NUMBER 13-07-00390-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY AND PROTECTIVE SERVICES, NOE PENA, MAYRA QUINTANILLA, AND SAMANTHA GUAJARDO, INDIVIDUALLY AND IN THEIR OFFICIAL CAPACITIES, Appellants,
v.
E.R. AND J.R., Appellees.
On appeal from the 214th District Court of Nueces County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Garza and Benavides Memorandum Opinion by Justice Benavides
On July 8, 2003, based on an investigation of alleged sexual abuse and neglectful
supervision, the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (“TDFPS”) removed J.R. and E.R.’s children from their home.1 After the investigation, the plaintiffs filed suit
against TDFPS, and against TDFPS employees Noe Pena, Mayra Quintanilla, and
Samantha Guajardo, individually and in their official capacities (collectively “defendants”).
The plaintiffs sought damages and injunctive relief and alleged causes of action including
negligence, gross negligence, negligence per se, fraud, intentional infliction of emotional
distress, tortious interference with family relations, and violations of rights protected by the
Texas Constitution. See TEX . CONST . art. I, §§ 9, 19, 25. The defendants filed a motion
for summary judgment and a joint amended plea to the jurisdiction, and the trial court
partially granted and partially denied both. The defendants prosecuted this interlocutory
appeal. See TEX . CIV. PRAC . & REM . CODE ANN . § 51.014(a)(5), (8) (Vernon 2008). We
affirm in part and reverse in part.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In March 2003, E.R.’s daughter made an outcry of sexual abuse against J.R.
According to E.R., “on or about March 9, 2003 [she] was advised by [Mayra]
Quintanilla . . . that [TDFPS] had received a complaint that [J.R.] had sexually abused [her]
daughter . . . [and] that a complaint of neglectful supervision was filed against [her].” On
March 13, 2003, Quintanilla, a TDFPS caseworker, interviewed the child at the Children’s
Advocacy Center and confirmed the outcry.
On March 14, 2003, the defendants and the plaintiffs entered into a safety plan
under which J.R. would leave the home and have no contact with the children for one
1 W e will refer to the E.R. and J.R. by their initials due to the allegations of abuse and in order to protect the identities of the children involved. W e will refer to E.R. and J.R. collectively as “plaintiffs.” J.R. is the children’s stepfather; nevertheless, unless noted otherwise, we will refer to the children as the plaintiffs’ children.
2 month. On April 16, 2003, the defendants informed the plaintiffs that the investigation was
ongoing and verbally extended the safety plan until the investigation was completed.
On April 24, 2003, Quintanilla made a home visit, and J.R. was the only person at
the residence. The children were not home. E.R. shared custody of the children with their
father who had the children every other weekend and on holidays.
At some point during the investigation, the child recanted her outcry. Quintanilla
noted that, even though it is common for children to do so, this does not mean the recant
is true. She believed the recant was important and considered it in making her
determination in the case.
From the beginning of the case, Quintanilla thought there was “reason to believe”
abuse had occurred, but Pena, Quintanilla’s supervisor, made the conclusion that the
original finding should be “unable to determine.” See generally 40 TEX . ADMIN . CODE §
700.511 (2004) (Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, Disposition of the
Allegations of Abuse or Neglect) (listing the various dispositions that TDFPS caseworkers
may make regarding the investigation). Pena stated that he based his original conclusion
on the recant and on a medical report that showed redness around the child’s vagina but
was inconclusive regarding whether abuse had occurred.
On May 14, 2003, Quintanilla sent letters to both of the plaintiffs informing them that
the report “has been investigated[,] and there was not sufficient information to determine
if the abuse/neglect did occur and [they] will be providing further services.” No mention of
an extension of the safety plan was made in the letter.
On May 21, 2003, the plaintiffs’ attorney sent a letter to Pena. The letter requested
an informal administrative review of the defendants’ investigation. The same letter served
3 as a complaint against Pena filed pursuant to section 261.309 of the family code. See TEX .
FAM . CODE ANN . § 261.309 (Vernon 2008).
Pena thereafter changed the finding in the case from “unable to determine” to
“reason to believe.” He made the change after a consultation with Mary Ann Vogt, the
program director. Both Quintanilla and Pena discussed with the plaintiffs the need to
continue the safety plan and verbally extended the plan after the original plan expired. On
June 6, 2003, J.R. was indicted on a charge of indecency with a child. See TEX . PENAL
CODE ANN . § 21.11 (Vernon 2003).
On July 1, 2003, Pena met with the plaintiffs and their attorney. During that
meeting, Pena informed them that he had changed the disposition of the investigation from
“unable to determine” to “reason to believe.” At that time, it was Pena’s understanding that
the plaintiffs knew J.R. was to continue to stay away from the children. Additionally,
according to the plaintiffs, a new safety plan would be implemented.
