis of California 15 and federal law to determine which provides the more lenient relation-back standard. 16 a. California Law 17 “Amendments of pleadings under California law are generally governed by 18 California Civil Procedure Code [section] 473(a)(1).” Butler, 766 F.3d at 1201 (citing Bd. 19 of Trs. of Leland Stanford Jr. Univ. v. Superior Ct., 149 Cal. App. 4th 1154 (2007)). 20 “Section 473(a)(1) does not contain any express provision for relation back of amendments 21 ….” Id. “Under California Civil Procedure Code [section] 474, however, California courts 22 have recognized that ‘where an amendment does not add a ‘new’ defendant, but simply 23 corrects a misnomer by which an ‘old’ defendant was sued, case law recognizes an 24 exception to the general rule of no relation back.’” Id. (quoting Hawkins v. Pac. Coast 25 Bldg. Prods., Inc., 124 Cal. App. 4th 1497, 1503 (2004)). Specifically, California Code of 26 Civil Procedure section 474 states, “[w]hen the plaintiff is ignorant of the name of a 27 defendant, he must state that fact in the complaint … and when his true name is discovered, 28 the pleading or proceeding must be amended accordingly[.]” Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 474. 1 “For [section] 474 to apply, however, the plaintiff must be ‘genuinely ignorant’ of the 2 defendant’s identity at the time the original complaint is filed.” Id. at 1202 (citing Woo v. 3 Superior Court, 75 Cal. App. 4th 169, 177 (1999)). 4 Here, Plaintiffs contend that, at the time they filed their original complaint, they were 5 “genuinely ignorant of the names of the newly discovered defendants and the acts, or 6 failures to act, of these defendants[.]” (Doc. 43 at 7.) Plaintiffs then contend that they only 7 became aware of the identities of some of the new defendants the day before filing the 8 present Motion. (Id.) Plaintiffs further contend that the County’s internal reports, policies, 9 and procedures were not publicly available to Plaintiffs and, therefore, they did not have 10 access to these records before filing suit and only gained access to such information during 11 discovery for this lawsuit. (Id.) 12 Defendants do not dispute any of these contentions. Instead, Defendants argue that 13 there is no federal authority for “doe” allegations. (Doc. 46 at 2–3.) However, as the Court 14 stated above, “Rule 15(c)(1) incorporates the relation back rules of the law of a state when 15 that state’s law provides the applicable statute of limitations and is more lenient[,]” 16 including California Code Civil Procedure section 474, which specifically permits “doe” 17 allegations. Butler, 766 F.3d at 1200; see also Doe v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, Case No. 2:20- 18 cv-02748-ODW (PVCx), 2021 WL 5396093, at *4 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 18, 2021) (finding that 19 California’s lenient relation-back rules govern the dispute and relating the proposed 20 amendment to the original complaint); Sandoval v. Budget Rent A Car, Case No. LACV 21 20-07069-VAP, 2020 WL 6588738, at *4 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 3, 2020) (“Having considered 22 the relation back doctrine under both federal and state law, the Court applies California 23 Code of Civil Procedure § 474 here instead of Rule 15.”); Shidler v. County of San 24 Bernardino, Case No. 5:19-cv-00503-AB-SHK, 2020 WL 10224752, at *3 (C.D. Cal. July 25 28, 2020) (allowing plaintiff to name individuals in place of doe defendants in a § 1983 26 action); Klamut v. California Highway Patrol, Case No. 15-CV-02132-MEJ, 2015 WL 27 9024479, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 16, 2015) (finding that California Code of Civil Procedure 28 section 474 is the applicable relation back rule). Thus, the Court finds that, under 1 California law, Plaintiff is permitted to substitute the newly identified individual 2 defendants for the “doe” defendants without