RULING ON DEFENDANTS’ RENEWED MOTION FOR JUDGMENT AS A MATTER OF LAW [DOC. #195] AND MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL [DOC. # 197]
ARTERTON, District Judge.
This case, arising out of Chapter 7 bankruptcy proceedings, alleged that defendants Cristina Ogalin, Verna Ogalin, and Drywall Construction Corporation (“DCC”) engaged in and/or were the recipients of fraudulent transfers in violation of the Connecticut Uniform Fraudulent Transfers Act (“CUFTA”) and the U.S. Bankruptcy Code to the detriment of the creditors of their relative, debtor Frank Ogalin. Following a jury trial and verdict in plaintiff Cadle Company’s favor, defendants filed the instant Renewed Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law [Doc. # 195] pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 50
and a Motion for New Trial [Doc. # 107]. For the reasons that follow, the Court DENIES both motions.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
Chapter 7 bankruptcy proceedings had been commenced on June 30, 2000 by debt- or Frank Ogalin, husband of defendant Verna Ogalin, father of defendant Cristina Ogalin, and former officer of defendant DCC. In an adversary proceeding before the Honorable Albert S. Dabrowski, United States Bankruptcy Judge in the District of Connecticut in January 2004, plaintiff Cadle, the successor-in-interest of the Bankruptcy Trustee, successfully challenged Frank Ogalin’s claim of entitlement to discharge of his debts.
See In re: Frank F. Ogalin,
303 B.R. 552 (Bankr. D.Conn.2004). On July 26, 2004, this Court granted Cadle’s motion for withdrawal of reference pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 157(d). (Order [Doc. # 7].)
Frank Ogalin’s financial woes began with his operation of Walls & Ceilings, Inc. (“W & C”), a drywall construction business incorporated by his brother Jeffrey Ogalin and him in 1989. In 1991, the Ogalin brothers terminated W & C and formed defendant DCC, which was formally incorporated by their mother Margaret Ogalin and with original shareholders, defendants Verna Ogalin and Marie Ogalin, Jeffrey’s wife, who each held 50% of the DCC stock. Jeffrey was named President and Treasurer and Frank was named Vice President and Secretary. Jeffrey Ogalin left DCC in 1994, at which time Verna took over as President and was transferred Marie’s stock. Immediately thereafter, Verna, now owner of 100% of the shares, transferred the stock to then 15-year-old Cristina, 25% in her individual capacity and 75% as trustee for her three younger siblings. Cristina began working part-time for DCC in 1995 and then upon her graduation from high school assumed full-time employment in 1997, and Verna worked part-time in a bookkeeping capacity. When Frank Ogalin resigned from the company, Cristina took over as Vice-President and Secretary of DCC, eventually
earning upwards of $149,770.
The stock transfers, as well as the allegedly excessive salaries paid to Verna and Cristina Ogalin and several real properties acquired by Cristina with her salary, were the focus of plaintiffs lawsuit to recover fraudulent transfers. The eight-day jury trial, held from January 17 through 29, 2007, was only on Counts Two, Four, Five, and Seven of the Amended Complaint [Doc. # 62] and against defendants Verna and Cristina Ogalin only. Plaintiff had withdrawn Counts Three and Six, and the equitable claim in Count One and all claims against nominal defendant DCC were reserved for subsequent bench proceedings. The jury returned a verdict in the plaintiffs favor [Doc. # 182], in the amount of $774,649.00 against defendants Verna and Cristina Ogalin. Defendants’ motions followed.
II. Standards
Under Fed.R.Civ.P. 50, the District Court may only grant judgment as a matter of law “where there is such a complete absence of evidence supporting the verdict that the jury’s findings could only have been the result of sheer surmise and conjecture, or ... [there is] such an overwhelming amount of evidence in favor of the movant that reasonable and fair minded men could not arrive at a verdict against him.”
Cross v. N.Y. City Transit Auth.,
417 F.3d 241, 248 (2d Cir.2005) (internal quotation and citation omitted). “In other words, a Rule 50 motion must be denied unless the evidence is such that, without weighing the credibility of the witnesses or otherwise considering the weight of the evidence, there can be but one con-elusion as to the verdict that reasonable men could have reached.”
Id.
A new trial should only be granted under Fed.R.Civ.P. 59 if the trial court is convinced “that the jury has reached a seriously erroneous result or that the verdict is a miscarriage of justice.”