On July 7, 2003, TDFPS received a complaint against E.R., alleging neglectful
supervision of her child, based on J.R.’s return to the home.2 On July 8, 2003, based on
a decision made by Pena and Vogt, the children were removed from the home and
ultimately placed in their father’s custody. The plaintiffs indicated that they had not signed
the new safety plan before the children were removed.
On May 26, 2004, TDFPS informed the plaintiffs, through a letter to their attorney,
that the TDFPS’s Administrative Review of Investigation Findings (“ARIF”) was complete.
2 W hile E.R. stated in her affidavit that she was inform ed about the report of neglectful supervision on or about March 9, 2003, the record contains a letter from TDFPS noting that the report was received by TDFPS on July 7, 2003.
4 The review affirmed the disposition of “reason to believe” regarding abuse by J.R. and
“reason to believe” regarding neglectful supervision by E.R. The plaintiffs appealed the
ARIF to the Center for Consumer Affairs, which changed the findings to “unable to
determine” regarding J.R. and “ruled out” regarding E.R.
In February 2004, E.R. gave birth to a new baby. At the beginning of August 2004,
the TDFPS statewide complaint intake office received another complaint involving the
plaintiffs. The investigation was assigned to Guajardo, a TDFPS employee. On August
3, 2004, after attempting to reach the plaintiffs with no success, Guajardo sent a letter to
the plaintiffs informing them of the investigation and her need to speak with them. On
August 9, 2004, the indictment against J.R. was dismissed.
The plaintiffs sued TDFPS and Guajardo, Pena, and Quintanilla in both their official
and individual capacities, seeking monetary damages and injunctive relief. The plaintiffs
asserted claims for damages for fraud, interference with the plaintiffs’ “family relationship
and possessory rights to their minor children,” negligence, gross negligence, negligence
per se, intentional infliction of emotional distress, malicious prosecution, invasion of
privacy, “violation of Chapter 42 of the Family Code,” and conspiracy to commit fraud and
unlawfully interfere with the plaintiffs’ “family relationship and with the possessory right to
her child.” According to the plaintiffs, they received an “ex parte order against [TDFPS]
and the defendant caseworkers enjoining them from pursuing any further investigation
against [the plaintiffs] arising out of” the sexual abuse allegations.3
3 Nowhere in the record is there any docum entary evidence, com plying with the rules of civil procedure, of a tem porary restraining order, tem porary injunction, or perm anent injunction having been entered against the defendants. See T EX . R. C IV . P. 683, 685, 687. The only evidence in the record of the granting of injunctive relief is testim ony by the plaintiffs and a discussion during the hearing on the m otion for sum m ary judgm ent and plea to the jurisdiction wherein the trial court stated to the plaintiffs, “I’m gonna grant
5 The defendants filed a motion for summary judgment and a joint amended plea to
the jurisdiction. In their joint amended plea to the jurisdiction, the defendants asserted that
the plaintiffs’ claims against TDFPS seeking monetary damages and injunctive relief were
barred by sovereign immunity and case law. The defendants also argued that the
individual defendants, sued in their official capacities, were protected by sovereign
immunity against the same claims for damages. The defendants, in their joint amended
plea to the jurisdiction, also sought dismissal of the plaintiffs’ claims for (1) intentional
infliction of emotional distress and (2) “damage claims under [the] Texas Constitution.”
The defendants argued in their motion for summary judgment that the plaintiffs’ claim for
tortious interference with familial relations should be dismissed, claiming that such a cause
of action is not recognized in Texas. The defendants asserted that official immunity
protects the individual defendants sued in their individual capacities. Additionally, the
defendants asserted that there was insufficient evidence of intentional infliction of
emotional distress and no evidence justifying a permanent injunction.
The trial court partially granted the plea to the jurisdiction based on sovereign
immunity, dismissing the plaintiffs’ claims for monetary damages against TDFPS and the
individual defendants in their official capacities. The trial court partially granted the motion
for summary judgment, dismissing the plaintiffs’ claims of intentional infliction of emotional
distress and tortious interference with familial relations.4 The defendants then filed this
your relief.”
4 The plaintiffs’ pending claim s in the trial court are: (1) claim s for injunctive relief against the defendants; and (2) claim s for m onetary dam ages against the individual defendants in their individual capacities. For the sake of com pleteness, we will address each of the issues raised by the defendants in their brief to this Court.
6 interlocutory appeal.5 See TEX . CIV. PRAC . & REM . CODE ANN . § 51.014(a)(5), (8).
