Mr. Justice Bean
delivered the opinion of the court.
The charter of the city of Portland (Section 379) requires that such contracts shall be let to the lowest responsible bidder for either the whole of the improvement, or such part as will not materially conflict with [106]*106the completion of the remainder. It is contended by counsel for plaintiff that it is shown by the complaint that the contracts in question were let to the Oregon Hassam Paving Company in violation of the above provisions of the charter, without competition, under circumstances creating a monopoly in favor of that company, and therefore void; that by designating the entire improvements of the streets as a “Hassam pavement” in the resolution of the council and in the notice for proposals given by the executive board, other responsible parties were precluded from submitting bids for the work. In short, plaintiff complains that if the same specifications and requirements as to the improvements' were made, omitting only the name “Hassam pavement,” then other responsible persons could and would bid for the construction of the work, and competition would arise, to the advantage of the city and the taxpayers.
1. Upon demurrer, the facts stated in the complaint must be deemed to be true. The gist of the complaint is that the contracts are illegal and void.
2. Where the statute, from which the authority to improve streets is derived, prescribes the mode in which it shall be exercised, that mode, and no other, must be pursued; for the statute is the sole source of authority. It has been said:
“The mode constitutes the measure of power.”
2 Elliott, Roads and Streets, § 665; 2 Dillon, Municipal Corporations, § 783; Nicolson Paving Co. v. Painter, 35 Cal. 699, 706. Officers of the city of Portland had no authority to let such contracts except to the -“lowest bidder.”
3. It is a well-settled general rule that all contracts in which the public are interested, which tend to prevent the competition required by statute, are void. [107]*107Fishburn v. City of Chicago, 171 Ill. 338 (49 N. E. 532: 39 L. R. A. 482: 63 Am. St. Rep. 236) ; 2 Beach, Modern Law of Contracts, § 1108; 2 Dillon, Municipal Corporations, § 801.
4. It is not suggested that either the excavation work, broken rock, grout consisting of one part Portland cement and two parts sand, or peastone, required by the ordinance and contracts for the making of the pavement, is covered by letters patent. It is clearly set forth in the complaint that, by the insertion of the trade-name, “Hassam pavement” in the ordinances and proceedings for letting the several contracts, competition among those who might desire to become bidders for the performance of the work of improving the streets was restricted, and a monopoly in favor of the paving company created. The proceedings taken by the city officers and the notice inviting bids for the work were, in effect, to practically request bids from one certain company. Such acts on the part of the municipal body are subversive of the rights of the citizens, and a flagrant abuse of the authority conferred by the city charter. Beckett v. Portland, 53 Or. 169 (99 Pac. 659) ; Houck v. City of Roseburg, 56 Or. 238, 244 (108 Pac. 186). The alleged contracts fall under the ban of the general rule of law, and should, according to the complaint, be declared inoperative and void.
This question, upon which there is a conflict of authority, is not a new one. Several of the courts have plainly expressed their views in favor of the principle here announced. In Fishburn v. City of Chicago, 171 Ill. 338, 342 (49 N. E. 533: 39 L. R. A. 482: 63 Am. St. Rep. 236), the court said:
“The asphaltum offered for sale by the Barber Asphalt Company has no superior legal right in the markets, and is not entitled to be given any by the terms of the ordinance, nor is it lawful for the ordinance to give it [108]*108an improper preference, but it should be left to depend upon its merits for any monopoly it may obtain in the good opinion of the public. * * An ordinance making it indispensable that an article or substance in the control of but a certain person or corporation shall be used in the construction of a public work must necessarily create a monopoly in favor of such person or corporation, and also limit the persons bidding to those who may be able to make the most advantageous terms with the favored person or corporation. If all the ordinances adopted by the city council of the city of Chicago providing for the paving of streets and public places in the city should select the stock in trade of a particular firm or corporation ' as the only material to be used in making such street improvements, the evil would be intolerable; and, if they may lawfully select such article in one ordinance it cannot be unlawful to make it the settled policy of the city that material for paving streets shall be purchased of but one seller.”
In Smith v. Syracuse Improvement Company, 161 N. Y. 484 (55 N. E. 1077), it appeared that proceedings were taken to pave a street in the city of Syracuse, N. Y., with “vitrified paving brick, manufactured by the New York Brick & Paving Company, of Syracuse, N. Y.” About that time proceedings for the improveing of the same street with a different kind of material were initiated. Bids were submitted for both materials. The lowest bid for the laying of the brick pavement was less than that for any other material, and was ignored. The plaintiff, a general taxpayer, brought suit, averring that the contract had not been let to the lowest bidder. This contention was met by the claim that the proceedings for laying the brick pavement were wholly void, for the reason that a particular kind of brick controlled and manufactured by one company alone was specified; that this stifled competition and tended to create a monopoly. The New York Court of Appeals sustained this view, and held that the petition asking for the pavement of a [109]*109portion of such street with vitrified paving brick manufactured by the New York Brick & Paving Company of Syracuse, N. Y., and all the proceedings thereon, by the common council, were in violation of the provisions of the charter of the city which required that a contract for such work be let to the lowest bidder, and therefore void.