Munafo v. Metropolitan Transp. Auth.,
381 F.3d 99, 105 (2d Cir.2004).
III. Discussion
A. Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law
Of defendants’ numerous arguments in support of their Rule 50 Motion, their central contention is that no evidence was offered at trial that Frank Ogalin ever owned the shares of stock or had control over the allegedly excessive salaries paid to defendants, which defendants maintain is a requirement for recovery of the fraudulently transferred assets of a debtor under CUFTA and the Bankruptcy Code. Plaintiff stresses that defendants’ line of argument misapprehends the theory of its case: that Frank Ogalin was the equitable owner of the DCC stock, that he and defendants fraudulently transferred stock and salaries as part of a scheme of indirect transfers intended to divert assets from Frank Ogalin’s creditors, and that thus the transfers of stock and company money to defendants were fraudulent diversions of property owed to Frank’s creditors.
1. Debtor’s ownership of the transferred assets
At trial, evidence was presented that Frank and Jeffrey Ogalin pursued
unsuccessfully the drywall construction business of W
&
C, and that Frank Ogalin bore substantial tax liability for failing to withhold employee income taxes and federal insurance contributions from employee compensation, as required by 26 U.S.C. §§ 3101, 3102(b), 3402. The evidence showed that when W & C was dissolved, Frank and Jeffrey Ogalin, who had substantial customer and industry contacts and relationships, became the sole officers of DCC, whose sole shareholders, Verna and Marie Ogalin, had little or no experience in the industry. From these facts, the jury could have reasonably concluded that Frank Ogalin, while not the record-incorporator of DCC, although an officer from DCC’s formation in 1991 until 1994, was in fact controlling the enterprise along with Jeffrey, as they alone among their family members had the experience, connections, and business reputation necessary to run such a business, which they had acquired from working with their father.
“The status of record title to [a] property is certainly not determinative of equitable ownership.”
In re: Vecchione,
407 F.Supp. 609, 616-17 (E.D.N.Y.1976);
In re: Gugliada,
20 B.R. 524, 533 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.1982). Instead, a debtor may be found “to enjoy at least an equitable interest in a company that for all practical purposes is a family enterprise orchestrated by the debtor,” where he,
inter alia,
oversees the close corporation’s daily affairs and participates in decision-making, and where family members are involved in the business.
Id.
From the evidence of how DCC’s business was handled in this family setting, the jury could have found that Frank Ogalin held an equitable interest in DCC and that the initial issuance of 50% of DCC stock to Frank’s wife, defendant Verna Ogalin, in 1991, as well as the subsequent transfers of stock and the payments of excess salary were all fraudulent conveyances by him of his interest in violation of Conn. Gen.Stat. §§ 52-552 and 52-552e (a)(1).
Defendants primarily rely on
In re: Bob Nicholas Enterprise, Inc.,
358 B.R. 693 (Bankr.S.D.Tex.2007), to argue that the fraudulently conveyed asset must be property of the debtor. In that case, the bankruptcy court held that the bankruptcy trustee failed to meet its burden of proving that the debtor-corporation’s transfers of six purchase orders and good will to alleged successor entities were fraudulent because there was no evidence that the debtor-corporation held “more than a unilateral expectation” with respect to the purchase orders or that it actually had good will.
See id.
at 702-04. An equitable ownership theory was not advanced in the case. Nor was equitable ownership at issue in the cases cited by defendants in support of their argument that the jury improperly conflated the identity of the corporate owner with the corporation itself.
Defendants press the general premise that the stockholders and directors of a formal corporation are unlike the members of a limited liability company or partnership and cannot be held personally liable, but as explained in
Gugliada, infra,
even though a corporation is a separate and distinct legal entity, a debtor may nonetheless have an equitable interest in the corporation that is recoverable by a creditor in bankruptcy.