The defendants raise four issues on appeal claiming that: (1) the plaintiffs’ claims
against TDFPS and the individual defendants in their official capacities are barred by
sovereign immunity; (2) the individual defendants in their individual capacities are entitled
to the affirmative defense of official immunity; (3) the Texas Constitution does not permit
a private right of action for violation of the right to privacy; and (4) the plaintiffs are not
entitled to a permanent injunction. Accordingly, the claims remaining before this Court are
(1) the plaintiffs’ claim for injunctive relief against all of the defendants, and (2) the
plaintiffs’ claims for monetary damages against the individual defendants in their individual
capacities.
II. JURISDICTION
Texas procedure generally forbids us to hear interlocutory appeals, favoring instead
appeals from final judgments or orders. See Jack B. Anglin Co. v. Tipps, 842 S.W.2d 266,
272 (Tex. 1992). However, we have jurisdiction to hear interlocutory appeals from orders
denying a motion for summary judgment based on a claim of immunity and a plea to the
jurisdiction raised by a governmental unit. See TEX . CIV. PRAC . & REM . CODE ANN . §
51.014(a)(5), (8); see also Tex. A&M Univ. Sys. v. Koseoglu, 233 S.W.3d 835, 846 (Tex.
2007); Hidalgo County v. Gonzalez, 128 S.W.3d 788, 791 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2004,
no pet.).
III. PLEA TO THE JURISDICTION
A. Standard of Review: Plea to the Jurisdiction
5 The plaintiffs did not appeal the trial court’s decisions.
7 A plea to the jurisdiction seeks dismissal of a case based on a lack of subject-matter
jurisdiction. Harris County v. Sykes, 136 S.W.3d 635, 638 (Tex. 2004). Sovereign
immunity raises questions of subject-matter jurisdiction and is properly questioned in a plea
to the jurisdiction. Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 225-26 (Tex.
2004). “Whether a pleader has alleged facts that affirmatively demonstrate a trial court’s
subject-matter jurisdiction is a question of law reviewed de novo.” Id. at 226 (emphasis
omitted).
B. Violation of Texas Constitutional Rights
In their third issue, defendants assert that “plaintiffs’ claims under the Texas
Constitution for damages should be dismissed as to all defendants in any capacity.” We
note that the partial granting of the plea to the jurisdiction already dismissed the claims for
monetary damages against TDFPS and against the individual defendants in their official
capacities. Because this is a jurisdictional issue, it may be raised in a plea to the
jurisdiction. Univ. of Tex. Sys. v. Courtney, 946 S.W.2d 464, 468-669 (Tex. App.–Fort
Worth 1997, writ denied) (holding that trial court did not have jurisdiction over plaintiff’s
damages claim for alleged violations of plaintiff’s due process rights arising from the Texas
Constitution); see City of Elsa v. M.A.L., 226 S.W.3d 390, 391 (Tex. 2007) (reviewing an
interlocutory appeal from a plea to the jurisdiction wherein defendant sought damages for
“‘deprivations of privacy and confidential rights, privileges and immunities secured by the
laws and Constitution of Texas under Article I, Section 8 and 19’”).
Under the Texas Supreme Court’s decision in City of Beaumont v. Bouillion and its
progeny, the plaintiffs have no private cause of action for damages for alleged violations
8 of constitutional rights by the individual defendants in their individual capacities. 896
S.W.2d 143, 147 (Tex. 1995); see City of Elsa, 226 S.W.3d at 392; see also Courtney, 946
S.W.2d at 468-69; Democracy Coalition v. City of Austin, 141 S.W.3d 282, 295 (Tex.
App.–Austin 2004, no pet.). Therefore, the trial court does not have jurisdiction to hear this
claim. See Courtney, 946 S.W.2d at 468-469. We agree with the defendants and
conclude that the trial court erred by not dismissing the plaintiffs’ claims for damages,
against the individual defendants in their individual capacities, for violations of the Texas
Constitution. Defendants’ third issue is sustained.
C. Sovereign Immunity
The defendants, in their first issue, assert that, under the doctrine of sovereign
immunity, the claims against TDFPS and the individual defendants in their official
capacities should have been dismissed in their entirety. In the first part of their fourth
issue, the defendants specifically argue that the plaintiffs cannot seek injunctive relief
against TDFPS.
Sovereign immunity comprises two protections: immunity from suit and immunity
from liability. See Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Jones, 8 S.W.3d 636, 638 (Tex. 1999) (per
curiam). The state is protected from judgment by immunity from liability, even when the
legislature has waived immunity from suit. Id. Immunity from liability is not a jurisdictional
bar. Id. On the other hand, immunity from suit operates as a bar to jurisdiction, absent
express consent from the state. Id.
To establish jurisdiction in the trial court, the plaintiff suing the state under state law
may establish the state’s consent to suit by: “(1) alleging legislative consent to such suit
9 in his petition, either by reference to a statute or express legislative permission, and (2)
pleading facts that fall within the scope of legislative consent.” Tex. Dep’t of Health v.