violating the statute of limitations.3 3 b. Federal Law 4 “Rule 15(c)(1)(C) provides the federal standard for whether a pleading relates back.” 5 Butler, 766 F.3d at 1202. “In order for an amended complaint to relate back under Rule 6 15(c)(1)(C), the following conditions must be met: ‘(1) the basic claim must have arisen 7 out of the conduct set forth in the original pleading; (2) the party to be brought in must 8 have received such notice that it will not be prejudiced in maintaining its defense; (3) that 9 party must or should have known that, but for a mistake concerning identity, the action 10 would have been brought against it.’” Id. (quoting Schiavone v. Fortune, 477 U.S. 21, 29 11 (1986)). “Additionally, the second and third requirements must have been fulfilled within 12 120 days after the original complaint is filed, as prescribed by Federal Rule of Civil 13 Procedure 4(m).” Id. 14 Here, Plaintiffs do not argue that they have met the Rule 15(c)(1)(C) relation-back 15 conditions. While it appears that the basic claims against the new defendants arise out of 16 the same incident set forth in the original pleading, Plaintiffs do not indicate that they have 17 given the new defendants notice or that the new defendant must or should have known the 18 action would have been brought against them but not for a mistake concerning their 19 identities. Additionally, far more than 120 days have passed since the original complaint 20 was filed. However, as explained in detail above, California law, which permits the 21 substitution of the newly identified individual defendants for the “doe” defendants, 22 provides the more “lenient” relation-back standard and governs this case. Accordingly, the 23 Court finds that Plaintiffs are permitted to substitute the newly identified individual 24
25 3 “Additionally, the Ninth Circuit has held that strict compliance with § 474 is not required 26 when determining if an amendment to a complaint with Doe defendants ‘relates back’ to 27 the original complaint.” Est. of Ronnie Paul Sandoval v. Cnty. of San Diego, Case No. 16cv1004-BEN(RBB), 2016 WL 4491598, at *4 (S.D. Cal. Aug. 5, 2016) (citing Lindley 28 1 defendants for the “doe” defendants without violating the statute of limitations. Therefore, 2 amendment would not be futile, and this factor weighs in favor of granting Plaintiffs leave 3 to amend their FAC. 4 2. Specificity 5 In federal court, “[a] plaintiff may refer to unknown defendants as Defendant John 6 Doe 1, John Doe 2, John Doe 3, and so on, but he must allege specific facts showing how 7 each particular doe defendant violated his rights.” Keavney v. Cnty. of San Diego, Case 8 No. 3:19-cv-01947-AJB-BGS, 2020 WL 4192286, at *4 (S.D. Cal. July 21, 2020); see also 9 Astorga v. Cnty. of San Diego, Case No. 3:21-cv-00463-BEN-LL, 2021 WL 2826017, at 10 *2 (S.D. Cal. July 6, 2021) (“[T]he Federal Rules of Civil Procedure do not permit doe 11 defendants unless the plaintiff “makes specific allegations as to how each doe defendant 12 violated the plaintiff’s rights.”). “Essentially, plaintiffs may proceed with fictious 13 defendants in federal court, but this does not lift the burden of pleading sufficient facts to 14 support claims against them.” Perez v. City of San Diego, Case No. 3:22-cv-0712-BEN- 15 AGS, 2022 WL 17541025, at *3 (S.D. Cal. Dec. 8, 2022). 16 “A plaintiff may [then] seek discovery to obtain the names of the Does and later 17 amend his pleading in order to substitute the true names of those defendants, unless it is 18 clear that discovery will not uncover their identities, or that his complaint is subject to 19 dismissal on other grounds.” Keavney, 2020 WL 4192286, at *4. Further, a plaintiff’s 20 failure to plead “doe” allegations with specificity does not prevent a plaintiff from seeking 21 leave to amend his or her complaint to add any additional parties pursuant to Rule 15. See 22 Astorga, 2021 WL 2826017, at *2 (dismissing “does 1 through 25” but stating that “[a] 23 [p]laintiff may seek leave to amend the complaint to add any additional parties that Plaintiff 24 may find appropriate to add pursuant to Rule 15 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.”). 