Defendants specifically attack the verdict concerning Marie Ogalin’s transfer to Verna Ogalin in 1994 on the basis that the transfer could not have been fraudulently executed by the debtor because plaintiff “fail[ed] to attack as a fraudulent transfer [DCC]’s issuance of that stock to Marie Ogalin in the first instance” (Defs. Mot. for Judgment [Doc. # 196]). However, based on the testimony of Frank and Jeffrey Ogalin as to their formation of W & C, expertise in the drywall business, and circumstances surrounding their decision and steps to incorporate DCC, and the fact that the brothers entered into an indemnification agreement (by which Frank relinquished all claims he may have had against Jeffrey and Marie Ogalin) on September 1, 1994, the same day that Marie signed over her stock to Verna, the jury could have reasonably concluded that Marie was a nominal shareholder directed to transfer her stock to Verna when Jeffrey left DCC. Given the central roles played by Frank and Jeffrey, it was reasonable for the jury to conclude that upon Jeffrey’s departure, and with all the stock now in Vena’s name and the business operations unchanged, Frank had become the equitable owner of DCC. Thus, that Frank Ogalin was not the record owner of DCC property was not fatal to plaintiffs verdict and does not justify granting defendants’ Motion.
2. Transfers of salary
Defendants have numerous arguments about the salary transfers that the jury found constituted both intentional and constructive fraud under CUFTA and the Bankruptcy Code. First, defendants contend that the salaries cannot be fraudulent transfers because defendants were bona fide employees of DCC and there was insufficient evidence that the salary amounts were excessive. At trial, plaintiff did not assert that defendants did nothing as DCC employees and should therefore have received nothing from the company. Instead, the issue for the jury was how much of the salary paid was unjustifiably excessive such that it was reasonable to conclude that some portion was a fraudulent transfer of company money that would otherwise have been available to pay creditors. The evidence for evaluating Cristina Ogalin’s annual salary payments was the testimony of economist Arthur Kenison and plaintiffs Exhibit 104, a statistical table of national salary averages based on workers’ age and education level; for Verna Ogalin, the jury had reference to Exhibit 105, a table of hourly wages for bookkeepers in Connecticut. While Kenison did not purport to have specific knowledge of the particular tasks that Verna or Cristina Ogalin performed, he explained to the jury that the figures represented salary averages, which were subject to adjustment for exceptionally skilled employees or employees who performed beyond the scope of their expected duties.
Based on the statistics provided and Kenison’s testimony, as well as the testimony of defendants with respect to their actual tasks at DCC, the jury had an adequate basis for deciding what was a reasonable range for defendants’ earnings and
how much of their yearly salaries were unjustifiable excess, and thus fraudulent transfers. This jury determination is not undermined by the absence of evidence of defendants’ actual income tax liability. Defendants’ annual W-2 forms were in evidence, and the jury was instructed on the Social Security and Medicaid deductions for the relevant years and applicable earnings brackets. As plaintiff argues, this tax information was what defendants provided to the government, and “[t]he defendants owed a duty to not ‘under-withhold’ from their W-2 earnings.”
Second, defendants claim that if Verna and Cristina Ogalin’s excess salaries are voidable fraudulent transfers of an asset belonging to plaintiff, then some portion of these sums represented Frank Ogalin’s salary as a DCC employee. Defendants point to “the lack of any evidence as to what portion of earnings ‘attributable’ to Frank Ogalin, ... in light of Connecticut’s wage exemption law, could be considered ‘property of the debtor’ ” (Defs. Mem. at 12), since under CUFTA a debt- or’s property or assets excludes “property to the extent it is generally exempt under nonbankruptcy law,” Conn. Gen.Stat. § 52-552b(2)(B). Under the statute providing for postjudgment procedures, “[i]f a judgment debtor fails to comply with an installment payment order, the judgment creditor may apply to the court for a wage execution,” and “[t]he maximum part of the aggregate weekly earnings of an individual which may be subject under this section to levy or other withholding for payment of a judgment is ... twenty-five per cent of his disposable earnings for that week.” Conn. Gen.Stat. § 52-361a(a), (f). “Disposable earnings” is defined as “that part of the earnings of an individual remaining after the deduction from those earnings of amounts required to be withheld for payment of federal income and employment taxes, normal retirement contributions, union dues and initiation fees, group life insurance premiums, health insurance premiums, and federal tax levies,” Conn. Gen.Stat. § 52-350a(4).
The question of whether payroll checks constituting alleged fraudulent transfers fall under this exemption provision and thus fail to meet the CUFTA definition of “asset” was addressed in slightly different circumstances in
Cadle Co. v. Jones,
No. 00cv316 (WWE), 2004 WL 2049321, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18300 (D.Conn. Aug. 20, 2004). In that case — where the debtor had deposited his weekly salary checks into the bank account of his wife, the defendant — the bench trial decision held that “the provisions of Section 52-361a are limited to the circumstances of wage execution, and therefore 52-361a(f) does not render the money transferred to defendant Jones exempt.”