In the case of National Surety Company v. Kansas City Hydraulic Press Brick Company, 73 Kan. 196 (84 Pac. 1034), it appeared that proceedings were taken and a contract entered into for the improvement of a street with “No. 1 vitrified paving brick, Diamond brand,” manufactured and controlled exclusively by one company. It was alleged that other kinds of vitrified paving brick could be obtained, equal in all respects to the kind specified, and that, while the contract in question was not made with the Diamond Brick & Tiling Company directly, the company was interested in it, and actively promoted the securing of the contract. The contract was held void. The statute required the work to be let to the “lowest responsible bidder.” At page 203 of the opinion the court said:
“The object and purpose of this provision of the statute is to insure competition in the letting of contracts for public improvements.
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Mr. Justice Bean
delivered the opinion of the court.
The charter of the city of Portland (Section 379) requires that such contracts shall be let to the lowest responsible bidder for either the whole of the improvement, or such part as will not materially conflict with [106]*106the completion of the remainder. It is contended by counsel for plaintiff that it is shown by the complaint that the contracts in question were let to the Oregon Hassam Paving Company in violation of the above provisions of the charter, without competition, under circumstances creating a monopoly in favor of that company, and therefore void; that by designating the entire improvements of the streets as a “Hassam pavement” in the resolution of the council and in the notice for proposals given by the executive board, other responsible parties were precluded from submitting bids for the work. In short, plaintiff complains that if the same specifications and requirements as to the improvements' were made, omitting only the name “Hassam pavement,” then other responsible persons could and would bid for the construction of the work, and competition would arise, to the advantage of the city and the taxpayers.
1. Upon demurrer, the facts stated in the complaint must be deemed to be true. The gist of the complaint is that the contracts are illegal and void.
2. Where the statute, from which the authority to improve streets is derived, prescribes the mode in which it shall be exercised, that mode, and no other, must be pursued; for the statute is the sole source of authority. It has been said:
“The mode constitutes the measure of power.”
2 Elliott, Roads and Streets, § 665; 2 Dillon, Municipal Corporations, § 783; Nicolson Paving Co. v. Painter, 35 Cal. 699, 706. Officers of the city of Portland had no authority to let such contracts except to the -“lowest bidder.”
3. It is a well-settled general rule that all contracts in which the public are interested, which tend to prevent the competition required by statute, are void. [107]*107Fishburn v. City of Chicago, 171 Ill. 338 (49 N. E. 532: 39 L. R. A. 482: 63 Am. St. Rep. 236) ; 2 Beach, Modern Law of Contracts, § 1108; 2 Dillon, Municipal Corporations, § 801.
4. It is not suggested that either the excavation work, broken rock, grout consisting of one part Portland cement and two parts sand, or peastone, required by the ordinance and contracts for the making of the pavement, is covered by letters patent. It is clearly set forth in the complaint that, by the insertion of the trade-name, “Hassam pavement” in the ordinances and proceedings for letting the several contracts, competition among those who might desire to become bidders for the performance of the work of improving the streets was restricted, and a monopoly in favor of the paving company created. The proceedings taken by the city officers and the notice inviting bids for the work were, in effect, to practically request bids from one certain company. Such acts on the part of the municipal body are subversive of the rights of the citizens, and a flagrant abuse of the authority conferred by the city charter. Beckett v. Portland, 53 Or. 169 (99 Pac. 659) ; Houck v. City of Roseburg, 56 Or. 238, 244 (108 Pac. 186). The alleged contracts fall under the ban of the general rule of law, and should, according to the complaint, be declared inoperative and void.
This question, upon which there is a conflict of authority, is not a new one. Several of the courts have plainly expressed their views in favor of the principle here announced. In Fishburn v. City of Chicago, 171 Ill. 338, 342 (49 N. E. 533: 39 L. R. A. 482: 63 Am. St. Rep. 236), the court said:
“The asphaltum offered for sale by the Barber Asphalt Company has no superior legal right in the markets, and is not entitled to be given any by the terms of the ordinance, nor is it lawful for the ordinance to give it [108]*108an improper preference, but it should be left to depend upon its merits for any monopoly it may obtain in the good opinion of the public. * * An ordinance making it indispensable that an article or substance in the control of but a certain person or corporation shall be used in the construction of a public work must necessarily create a monopoly in favor of such person or corporation, and also limit the persons bidding to those who may be able to make the most advantageous terms with the favored person or corporation. If all the ordinances adopted by the city council of the city of Chicago providing for the paving of streets and public places in the city should select the stock in trade of a particular firm or corporation ' as the only material to be used in making such street improvements, the evil would be intolerable; and, if they may lawfully select such article in one ordinance it cannot be unlawful to make it the settled policy of the city that material for paving streets shall be purchased of but one seller.”
