NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT _____________
No. 17-1090 _____________
TERRELL JOHNSON,
Appellant
v.
DENNIS A. LOGAN, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS POLICE OFFICER FOR THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH AND IN HIS INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY; JILL SMALLWOOD, IN HER OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS A POLICE OFFICER FOR THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH AND IN HER INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY; JOHN DOE, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS POLICE OFFICER FOR THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH AND IN HIS INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY; DALE CANOFARI, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS POLICE OFFICER FOR THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH AND IN HIS INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY; BRIAN WEISMANTLE, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS POLICE OFFICER FOR THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH AND IN HIS INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY, THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH; STEVEN ZAPPALA, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS DISTRICT ATTORNEY OF ALLEGHENY AND IN HIS INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY _____________
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania (No. 2:14-cv-01230) District Judge: Honorable Cathy Bissoon _____________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) October 13, 2017
Before: CHAGARES, JORDAN, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: January 22, 2018) _____________
OPINION _____________
FUENTES, Circuit Judge.
Terrell Johnson appeals from the District Court’s grant of summary judgment in
favor of City of Pittsburgh police officers Dennis Logan, Jill Smallwood, Dale Canofari,
and Brian Weismantle (collectively, the “Officers”) on his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims. For
the following reasons, we will affirm.
I.
A.
Because the facts are well-known to the parties, we discuss only those facts
necessary to our disposition. In 1995, Johnson was tried and convicted of first-degree
murder in the death of Verna Robinson. The government’s case against Johnson was
primarily based on the purported eyewitness account of Evelyn McBride. Logan and
Smallwood were involved in the initial investigation into the murder. In 2007, Johnson
was granted a new trial based on the newly-discovered testimony of Kenneth Robinson,
who testified that McBride was with him—and nowhere near the murder scene—on the
night that Verna Robinson was murdered. After the District Attorney’s Office for
Allegheny County decided to retry Johnson, Canofari and Weismantle were involved in
the reinvestigation. In 2012, Johnson was acquitted after a retrial.
This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7, does not constitute binding precedent.
2 B.
After his acquittal, Johnson commenced this § 1983 action alleging malicious
prosecution and reckless investigation claims against the Officers for their roles in the
City’s murder investigations. The District Court granted summary judgment for the
Officers on all claims. This appeal followed.1
II.
Johnson raises three issues. First, Johnson argues that the District Court failed to
consider material deficiencies in affidavits of probable cause filed in the initial
investigation. Second, Johnson contends that summary judgment was improper on his
malicious prosecution claims because a jury must decide the fact question of whether
probable cause existed to prosecute him. Finally, Johnson asserts that the District Court
erred in granting summary judgment on his reckless investigation claims.
Johnson first contends that the District Court failed to identify material
misrepresentations and omissions in affidavits of probable cause submitted in the initial
investigation. However, Johnson failed to challenge the sufficiency of the affidavits of
1 The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise plenary review over a grant of summary judgment. Curley v. Klem, 298 F.3d 271, 276 (3d Cir. 2002). Summary judgment should be granted “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). In making this determination, we must interpret the facts in the light most favorable to the non-movant. Watson v. Abington Twp., 478 F.3d 144, 147 (3d Cir. 2007).
3 probable cause before the District Court; instead, he raises this issue for the first time on
appeal. This argument is therefore waived.2
B.
Johnson next argues that the District Court erred in granting summary judgment on
his malicious prosecution claims because there was a factual dispute concerning whether
the Officers initiated the charges against him without probable cause. However, even
assuming arguendo that a question of fact existed on probable cause, summary judgment
was nevertheless warranted on Johnson’s malicious prosecution claims because there was
no evidence that the Officers initiated criminal proceedings against him.
“To prove malicious prosecution under § 1983, a plaintiff must show that: (1) the
defendants initiated a criminal proceeding; (2) the criminal proceeding ended in plaintiff’s
favor; (3) the proceeding was initiated without probable cause; (4) the defendants acted
maliciously or for a purpose other than bringing the plaintiff to justice; and (5) the plaintiff
suffered deprivation of liberty consistent with the concept of seizure as a consequence of a
legal proceeding.”3
2 See Delaware Nation v. Pennsylvania, 446 F.3d 410, 416 (3d Cir. 2006) (“Absent exceptional circumstances, this Court will not consider issues raised for the first time on appeal.”); see also In re Ins. Brokerage Antitrust Litig., 579 F.3d 241, 262 (3d Cir. 2009) (“For an issue to be preserved for appeal, a party ‘must unequivocally put its position before the trial court at a point and in a manner that permits the court to consider its merits.’” (quoting Shell Petroleum, Inc. v. United States, 182 F.3d 212, 218 (3d Cir. 1999))). 3 Kossler v. Crisanti, 564 F.3d 181, 186 (3d Cir. 2009) (brackets omitted) (quoting Estate of Smith v. Marasco, 318 F.3d 497, 521 (3d Cir. 2003)).