Rocha, 102 S.W.3d 348, 353 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2003, no pet.) (citing Tex. Dep’t
of Criminal Justice v. Miller, 51 S.W.3d 583, 587 (Tex. 2003)); see Jones, 8 S.W.3d at 555-
56. Additionally, agency action may be subject to judicial review when the action violates
constitutional due process or the constitution itself waives the state’s immunity from suit.
Rocha, 102 S.W.3d at 353 (citing Martin v. Tex. Bd. of Criminal Justice, 60 S.W.3d 226,
229 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2001, no pet.)); Sw. Airlines v. Tex. High-Speed Rail Auth.,
867 S.W.2d 154, 157 (Tex. App.–Austin 1993, writ denied), overruled in part on other
grounds by Tex. Dep’t of Protective and Regulatory Servs. v. Mega Child Care, Inc., 145
S.W.3d 170, 191-92 (Tex. 2004).
When a plaintiff sues a state agency, the plaintiff sues the state. Rocha, 102
S.W.3d at 353 (citing Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex. 1976)). State
agencies enjoy the same sovereign immunity as the state. Rocha, 102 S.W.3d at 353.
When sued in their official capacity, state employees are protected by the same sovereign
immunity shielding the agency they represent. Id. TDFPS, as a state agency, is entitled
to the sovereign immunity enjoyed by the State of Texas, and Pena, Quintanilla, and
Guajardo enjoy the state’s sovereign immunity also, at least for the claims brought against
them in their official capacities. See TEX . HUM . RES. CODE ANN . §§ 40.001, 40.002 (Vernon
2001 & Supp. 2008).
As we noted previously, the partial grant of the plea to jurisdiction dismissed the
plaintiffs’ claims for damages against both the TDFPS and the individuals in their official
10 capacity. The only remaining claim against TDFPS and the individual defendants in their
official capacity to which sovereign immunity may be raised is the claim for injunctive relief.6
In the first part of their fourth issue, defendants allege that the plaintiffs’ claims for
injunctive relief against TDFPS are precluded by Bagg v. UTMB Galveston, among others.
726 S.W.2d 582, 585 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 1987, writ ref’d n.r.e.).
However, in City of Elsa, the Texas Supreme Court recognized that the Bagg
decision does not support the defendants’ argument that injunctive relief may not be
sought against the State. City of Elsa, 226 S.W.3d at 392 (“In this case we reaffirm that
. . . governmental entities may be sued for injunctive relief under the Texas Constitution.”).
In City of Elsa, the city argued that the trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over the
plaintiff’s claims because they only sued the city and not the individual officers of the city
who were alleged to have taken the unauthorized actions. Id. at 391. In rejecting the city’s
claim, the supreme court noted that “‘suits for injunctive relief’ may be maintained against
governmental entities to remedy violations of the Texas Constitution.” Id. at 392 (citing
Bouillion, 896 S.W.2d at 149).7 We overrule the defendant’s first issue and the first part
6 In their plea to the jurisdiction, the defendants specifically stated, “claim s for injunctive relief against the individual [d]efendants in their official capacities are not addressed by this Plea.” W e do not, therefore, address injunctive relief regarding the individual defendants in their official capacities in this section of the opinion.
7 W hile neither party raised it in their argum ents to this Court, during the trial court’s hearing on the plea to the jurisdiction and m otion for sum m ary judgm ent, the defendants cited our decision in Nabejas v. Tex. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 972 S.W .2d 875 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 1998, no pet.). Nabejas followed Bagg in holding that “[w]hen a party seeks to enjoin the activities of a state agency, it m ust sue an individual in authority at the agency and not the agency itself.” Nabejas, 972 S.W .2d at 876. W e recognize that, to the extent a party is seeking to enjoin the State from violating the party’s constitutional rights, City of Elsa overrules our decision in Nabejas and cases relying on Nabejas. See City of Elsa, 226 S.W .3d at 392; Nabejas, 972 S.W .2d at 876; Bagg, 726 S.W .2d at 585; see also Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice-Corr. Div. v. Martinez, No. 13-05-495-CV, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 117, at *2 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi January 6, 2006, no pet.) (m em . op.); accord City of Alam o v. Montes, 904 S.W .2d 727 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 1995) (holding that “there is no basis from the text of the Constitution to assum e a party is given m ore than equitable protection“), vacated as moot by 934 S.W .2d 85 (Tex. 1996).
11 of the defendants’ fourth issue as it relates to the plaintiffs’ claim for injunctive relief against
TDFPS for violations of the plaintiffs’ rights under the Texas Constitution.