25 Defendants argue that Plaintiffs’ FAC fails to plead the identities and actions of the 26 “doe” defendants with the required specificity. (Doc. 46 at 3–5.) Defendants contend that 27 Plaintiffs’ “FAC vaguely and generally alleges … ‘[‘doe’ defendants] 6–20 were medical 28 staff and correctional staff … within the San Diego Central Jail who were responsible for 1 [Arroyo]’s screening, assessment, intake, booking, housing …, safety checks, and 2 monitoring …’” and that “‘[‘doe’ defendants] 21–40 were supervisors at the San Diego 3 County Sheriff’s Department who were responsible for supervising, disciplining, and 4 training subordinate individual defendants …’ ….” (Id. at 4 (citing FAC ¶¶ 17–18).) 5 Defendants concede, however, that Plaintiffs “give descriptions of [‘doe’ defendants] 1 and 6 2 as Deputies Brunk and Rembold (deputies that arrested decedent and did not provide 7 medical care) … and … [‘doe’ defendant] 5 as Deputy McGarvey (a jail staff member and 8 operator of the body scanner that did not identify an anomaly in decedent’s scan).” (Id. at 9 4, n.1.) 10 The Court finds that Plaintiffs’ “doe” allegations are sufficiently specific. Plaintiffs 11 sufficiently allege that “doe” defendant 1 and 2 were the San Diego County Sheriff’s 12 deputies who arrested Arroyo, that one of them was a sergeant, that they arrested Arroyo 13 even though being under the influence of methamphetamine is not a bookable offense, that 14 they failed to render aid to Arroyo, and that they failed to give truthful or complete 15 information to the booking staff. (FAC ¶¶ 14, 31–32, 181, 193, 196.) Even Defendants 16 concede that Plaintiffs “give descriptions of Does 1 and 2 as Deputies Brunk and Rembold 17 ….” (Id. at 4, n.1.) Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiffs’ allegations regarding 18 “doe” defendants 1 and 2 are sufficiently pled and that Plaintiffs may substitute the newly 19 identified individual defendants for “doe” defendants 1 and 2. 20 Plaintiffs also sufficiently allege that “doe” defendant 5 was the operator of the body 21 scanner who never identified or inquired about the anomalies on Arroyo’s body scan even 22 though “doe” defendant 5 was required (1) to make an inquiry upon seeing the anomaly, 23 (2) to ask the detainee to voluntarily turn over the object, (3) to rescan the body to verify 24 all contraband was removed, (4) to place Arroyo on contraband watch, and (5) to monitor 25 him for any adverse reaction. (Id. ¶¶ 16, 59, 60, 64, 67, 69, 72, 73, 201, 204–5.) Even 26 Defendants concede that Plaintiffs “give descriptions of … [‘doe’ defendant] 5 as Deputy 27 McGarvey (a jail staff member and operator of the body scanner that did not identify an 28 anomaly in decedent’s scan).” (Id. at 4, n.1.) Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiffs’ 1 allegations regarding “doe” defendant 5 are sufficiently pled and that Plaintiffs may 2 substitute the newly identified individual defendant for “doe” defendant 5. 3 Plaintiffs also sufficiently allege that “doe” defendants 6–20 were medical and 4 correctional staff who were responsible for Arroyo’s screening, assessment, intake, 5 booking, housing, safety checks, and monitoring. (See id. ¶¶ 17, 75–78, 80–81, 213–15.) 6 Plaintiffs sufficiently allege that, despite learning that Arroyo used methamphetamine and 7 may have ingested a bag of drugs, “doe” defendants 6¬20 did not take Arroyo to the 8 hospital and failed to ensure Arroyo received prompt medical attention and care while he 9 was in jail. (Id.) Plaintiffs have now identified Geo Kakkar and Edward Wilt as “doe” 10 defendants 6 and 7. (Doc. 51 at 5, n.1.) Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiffs’ 11 allegations regarding “doe” defendants 6–20 are sufficiently pled and that Plaintiffs may 12 substitute individual defendants for “doe” defendants 6–20. 13 Finally, Plaintiffs sufficiently allege “doe” defendants 21–40 were supervisors at the 14 San Diego County Sheriff’s Department who were responsible for supervising, 15 disciplining, and training subordinates and that they failed to implement policy, training, 16 or protocols on how to book, monitor, and care for detainees at risk of dying from overdose 17 or withdrawal. (Id. ¶¶ 18, 110, 113, 143.) Plaintiffs have now identified Mirelle Chateigne, 18 Derek Williamson, Gino Matrone, Kevin Kamoss, and Joshua Westphal as “doe” 19 defendants 21–25. (Doc. 51 at 5, n.1.) Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiffs’ 20 allegations regarding “doe” defendants 21–40 are sufficiently pled and that Plaintiffs may 21 substitute individual defendants for “doe” defendants 21–40. 22 Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that Plaintiffs may amend their FAC to 23 substitute the newly identified individual defendants for their respective “doe” defendants. 24 Thus, the first factor—futility of amendment—weighs in favor of granting Plaintiffs leave 25 to amend their FAC. 26 B. Prejudice, Undue Delay, and Bad Faith 27 In addressing the remaining factors, Plaintiffs argue that they have not acted in bad 28 faith or with undue delay because (1) discovery has just started in this case, (2) they sought 1 leave to file a second amended complaint by the deadline set forth in the scheduling order, 2 (3) the final pre-trial conference is not scheduled until November 14, 2024, (4) the trial 3 date has not been set, and (5) Plaintiffs only discovered the identities and wrongful conduct 4 of the “doe” defendants through recent written discovery. (Doc. 43 at 4–6.) Specifically, 5 Plaintiffs argue that they did not receive the documents they needed to draft a second 6 amended complaint until October 31, 2023. (Doc. 51 at 4–5.) Plaintiffs also assert that the 7 newly identified “doe” defendants will not be prejudiced because their interests overlap 8 with, and they will be represented by the same counsel as, the existing municipal 9 defendants. (Doc. 43 at 5.) Defendants do not respond to any of Plaintiffs’ arguments. 10 The Court finds that Plaintiffs have acted swiftly and in good faith in seeking leave 11 to amend their FAC and that Defendants, including the newly identified “doe” defendants, 12 will not be prejudiced by the filing of the proposed second amended complaint. As stated 13 above, “the consideration of prejudice to the opposing party [] carries the greatest weight,” 14 Eminence Cap., LLC, 316 F.3d at 1052, and “Defendants carry the burden of showing why 15 leave to amend should not be granted[,]” Stearns, 763 F. Supp. 2d at 1154. Plaintiffs have 16 proffered several reasons why Defendants will not be prejudiced by amendment, e.g., that 17 the final pre-trial conference is not scheduled until November 14, 2024, that the trial date 18 has not been set, and that the newly identified “doe” defendants’ interests overlap with the 19 existing municipal defendants. The Court is persuaded by these arguments and notes that 20 Defendants, in failing to respond Plaintiffs’ arguments, have not met their burden to 21 demonstrate prejudice, undue delay, or bad faith. Accordingly, the Court finds that the 22 three remaining factors—prejudice, undue delay, and bad faith—weigh in favor of 23 Plaintiffs and GRANTS Plaintiffs leave to file a second amended complaint. 24 /// 25 /// 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 1 IV. CONCLUSION 2 Based on the foregoing, Plaintiffs’ Motion is GRANTED. Plaintiffs shall file their 3 |}second amended complaint on or before Tuesday, April 23, 2024. 4 IT IS SO ORDERED. 5 || DATE: April 15, 2024 ER erties. 7 HON?T RUTH BERMUBEZ MONTENEGRO UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 90