Id.,
2004 WL 2049321, *6, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18300 *17. The reasoning of
Jones
is applicable here, as the fraudulently transferred funds were paid as salary to persons other than the debtor. As the fraudulently transferred sums were not executed upon as wages, § 52-361a provided no basis for the jury to reduce its “excess” salary findings.
Third, also on the theory that the excess salary transfers represented salary Frank Ogalin should have earned, defendants attack the jury verdict on Counts Five and Seven (Bankruptcy Code) as to all transfers occurring after the filing of Frank Ogalin’s Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition on June 30, 2000, arguing that the Bankruptcy Code authorizes avoidance of only pre-petition transfers.
Defendants
cite
In re Klutchko,
338 B.R. 554 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.2005),
In re Carlson,
263 F.3d 748, 750 (7th Cir.2001), and
In re Reeves,
65 F.3d 670, 673 (8th Cir.1995), as supporting their theory of the non-recoverability of post-petition transfers of earnings. However,
Klutchko,
in which the bankruptcy court denied the debtor’s discharge and found that the trustee had proven certain intentional fraudulent transfers, does not address the issue of post-petition earnings, except to cite
In re Swanson,
36 B.R. 99, 100 (9th Cir.BAP 1984), which observes that “[u]nder § 541(a)(6) future earnings do not become property of the estate.” Similarly,
Carlson
simply quotes § 541(a)(6) in holding that the value of a contingent-fee lawyer’s services “up to the date of his bankruptcy (though not after, by virtue of section 541(a)(6)) is property of his estate in bankruptcy,” 263 F.3d at 750. However, unlike the lawyer-debtor’s post-petition income in
Carlson,
Verna and Cristina Ogalin’s post-petition salaries do not constitute “earnings from services performed by an
individual debtor
after the commencement of the case,” 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(6) (emphasis added). Their salaries instead represent assets diverted from the income of DCC, of which debtor Frank Ogalin was found to be the equitable owner. Neither does
In re: Reeves
support defendants’ position: there, the Eighth Circuit affirmed the district court’s imposition of a constructive trust on the defendant-company “owned” by the debtor’s wife, finding that the company stock was properly part of the bankruptcy estate and that the § 541(a)(6) limitation was only applicable insofar as the defendant-company could “establish that it ha[d] acquired post-petition assets through transfers to [defendant-company] or uncompensated services by [the debtor] that would not have occurred had the estate owned its stock.” 65 F.3d at 673.
Here, defendants offered no evidence of any post-petition uncompensated services by Frank Ogalin benefitting DCC. Thus, the jury’s decision to award damages for post-petition salary transfers did not violate § 541(a)(6). Moreover, the Bankruptcy Code sections relied on by defendants must be read together with 11 U.S.C. § 549, which provides for avoidance of a post-petition transfer “that occurs after the commencement of the case; and ... that is not authorized under this title or by the court.” The Court rejects defendants’ argument that plaintiffs failure to specifically invoke this provision in its pleadings bars Cadle from voiding defendants’ salaries for the latter half of 2000 through 2006.
See Northrop v. Hoffman of Simsbury, Inc.,
134 F.3d 41, 46 (2d Cir.1997) (“Under the liberal pleading principles established by Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, in ruling on a 12(b)(6) motion ‘the failure in a complaint to cite a statute, or to cite the correct one, in no way affects the merits of a claim. Factual allegations alone are what matters.’ ”).
Defendants argue in the alternative that even if the excess salary amounts represent something other than the debtor’s earnings, they should be construed as “dis
tributions to shareholders,” which can be authorized by a board of directors under certain circumstances,
see
Conn. GemStat. § 33-687. Defendants point to no evidence at trial from which the jury should have concluded that the monies received were intended for this purpose.
3. Statute of limitations
Defendants argue that the jury’s tolling of the statute of limitations as to the stock transfers based on the discovery rule was clear error. It is undisputed that the 1991 and 1994 transfers are barred by the CUFTA’s four-year statute of limitations. However, the jury concluded that the statute of limitations should be tolled based on both the discovery rule, Conn. GemStat. § 52-552j(l), and concealment, Conn. GemStat. § 52-595;
Bound Brook Associates v. City of Norwalk,
198 Conn. 660, 504 A.2d 1047, 1050 (1986) (discussing tolling of the statute of limitations in context of fraudulent concealment), answering “yes” to specific interrogatories regarding these transfers:
b. Did the plaintiff prove:
i. by a preponderance of the evidence that at least one of Frank Ogalin’s creditors did not discover or could not have reasonably discovered this transfer before June 30,1999?
ii. by clear and convincing evidence that the debtor or defendants actively concealed the transfer so that a creditor was prevented from discovering the transaction before June 30, 2000?