IV. SUMMARY JUDGMENT
A. Standard of Review
Summary judgments are reviewed de novo. Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164
S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005). Official immunity is an affirmative defense and may be
raised in a motion for summary judgment. See Joe v. Two Thirty Nine J.V., 145 S.W.3d
150, 162 (Tex. 2004); City of Lancaster v. Chambers, 883 S.W.2d 650, 653 (Tex. 1994).
We review the denial of a motion for summary judgment where official immunity is asserted
under the same standards by which we review the granting of such motions. See Welch
v. Milton, 185 S.W.3d 586, 593 (Tex. App.–Dallas 2006, no pet.).
The defendant has the burden to conclusively establish each element of official
immunity. Chambers, 883 S.W.2d at 653. “An issue is conclusively established when the
evidence is such that there is no room for ordinary minds to differ as to the conclusion to
be drawn from it.” Triton Oil & Gas Corp. v. Marine Contractors & Supply, Inc., 644 S.W.2d
443, 446 (Tex. 1982). To satisfy this burden, the defendant must demonstrate that he is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law because no genuine issue of material fact exists.
Sw. Elec. Power Co. v. Grant, 73 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex. 2005) (citing TEX . R. CIV. P.
166a(c)); Welch v. Milton, 185 S.W.3d 586, 593 (Tex. App.–Dallas 2006, pet. denied). “[I]n
deciding whether there is a disputed material fact issue precluding summary judgment,
evidence favorable to the non-movant will be taken as true; and . . . every reasonable
inference must be indulged in favor of the non-movant and any doubts must be resolved
12 in favor of the non-movant.” Welch, 185 S.W.3d at 593 (citing Am. Tobacco Co., Inc. v.
Grinnell, 951 S.W.2d 420, 425 (Tex. 1997)). “In deciding whether an employee's summary
judgment proof conclusively establishes the official-immunity defense, we must determine
whether there are disputed facts material to its elements.” Telthorster v. Tennell, 92
S.W.2d 457, 461 (Tex. 2002).
B. Injunctive Relief Against the Individual Defendants
In the second part of the defendants’ fourth issue, the defendants assert that there
is no evidence to support plaintiffs’ claims for injunctive relief against the individual
defendants in their individual capacities. We conclude that we do not have jurisdiction to
review this claim. Stary v. DeBord, 967 S.W.2d 352, 353-53 (Tex. 1998) (“Appellate courts
have jurisdiction to consider immediate appeals of interlocutory orders only if a statute
explicitly provides appellate jurisdiction.”).
Section 51.014 of the civil practice and remedies code provides the avenue for the
defendants’ interlocutory appeal. See TEX . CIV. PRAC . & REM . CODE ANN . § 51.014.
Because this section “‘is a narrow exception to the general rule that only final judgments
and orders are appealable,’” we must strictly construe it. Montgomery County v. Fuqua,
22 S.W.3d 662, 665 (Tex. App.–Beaumont 2000, pet. denied) (quoting Tex. Dep’t of
Transp. v. City of Sunset Valley, 8 S.W.3d 727, 730 (Tex. App.–Austin 1999, no pet.)).
Section 51.014(a)(4) provides the right to an interlocutory appeal from a district court
order that “grants or refuses a temporary injunction . . . .” See TEX . CIV. PRAC . & REM .
CODE ANN . § 51.014(a)(4) (emphasis added). This subsection does not describe the
interlocutory appeal presently before us. The defendants are not appealing from the order
13 entering a temporary injunction, and the arguments presented in their brief address only
a permanent injunction.
Subsection (a)(5) permits an interlocutory appeal from a district court order that
“denies a motion for summary judgment that is based on an assertion of immunity by an
individual who is an officer or employee of the state or a political subdivision of the state
. . . .” See id. at 51.014(a)(5). In their brief to this Court, the individual defendants attack
the injunctive relief on no evidence grounds and not on immunity grounds. See Phillips v.
Dafonte, 187 S.W.3d 669, 675 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (noting that,
to entitle itself to an interlocutory appeal under section 51.014(a)(5), the party must claim
immunity). Strictly construing section 51.014(a)(5), as we must, we conclude that this
section does not confer jurisdiction in this Court over this part of the defendants’ fourth
issue. See TEX . CIV. PRAC . & REM . CODE ANN . § 51.014(a)(4); Fuqua, 22 S.W.3d at 665.
Having concluded that we do not have jurisdiction over the second part of the defendants’
fourth issue, we dismiss this portion of the defendants’ appeal. See Tex. Educ. Agency
v. Donna Indep. Sch. Dist., 221 S.W.3d 791, 793 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2007, no pet.)
(dismissing appeal for lack of jurisdiction under section 51.014(a)(8)).
C. Official Immunity
The defendants, in their second issue, assert that, under the doctrine of official
immunity, the individual defendants in their individual capacities are shielded from all of the
plaintiffs’ claims against them.