4 Regarding the first element, “[d]ecisions have recognized that a § 1983 malicious
prosecution claim might be maintained against one who furnished false information to, or
concealed material information from, prosecuting authorities.”4 Here, there is no evidence
that Logan or Smallwood provided false information to, or concealed information from,
prosecutors. Rather, Logan and Smallwood merely failed to discover information that
could have undermined McBride’s credibility.5 Moreover, Weismantle and Canofari were
not involved in the reinvestigation until after the District Attorney’s Office had already
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT _____________
No. 17-1090 _____________
TERRELL JOHNSON,
Appellant
v.
DENNIS A. LOGAN, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS POLICE OFFICER FOR THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH AND IN HIS INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY; JILL SMALLWOOD, IN HER OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS A POLICE OFFICER FOR THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH AND IN HER INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY; JOHN DOE, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS POLICE OFFICER FOR THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH AND IN HIS INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY; DALE CANOFARI, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS POLICE OFFICER FOR THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH AND IN HIS INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY; BRIAN WEISMANTLE, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS POLICE OFFICER FOR THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH AND IN HIS INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY, THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH; STEVEN ZAPPALA, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS DISTRICT ATTORNEY OF ALLEGHENY AND IN HIS INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY _____________
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania (No. 2:14-cv-01230) District Judge: Honorable Cathy Bissoon _____________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) October 13, 2017
Before: CHAGARES, JORDAN, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: January 22, 2018) _____________
OPINION _____________
FUENTES, Circuit Judge.
Terrell Johnson appeals from the District Court’s grant of summary judgment in
favor of City of Pittsburgh police officers Dennis Logan, Jill Smallwood, Dale Canofari,
and Brian Weismantle (collectively, the “Officers”) on his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims. For
the following reasons, we will affirm.
I.
A.
Because the facts are well-known to the parties, we discuss only those facts
necessary to our disposition. In 1995, Johnson was tried and convicted of first-degree
murder in the death of Verna Robinson. The government’s case against Johnson was
primarily based on the purported eyewitness account of Evelyn McBride. Logan and
Smallwood were involved in the initial investigation into the murder. In 2007, Johnson
was granted a new trial based on the newly-discovered testimony of Kenneth Robinson,
who testified that McBride was with him—and nowhere near the murder scene—on the
night that Verna Robinson was murdered. After the District Attorney’s Office for
Allegheny County decided to retry Johnson, Canofari and Weismantle were involved in
the reinvestigation. In 2012, Johnson was acquitted after a retrial.
This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7, does not constitute binding precedent.
2 B.
After his acquittal, Johnson commenced this § 1983 action alleging malicious
prosecution and reckless investigation claims against the Officers for their roles in the
City’s murder investigations. The District Court granted summary judgment for the
Officers on all claims. This appeal followed.1
II.
Johnson raises three issues. First, Johnson argues that the District Court failed to
consider material deficiencies in affidavits of probable cause filed in the initial
investigation. Second, Johnson contends that summary judgment was improper on his
malicious prosecution claims because a jury must decide the fact question of whether
probable cause existed to prosecute him. Finally, Johnson asserts that the District Court
erred in granting summary judgment on his reckless investigation claims.
Johnson first contends that the District Court failed to identify material
misrepresentations and omissions in affidavits of probable cause submitted in the initial
investigation. However, Johnson failed to challenge the sufficiency of the affidavits of
1 The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise plenary review over a grant of summary judgment. Curley v. Klem, 298 F.3d 271, 276 (3d Cir. 2002). Summary judgment should be granted “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). In making this determination, we must interpret the facts in the light most favorable to the non-movant. Watson v. Abington Twp., 478 F.3d 144, 147 (3d Cir. 2007).
3 probable cause before the District Court; instead, he raises this issue for the first time on
appeal. This argument is therefore waived.2
B.