(Verdict Form [Doc. # 182] at 11-13.)
Defendants critique the evidence related to PNC Bank as the one creditor whose knowledge was offered by plaintiff to show that this creditor could not have timely discovered its claim for fraudulent transfer. Defendants claim that PNC Bank delayed deposing the debtor until 2000, but could reasonably have discovered the fraudulent stock transfers before June 30, 1999 in the course of its mortgage foreclosure action against Frank Ogalin, commenced in 1996. Plaintiffs witness Attorney James R. Byrne, counsel for PNC Bank, New England at the time of the foreclosure of the 3425 Huntington Road property in Stratford, Connecticut, testified that because of the state court limits on discovery in a foreclosure action, a debtor’s assets and financial affairs are not properly part of discovery. Plaintiff argues that in any event, the jury could toll the statute of limitations based on the additional ground of fraudulent concealment, which defendants do not separately address in their Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law. Since the jury had a reasonable evidentiary basis for concluding that defendants possessed knowledge of their fraudulent transfers, and that one creditor did not have or could not obtain such knowledge before Frank Ogalin’s petition was filed, defendants’ Motion on statute of limitations is DENIED.
4. DCC and Counts Three and Six
Defendants seek entry of judgment in favor of defendant DCC on Counts Three and Six, which were withdrawn before trial. The Court deems these counts withdrawn with prejudice, and defendants’ Motion is thus DENIED as moot.
B. Motion for New Trial
In their Motion for New Trial [Doc. # 197], unaccompanied by a supporting memorandum of law, defendants raise 16 points of error, some overlapping with the grounds for their Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law. The issues are discussed in substantive groupings as follows.
1. Reference to denial of Frank Oga-lin’s discharge in bankruptcy
By way of background, the Court referenced the Bankruptcy Court’s denial of discharge of Frank Ogalin’s debts in its preliminary instructions to the jury before evidence began. However, defendants’ objections to plaintiffs offer of the Bankruptcy Court judgment and memorandum of decision related to the denial of discharge was sustained, and the jury was instructed at that time that what transpired in Bankruptcy Court was irrelevant to its decision-making in this trial. In the Second Circuit, a curative instruction may be adequate to address the potential prejudice of a statement,
United States v. Lewis,
111 Fed.Appx. 52, 56 (2d Cir.2004) (holding that any prejudice caused by a witness’s “inadvertent reference to having previously arrested [the defendant] ... could have easily been addressed through a proper curative instruction”), although such an instruction could be insufficient if the prejudice is severe in degree,
see United States v. Awadallah,
436 F.3d 125, 134 (2d Cir.2006). Here, absent exposition from defendants of how the preliminary reference to the denial of discharge, with subsequent evidentiary exclusions and corrective instruction still resulted in uncured prejudice, no new trial is warranted on this ground.
2. Jury instructions
Defendants’ Motion sets out the eonclu-sory contentions that “[t]he court did not adequately or correctly instruct the jury concerning necessary elements of the alleged causes of action” (Defs. Mot. for New Trial ¶ 2) and that “[t]he verdict form allowed the jury to find liability and damages without finding legally required factual elements”
(id.
¶ 9). Without any analysis as to why the instructions or verdict form were erroneous and resulted in a manifestly unjust verdict, defendants have not supported their claim for a new trial.
Defendants urge two other lines of argument related to plaintiffs claims: that neither the initial issuance of DCC stock nor the transfer of shares from Marie Ogalin to Verna Ogalin should have been considered as fraudulent conveyances
(id.
¶¶ 13, 15), and that the Court erred in allowing the jury to consider defendants’ pre- and post-petition salaries as fraudulent conveyances
(id.
¶ 6). These issues were briefed in defendants’ Rule 50 Motion, and as explained
supra,
assuming the legal viability of plaintiffs equitable ownership theory, there was no error in permitting the jury to consider the stock and salary transfers as fraudulent conveyances by Frank Oga-lin. Defendants’ Motion on this basis is DENIED.