The affirmative defense of official immunity from suit is available to state employees
sued in their individual capacities so long as the employees were performing (1)
14 discretionary duties, (2) in good faith, (3) while acting in the scope of their employment.
Chambers, 883 S.W.2d at 653 . Public policy underlies the doctrine of official immunity:
“If administrative officials are held liable for their negligence, ‘the prudent would be
reluctant to enter governmental service and even competent persons who entered public
life would not be zealous in discharging their duties.’” Austin v. Hale, 711 S.W.2d 64, 68
(Tex. App.–Waco 1986, no writ) (quoting Baker v. Story, 621 S.W.2d 639, 643-44 (Tex.
App.–San Antonio 1981, writ ref'd n.r.e.)). “Immunity is particularly important in the area
of investigation of child abuse, ‘where the investigator is required to make a decision that,
in all likelihood, is going to be viewed by someone as improvident, no matter what the
decision is.’” Allbright v. Tex. Dep’t of Human Servs., 859 S.W.2d 575, 579 (Tex.
App.–Austin 1993, no writ) (quoting Austin, 711 S.W.2d at 68). “When official immunity
shields a governmental employee from liability, sovereign immunity shields the
governmental employer from vicarious liability.” Vela v. Rocha, 52 S.W.3d 398, 404 (Tex.
App.–Corpus Christi 2001, pet. denied) (citing Univ. of Houston v. Clark, 38 S.W.3d 578,
580 (Tex. 2000)).
Discretionary duties are those involving personal deliberation, judgment, and
decision. Chambers, 883 S.W.2d at 654. When a government official is discharging those
duties generally assigned to him, he is acting within the scope of his employment. Id. at
658. Good faith, in official immunity, is measured objectively—we ask “whether a
reasonably prudent official, under the same or similar circumstances, could have believed
that his conduct was justified based on the information he possessed when the conduct
occurred.” Ballantyne v. Champion Builders, Inc., 144 S.W.3d 417, 426 (Tex. 2004). Good
15 faith may be proven by the employee’s own affidavit, see Vela, 52 S.W.2d at 405; City of
La Joya v. Herr, 41 S.W.3d 755, 761 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2001, no pet.); however,
the testimony must be “clear, positive and direct, otherwise credible and free from
contradictions and inconsistencies, and [capable of being] readily controverted.” TEX . R.
CIV. P. 166a(c). Statements merely concluding that a reasonable employee could have
taken the same action are insufficient to prove good faith. Vela, 52 S.W.2d at 405. If no
reasonable person could have decided as the employee did, the employee has acted in
bad faith. Id. at 404; see Chambers, 883 S.W.2d at 657 (holding that the non-movant has
the burden to show that no reasonable officer could have believed that the facts justified
the officer’s actions).
A governmental employee must conclusively establish each of these elements
before he can be granted summary judgment based on official immunity. Gonzalez, 128
S.W3d at 793 (citing Clark, 38 S.W.3d at 580). To determine if the employee has met his
burden and is worthy of summary judgment, we must evaluate whether there are disputed,
material facts to each element. Id. (citing Telthorster, 92 S.W.2d at 461).
1. Samantha Guajardo
Guajardo’s affidavit accompanied the defendants’ motion for summary judgment.
In her affidavit, Guajardo noted that “on or around the beginning of August 2004,” she “was
assigned to investigate a report that had been made to the statewide intake office. . . .”
Guajardo affirmed that she was required to “initiate an investigation when [she] received
the reported intake.” The only relevant investigative act included in the record and taken
by Guajardo after the report arrived was to mail a letter to the plaintiffs informing them that
16 she was “assigned to an investigation involving your family.”
Discretionary acts include investigating and acting on gathered facts. Fowler v.
Szostek, 905 S.W.2d 336, 342 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, no writ); see Albright,
859 S.W.2d at 579 (citing Eakle v. Tex. Dep’t of Human Servs., 815 S.W.2d 869, 875-76
(Tex. App.–Austin 1991, writ denied)). “[P]ublic officials act within the scope of their
authority if they are discharging the duties generally assigned to them.” Ballantyne, 144
S.W.3d at 424.
The plaintiffs claim that Guajardo’s actions were not discretionary because she did
not “present any summary judgment evidence that she had any discretion to commence
an investigation against [J.R.] because she presented absolutely no allegations of abuse
and/or discretion against plaintiffs [J.R.] or [E.R.]” In fact, in her affidavit, after asserting
that she was neither aware of nor involved in the other investigation, Guajardo stated, “I
was assigned to investigate a report that had been made to the statewide intake office
located in Austin, Texas. This report involved the [plaintiffs].” In the next paragraph in her
affidavit, Guajardo noted, “I was not responsible for the report being generated. I was
required to initiate an investigation when I received the reported intake.” Pursuant to her
duties as a TDFPS case officer, Guajardo attempted to contact the plaintiffs for interviews
upon receipt of the intake report. Other than the letter, Guajardo had “no contact with the
[plaintiffs] whatsoever.”