In Smith v. Syracuse Improvement Company, 161 N. Y. 484 (55 N. E. 1077), it appeared that proceedings were taken to pave a street in the city of Syracuse, N. Y., with “vitrified paving brick, manufactured by the New York Brick & Paving Company, of Syracuse, N. Y.” About that time proceedings for the improveing of the same street with a different kind of material were initiated. Bids were submitted for both materials. The lowest bid for the laying of the brick pavement was less than that for any other material, and was ignored. The plaintiff, a general taxpayer, brought suit, averring that the contract had not been let to the lowest bidder. This contention was met by the claim that the proceedings for laying the brick pavement were wholly void, for the reason that a particular kind of brick controlled and manufactured by one company alone was specified; that this stifled competition and tended to create a monopoly. The New York Court of Appeals sustained this view, and held that the petition asking for the pavement of a [109]*109portion of such street with vitrified paving brick manufactured by the New York Brick & Paving Company of Syracuse, N. Y., and all the proceedings thereon, by the common council, were in violation of the provisions of the charter of the city which required that a contract for such work be let to the lowest bidder, and therefore void.
In the case of National Surety Company v. Kansas City Hydraulic Press Brick Company, 73 Kan. 196 (84 Pac. 1034), it appeared that proceedings were taken and a contract entered into for the improvement of a street with “No. 1 vitrified paving brick, Diamond brand,” manufactured and controlled exclusively by one company. It was alleged that other kinds of vitrified paving brick could be obtained, equal in all respects to the kind specified, and that, while the contract in question was not made with the Diamond Brick & Tiling Company directly, the company was interested in it, and actively promoted the securing of the contract. The contract was held void. The statute required the work to be let to the “lowest responsible bidder.” At page 203 of the opinion the court said:
“The object and purpose of this provision of the statute is to insure competition in the letting of contracts for public improvements. This is the uniform ruling of courts in reference to similar statutory and charter provisions governing cities.”
See, also, Shoenberg v. Field, 95 Mo. App. 241 (68 S. W. 945) ; Smith v. Syracuse Improvement Co., 161 N. Y. 484 (55 N. E. 1077); Larned v. City of Syracuse, 17 App. Div. 19 (44 N. Y. Supp. 857) ; Allen v. Milwaukee, 128 Wis. 678, 682 (106 N. W. 1099: 5 L. R. A. [N. S.] 680: 116 Am. St. Rep. 54: 8 Ann. Cas. 392) ; Diamond v. City of Mankato, 89 Minn. 48 (93 N. W. 911: 61 L. R. A. 448).
5. Plaintiff alleges that the city engineer did not post [110]*110any notice as required by Section 306 of the charter. It is in no way pointed out wherein the notices failed to fulfill the requirements of the charter, or in what manner, or in what particular, they are wanting; therefore this question cannot be considered.
6. It is contended upon the part of defendants that the plaintiff is not an interested party, and, according to the complaint, is not entitled to equitable relief. Whatever may be the rule elsewhere, the decisions of this court have established the doctrine that a general taxpayer, suing as such, and in no other capacity, is a proper party plaintiff, and entitled to a hearing. Carman v. Woodruff, 10 Or. 133; State v. Pennoyer, 26 Or. 205, 209 (37 Pac. 906: 41 Pac. 1104: 25 L. R. A. 862).
7. The claim is made that the cost of the improvement is assessed to the abutting property owners, and that the city of Portland stands in the position of a surety only for the payment of the assessment. Section 421 of the city charter provides that the contractors doing such work shall be required to rely solely upon the funds accruing from the property benefited, assessed, and liable therefor, and the said contractor shall not require or compel the city of • Portland, by any legal process or otherwise, to pay the same out of any funds, except in cases where for any reason such assessment shall be invalid. If A should bring a suit to cancel, as illegal, a contract for the payment of money between B and C, upon which A was liable as surety for B, and for which A’s property was subject to payment thereof, it would hardly be contended that A was not an interested party, and not entitled upon a sufficient showing, to be heard in such suit, for the reason that B would pay the debt and thereby render A harmless. It is suggested on the part of defendants that the liability of plaintiff is obviated by virtue of Section 400 of the city charter, which provides for a reassessment for an improvement [111]*111when any assessment is declared void or deemed by the council to be doubtful. This provision, however, is for the purpose of correcting matters of procedure, and does not apply where the tax is illegal and void ab initio. The records of this court show that several judgments have been rendered in the past against the city of Portland for the expenses of such improvements. We do not think that it should be held as a matter of law that the city will not be required to pay a material portion of the amounts involved in the contracts and thereby increase the municipal taxes of plaintiff, especially in view of an allegation in the complaint directly to the contrary. See Portland Lumbering & Manufacturing Company v. City of East Portland, 18 Or. 21 (22 Pac. 536: 6 L. R. A. 290); North Pacific Lumbering & Manufacturing Company v. East Portland, 14 Or. 3 (12 Pac. 4) ; Jones v. City of Portland, 35 Or. 512 (58 Pac. 657) ; Little v. City of Portland, 26 Or. 235 (37 Pac. 911) ; O’Neil v. Portland, 59 Or. 84 (113 Pac. 655).
We think the demurrer to the complaint should have been overruled. The judgment of the lower court will therefore be reversed, and the cause remanded for such further proceedings as may be proper, not inconsistent with this. opinion. Reversed.