3.Damages determination
Defendants also seek a new trial on the grounds that “[t]he jury was permitted to speculate, and did speculate on damages and other issues”
(id.
¶ 3) and that “[t]he jury verdict is manifestly in conflict with the charge on damages”
(id.
¶ 4). Again, defendants have failed to develop these points with any specificity or provide legal support.
Defendants do argue specifically that the Court erred in admitting the tax tables proffered by plaintiff, as well as the testimony of plaintiffs expert Kenison and the salary tables from the U.S. Department of Commerce (Exs. 104 and 105).
(Id.
¶¶ 10, 14.) Before trial, the Court overruled defendants’ objections to, but limited, Keni-son’s testimony (and Exhibits 104 and 105), “so long as [Kenison did] not include opinions on ‘over-compensation,’ ” which determination was to be left to the jury. (Order [Doc. # 144] ¶ 1(b).) Since Kenison did not offer any opinion on the level of compensation received by defendants for
their specific job responsibilities at DCC and confined his testimony to saláry averages for job titles based on education and age as directed, no error has been shown in permitting such testimony. Defendants offer no explanation beyond their contention that their actual tax liability was not shown,
see supra,
as to how the tax-rate-table exhibits produced a seriously erroneous result. Defendants’ Motion for New Trial on these grounds is DENIED.
4. Tolling of statute of limitations
With respect to the jury verdict/interrogatories on the statute of limitations, defendants contend that “[t]he court erred in its instructions and in the verdict form regarding tolling of the statute of limitations under Conn. Gen.Stat. Sec. 52 — 552j” (Defs. Mot. for New Trial ¶ 7) and attack the jury’s consideration of tolling on the grounds of fraudulent concealment under Conn. Gen.Stat. § 52-595
(id.
¶ 16). As this argument recapitulates defendants’ Rule 50 Motion on the same ground, the Court’s prior analysis is incorporated here.
5. Judicial notice of Connecticut Practice Book provisions permitting discovery in civil actions
At trial, defendants requested judicial notice of certain provisions of Connecticut Practice Book Chapter 13 outlining the discovery rules for civil actions.
(See
Defs. Mem. [Doc. # 168] at 2-3.) These provisions were urged as bearing on whether PNC Bank, one of Frank Ogalin’s creditors, could have earlier discovered the transfers at issue in this case through discovery in the foreclosure action,
see supra.
Plaintiff opposed admission of these Practice Book sections
(see
PI. Reply [Doc. # 170]) as prejudicial and misleading, given that “[a] debtor’s assets and financial affairs are not properly the subject matter of discovery in a foreclosure action”
(id.
at 2).
Finding that the Practice Book provisions contained no express provision related to asset discovery in a foreclosure action, the Court declined to admit them into evidence. In the absence of any different or expanded theory of admissibility from defendants, refusal of judicial notice does not justify granting a new trial.
6. Exclusion of testimonial evidence on communications between Oga-lin family members
Defendants argue that the Court improperly “exclud[ed] testimony concerning communications between Verna Ogalin and Margaret Ogalin, and between Verna Ogalin and Frank Ogalin, as well as other communications, thus preventing defendants from adducing evidence negating fraudulent intent.” (Defs. Mot. for New Trial ¶ 8.) While defendants fail to explain the substance of these communications, defendants’ counsel had indicated at trial that they wished to introduce testimony on the lack of a verbal agreement among defendants and Frank Ogalin to commit fraudulent transfers. Defendants have at no point suggested how such testimony offered by defendants for this purpose would constitute a hearsay exception under the Federal Rules of Evidence, and accordingly no new trial is required.
7. Unreasonableness of verdict
Finally, defendants assert that the verdict is “manifestly unreasonable and lacking in a legally sufficient evidentiary basis” (Defs. Mot. for New Trial ¶ 11) and is impermissibly “punitive”
(id.
¶ 12). The attack on the reasonableness of the verdict appears to echo defendants’ earlier arguments regarding absence of evidence on defendants’ actual tax liability and the legal limitations on determinations of what
portion of the salaries were excessive, which the Court has already addressed. As to the punitive nature of the damages, defendants have failed to explain why the money damages awarded by totaling the excess salary payments found is necessarily punitive.
A new trial will not be granted.
IV. Conclusion
Accordingly, defendants’ Renewed Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law [Doc. # 195] and Motion for New Trial [Doc. # 197] are DENIED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.