Based on this summary judgment evidence, we conclude that, upon receiving a
report through the statewide intake office, Guajardo’s attempting to contact the child’s
parents to schedule an interview was a discretionary act, taken in good faith, within the
scope of her employment.
17 The plaintiffs present no summary judgment evidence to controvert Guajardo’s
summary judgment proof. They merely assert that Guajardo had no discretion to take the
actions she took. However, we have already determined that Guajardo had the requisite
discretion. The plaintiffs did not present evidence raising a fact issue regarding Guajardo’s
official immunity.
Because Guajardo was engaged in discretionary acts, in good faith, that were within
the scope of her employment, we hold that summary judgment should have been entered
in Guajardo’s favor. We sustain defendants’ second issue as it pertains to Guajardo.
2. Mayra Quintanilla
Quintanilla’s testimony indicated that her duties as a TDFPS caseworker include
investigating and making determinations of reports of sexual abuse. Under established
case law, such duties are discretionary because they require personal deliberation,
decision-making, and judgment regarding how to run the investigation. See Albright, 859
S.W.2d at 579; Koerselman v. Rhynard, 875 S.W.2d 347, 351 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi
1994, no pet.); Alamo Workforce Dev., Inc. v. Vann, 21 S.W.3d 428, 434 (Tex. App.–San
Antonio 2000, no pet.).8
Quintanilla’s affidavit demonstrates that she was “discharging the duties generally
assigned to her.” Chambers, 883 S.W.2d at 658. Additionally, on this element of official
immunity, the plaintiffs do not assert that Quintanilla was doing anything beyond what was
generally assigned to her; they allege that her actions were wrongful. “The fact that a
specific act that forms the basis of the suit may have been wrongly or negligently
8 The plaintiffs do not challenge this elem ent of Quintanilla’s official im m unity defense.
18 performed does not take it outside of the scope of authority.” Koerselman, 875 S.W.2d at
350; see Chambers, 883 S.W.2d at 658 n.9 (citing Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635,
644 (1987) and rejecting the argument that “an officer necessarily operates outside the
scope of the officer’s authority when acting unlawfully.”).
The plaintiffs challenge Quintanilla’s removing the children from the plaintiffs’ home.
We must determine whether the defendants’ summary judgment evidence demonstrates
that a reasonable caseworker could have believed the facts at the time of removal justified
removing the child from the plaintiffs’ home. See Ballantyne, 144 S.W.3d at 426.
At the time of the removal, the facts known to Quintanilla were as follows: (1) the
original disposition of “unable to determine” had been changed to “reason to believe” by
Pena and Pena’s supervisor; (2) in spite of her understanding that the plaintiffs had agreed
to extend the safety period whereby J.R. would not be in the house at the same time the
children were, he was in the house at the same time, resulting in a complaint of neglectful
supervision being raised against E.R.; (3) the outcry had been made and then recanted;
(4) a medical report that was inconclusive as to what caused the redness around the child’s
vagina; (5) the grand jury had returned an indictment against J.R. arising from the same
allegations of abuse; (6) a discussion occurred between Pena and the plaintiffs several
days before removal from which Pena understood that the safety plan would remain in
place; and (7) a removal decision was made by Pena and Vogt, the program director.
According to Quintanilla, a reasonable officer could have believed, under such
circumstances, that removal of the child from the home was justified.
We now investigate whether the plaintiffs raised a fact issue regarding Quintanilla’s
good faith. We agree with the defendants that this case is similar to Albright. See Albright,
19 859 S.W.2d at 575. In that case, Albright sued three Texas Department of Human
Services (“TDHS”) employees who asserted official immunity as their defense. Id. at 580.
The employees removed a child from the Albright home “based on the [child initially testing
positive] for gonorrhea, on the child’s indication that [she may have been abused], and on
Albright’s denial of the diagnosis [of gonorrhea] and possibility of sexual abuse.” Id.
Albright denied the original diagnosis before the results of the second gonorrhea test were
available. Id. at 577. The child was placed in foster care and ultimately in the possession
of her maternal grandmother. Id. During the time she was in foster care and with her
grandmother, the child continually denied that she was abused. Id. Five months after the
removal, the child was returned to Albright, and Albright sued TDHS and the employees
alleging negligence, among other causes of action. Id. at 578.
The trial court granted summary judgment for the employees based on official
immunity. Id. at 578. The First District Court of Appeals upheld the trial court, finding that
the employees were performing discretionary duties because they were investigating and
acting upon facts, there was no evidence the employees were acting outside the scope of
their employment, and the employees acted in good faith. See id. at 580-81. The court
found good faith existed based on (1) an assertion of good faith in the summary-judgment-
supporting affidavits and (2) the evidence supporting the reasons why the child was
removed. See id.