Johnson next argues that the District Court erred in granting summary judgment on
his malicious prosecution claims because there was a factual dispute concerning whether
the Officers initiated the charges against him without probable cause. However, even
assuming arguendo that a question of fact existed on probable cause, summary judgment
was nevertheless warranted on Johnson’s malicious prosecution claims because there was
no evidence that the Officers initiated criminal proceedings against him.
“To prove malicious prosecution under § 1983, a plaintiff must show that: (1) the
defendants initiated a criminal proceeding; (2) the criminal proceeding ended in plaintiff’s
favor; (3) the proceeding was initiated without probable cause; (4) the defendants acted
maliciously or for a purpose other than bringing the plaintiff to justice; and (5) the plaintiff
suffered deprivation of liberty consistent with the concept of seizure as a consequence of a
legal proceeding.”3
2 See Delaware Nation v. Pennsylvania, 446 F.3d 410, 416 (3d Cir. 2006) (“Absent exceptional circumstances, this Court will not consider issues raised for the first time on appeal.”); see also In re Ins. Brokerage Antitrust Litig., 579 F.3d 241, 262 (3d Cir. 2009) (“For an issue to be preserved for appeal, a party ‘must unequivocally put its position before the trial court at a point and in a manner that permits the court to consider its merits.’” (quoting Shell Petroleum, Inc. v. United States, 182 F.3d 212, 218 (3d Cir. 1999))). 3 Kossler v. Crisanti, 564 F.3d 181, 186 (3d Cir. 2009) (brackets omitted) (quoting Estate of Smith v. Marasco, 318 F.3d 497, 521 (3d Cir. 2003)).
4 Regarding the first element, “[d]ecisions have recognized that a § 1983 malicious
prosecution claim might be maintained against one who furnished false information to, or
concealed material information from, prosecuting authorities.”4 Here, there is no evidence
that Logan or Smallwood provided false information to, or concealed information from,
prosecutors. Rather, Logan and Smallwood merely failed to discover information that
could have undermined McBride’s credibility.5 Moreover, Weismantle and Canofari were
not involved in the reinvestigation until after the District Attorney’s Office had already
decided to retry Johnson.6 Because the Officers did not initiate criminal proceedings
against Johnson, we affirm the grant of summary judgment on these claims.
C.
Finally, Johnson contends that the District Court erred in granting summary
judgment on his reckless investigation claims. The District Court granted summary
judgment on the reckless investigation claims against Logan and Smallwood because,
“[e]ven if the investigation, as a whole, was incomplete, [Johnson] [] failed to introduce
any evidence that such failures were due to intentional, reckless or [conscience]-shocking
4 Gallo v. City of Phila., 161 F.3d 217, 220 n.2 (3d Cir. 1998) (citation and quotation marks omitted). 5 Our holding does not foreclose the possibility that a plaintiff could satisfy the “initiated a criminal proceeding” element of a malicious prosecution claim by showing that an officer was willfully blind to exculpatory information that the officer clearly had reason to know existed. 6 See Halsey v. Pfeiffer, 750 F.3d 273, 297 (3d Cir. 2014) (noting that officers “can be liable for malicious prosecution” where they “influenced or participated in the decision to institute criminal proceedings”).
5 behavior by Logan or Smallwood.”7 The District Court granted summary judgment on
Johnson’s “even more tenuous” claims against Weismantle and Canofari because neither
made the decision to retry Johnson and their participation in the reinvestigation was
minimal.8 We affirm substantially for the reasons set forth by the District Court.9
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the District Court’s grant of summary
judgment.
7 Johnson v. Logan, No. 2:14-cv-1230, 2016 WL 7187842, at *7 (W.D. Pa. Dec. 12, 2016). 8 Id. at *8. 9 We note, without deciding, that we have significant doubts about whether there is an independent substantive due process right to be free from a reckless investigation. Cf. Brooks v. City of Chicago, 564 F.3d 830, 833 (7th Cir. 2009) (“A plaintiff cannot state a due process claim ‘by combining what are essentially claims for false arrest under the Fourth Amendment and state law malicious prosecution into a sort of hybrid substantive due process claim under the Fourteenth Amendment.’” (quoting McCann v. Mangialardi, 337 F.3d 782, 786 (7th Cir. 2003))); Newton v. City of New York, 566 F. Supp. 2d 256, 278 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) (“[T]here is no constitutional right to an adequate investigation.”).