Significantly, the evidence presented to controvert a finding of good faith in Albright
included similar allegations to the one present in this case: an assertion that the
employees cannot act in good faith when removing a child based on an inconclusive
20 medical report that the employees knew was inconclusive at the time they removed the
child, and an assertion by the plaintiffs that the child had not been abused. Id. at 581. The
evidence presented in Albright to demonstrate that the child had not been abused
consisted of the deposition testimony of the examining physician who noted that she could
not determine whether abuse had occurred from examining the child. Id. at 581. The court
of appeals held that this testimony did not prove that there was no abuse; it showed only
that the doctor could not determine whether abuse had occurred. Id. The court then held
that this evidence was not probative and thus did not raise a fact issue regarding the good
faith of the employees. Id.
Similarly, in the present case, the medical report did not conclusively prove that
there was no abuse, only that the compiler of the report could not determine what caused
the redness in the child’s vagina. Like the Albright court, we believe that such evidence
does not raise a fact issue regarding whether Quintanilla acted in good faith. While the
report was available at the time of the removal, the report did not conclusively demonstrate
that no abuse had occurred; thus, it does not call into question Quintanilla’s good faith.
See id.
However, the plaintiffs presented additional evidence, including a letter sent from
Quintanilla to the plaintiffs prior to removal.9 The letter, in pertinent part, stated, “This is
to inform you that the report made on your family has been investigated and there was not
sufficient information to determine if the abuse/neglect did occur and we will be providing
further services.” The plaintiffs assert that, by failing to state that the safety plan continued
9 There were two letters, one sent to J.R. and one to E.R. Except for the addressee, the letters were identical; thus, we will refer to both as one letter.
21 beyond the original time period, the letter indicates a subjective belief on Quintanilla’s part
that the safety plan was not extended. The plaintiffs argue that the letter buttresses their
argument that the investigation had ended without the extension of the safety plan.
Additionally, the plaintiffs allege Quintanilla’s failure to follow the family code’s provisions
for removing a child without a court order evidences a lack of good faith. See TEX . FAM .
CODE ANN . § 262.104 (Vernon 2008) (listing the conditions which must be met for TDFPS
to take possession of a child without a court order). We believe that the plaintiffs’ evidence
raises at least a fact issue regarding Quintanilla’s good faith. See generally Telthorster,
92 S.W.3d at 465. Therefore, we overrule the defendants’ second issue as to Quintanilla’s
official immunity affirmative defense.
3. Noe Pena
To support their argument that Pena acted within the scope of his employment, the
defendants included Pena’s and Quintanilla’s deposition testimony. That testimony reveals
that Pena changed the original finding in consultation with Vogt, the program director.
Additionally, Pena asserted that “the supervisor has the discretion in changing any
disposition in any case.” That Pena changed the original finding after consulting with the
program director is not evidence that he was acting within the scope of his employment.
Moreover, Pena’s mere assertion that he had the authority to change the disposition is not
competent summary judgment evidence. See Hamilton v. Wilson, 249 S.W.3d 425, 427
(Tex. 2008) (per curiam) (“We have held that conclusory statements . . . are not sufficient
to support or defeat summary judgment.”). Because the defendants failed to produce
summary judgment evidence to support Pena’s assertion of the affirmative defense of
22 official immunity, they did not met their summary judgment burden. See Chambers, 883
S.W.2d at 653. We overrule the defendants’ second issue as to Pena’s official immunity
affirmative defense.
V. CONCLUSION
We reverse the partial denial of the plea to the jurisdiction on the plaintiffs’ claims
for damages, against the individual defendants in their individual capacities, for violations
of rights arising under the Texas Constitution and render judgment dismissing these
claims. We affirm the partial denial of the plea to the jurisdiction regarding injunctive relief
sought by the plaintiffs’ against TDFPS for violations of rights arising under the Texas
Constitution. We reverse the partial denial of the plea to the jurisdiction on the plaintiffs’
claims for injunctive relief asserted against TDFPS on grounds other than Texas
constitutional violations and render judgment dismissing these claims.
Further, we dismiss, for lack of jurisdiction, the defendants’ appeal regarding
injunctive relief sought against the individual defendants in their individual capacities. We
reverse the trial court’s denial of official immunity as to Guajardo and render judgment
dismissing the suit as to Guajardo. We affirm the trial court’s denial of Pena’s and
Quintanilla’s motions for summary judgment asserting the affirmative defense of official
immunity.
________________________________ GINA M. BENAVIDES, Justice
Memorandum Opinion delivered and filed this the 19th day of February, 2009.