PUBLISH
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Filed 8/14/96 TENTH CIRCUIT
__________
TEAMSTERS LOCAL UNION NO. 435, ) AFFILIATED WITH THE INTER- ) NATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF ) TEAMSTERS, AFL-CIO, ) ) Petitioner, ) v. ) No. 95-9528 ) NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS ) BOARD, ) Respondent. )
Petition for Review and Cross-Application for Enforcement of an Order of the National Labor Relations Board __________
David R. Eason (Martin D. Buckley with him on the brief), of Berenbaum, Weinshienk & Eason, P.C., Denver, Colorado, for the Petitioner.
William M. Bernstein, Attorney, (Frederick L. Feinstein, General Counsel; Linda Sher, Associate General Counsel and Aileen A. Armstrong, Deputy Associate General Counsel, with him on the brief), National Labor Relations Board, Washington, D.C., for the Respondent. __________
Before HENRY, LIVELY* and MURPHY, Circuit Judges. __________
* The Honorable Pierce Lively, United States Circuit Judge for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation. LIVELY, Circuit Judge. __________
A union petitions for review of a decision of the National Labor Relations Board
(the Board) finding that the union violated the duty of fair representation in "negotiating,
performing and giving effect to" a collective bargaining agreement. The Board has filed
a cross-application for enforcement.
After a union member filed a complaint, an administrative law judge (ALJ) held a
hearing and subsequently filed her decision. Upon considering the union's exceptions and
the General Counsel's response, the Board entered a decision and order affirming the
ALJ's rulings, findings, and conclusions and adopting her recommended order, including
remedial provisions. Teamsters Local Union No. 435 (Super Valu, Inc.), 317 N.L.R.B.
617 (1995). This court has jurisdiction under section 10(f) of the National Labor
Relations Act (NLRA), 29 U.S.C. § 160(f) (1988).
I.
The ALJ's decision, which is appended to the Board's decision and order, contains
detailed findings. A summary of those findings follows. The facts were largely
undisputed, but where there was conflicting testimony, the ALJ credited the employees'
testimony over the testimony of witnesses who represented the employer or the union.
A.
2 No. 95-9528 Teamsters v. NLRB
Super Valu, Inc. is a wholesaler of grocery items and "general merchandise" items,
such as over-the-counter drugs, housewares and health and beauty aids, to independent
retailers. In 1982, it purchased a warehouse located in Aurora, Colorado that had been
owned by Western Grocers, Inc. This warehouse principally stocked grocery items. The
employees of the Western Grocers warehouse had been represented by Teamsters Local
Union No. 435 (the union) since 1940, and following the acquisition, Super Valu
recognized the union as the collective bargaining representative for those employees. In
1987, Super Valu relocated this grocery operation to a new location on Tower Road in
Aurora.
Meanwhile, Super Valu's general merchandise business increased substantially,
causing it to create an entity called Preferred Merchandisers (Preferred) and to lease
another warehouse in Aurora. Preferred conducted a general merchandise operation in
the new warehouse and staffed it with non-union employees.
A dispute arose between the union and the company over whether Preferred
employees were covered by the grocery operation's collective bargaining agreement, and
Super Valu filed a unit clarification petition with the Board pursuant to section 9(c) of the
NLRA, 29 U.S.C. § 159(c). The Board held that the Preferred employees did not form an
accretion to the grocery bargaining unit, but rather, constituted a separate unit. Super
Valu Stores, Inc., 283 N.L.R.B. 134 (1987). After one unsuccessful effort, the union won
3 No. 95-9528 Teamsters v. NLRB
a representative election in 1990, resulting in certification of the union as the bargaining
representative of the employees at Preferred.
B.
In its 1992 negotiations with the union concerning the renewal of the collective
bargaining agreement covering the 200 or so Tower Road employees (the Tower Road
Agreement), Super Valu raised the possibility of consolidating the Preferred and Tower
Road operations. The much smaller group of about 30 Preferred employees expressed
concern over how such a move would affect their contractual rights, but the union
allowed only Super Valu representatives and members of the Tower Road bargaining unit
(the Tower Road unit) to attend the Tower Road negotiations.
During the Tower Road negotiations, Super Valu proposed that a new general
merchandise department be established at the Tower Road location; that the Preferred
employees' company seniority would be dovetailed with the Tower Road employees'
company seniority; and that all employees would be covered by the Tower Road
Agreement. Super Valu also proposed that the Preferred employees would retain their
rate of pay at 70 percent of the Tower Road warehouse rate, which reflected in part the
fact that general merchandise work was less rigorous than grocery work. In its
counterproposal, the union specifically suggested that the new general merchandise
4 No. 95-9528 Teamsters v. NLRB
department should have only two job classifications, order selector and stocker1; that
former Preferred employees after the move should retain only "union seniority," or
seniority measured as of the effective date of the collective bargaining agreement
covering the Preferred employees (the Preferred Agreement) in June 1991; that both
Tower Road and Preferred employees should be allowed to bid on the new general
merchandise positions (open bidding); and that the employees in the new general
merchandise department should be paid 85 percent of the warehouse rate.
The company rejected the union's proposal for open bidding because it would
eliminate existing departmental preferences in bidding and thus thwart its desire to keep
those employees most familiar with general merchandise work in the general merchandise
department after the move. The company agreed, on the other hand, to the union's
proposal for limiting the number of general merchandise job classifications, since the
proposal would help eliminate any duplication of functions when the two warehouses
were consolidated. The company also accepted dovetailing based on union seniority, and
compromised on a wage rate for general merchandise employees at 75 percent of the
existing Tower Road warehouse rate. The company would not agree to pay general
1 Super Valu's director of labor relations described these positions at the hearing: "The order selector would be the one taking [] stickers, going around, and picking the customer's order and getting it ready to be staged for shipment. A stocking person would be a person that is taking merchandise or product out of reserve and putting it into the picking slots." Tr., Record Vol. I at 31.
5 No. 95-9528 Teamsters v. NLRB
merchandise employees 85 percent of the warehouse rate because of competitive
considerations.
Having reached an agreement, the company and the union drafted a letter of
understanding, referred to as Addendum F, which would incorporate the agreed-upon
proposals into the Tower Road Agreement. Addendum F also specifically provided that
in the event of a move, Preferred employees would be placed in the order of their
seniority into any job openings in the new general merchandise department, and that job
openings created after the move would be filled by ordinary bidding procedures.
Addendum F's limitation on job classifications in the new general merchandise
department, which was proposed by the union, would effectively eliminate what had been
the more desirable jobs at Preferred, since the remaining selector and stocker positions
were considered the most physically strenuous and therefore the least desirable jobs in the
warehouse. The more desirable positions held by Preferred employees--such as the
receiver, forklift, salvage, inventory control and sanitation jobs--were to be assigned to
Tower Road employees in existing departments. Furthermore, only four Tower Road
employees had been hired after June 11, 1991, the date from which the Preferred
employees' union seniority would accrue. Thus, as a result of the proposed dovetailing
based on union seniority, the 25 Preferred employees who had been hired before June 11,
1991, would become junior to all but those four Tower Road employees, regardless of
6 No. 95-9528 Teamsters v. NLRB
their actual accumulated company time.
The union did not change its bargaining position in the negotiations over the
Tower Road Agreement after it learned of the Preferred employees' dissatisfaction with
the union's seniority proposals. In an affidavit, Steve Vairma, the union's vice-president
and chief spokesman during negotiations, acknowledged that the Tower Road bargaining
committee "felt [the Preferred employees] should carry only their union seniority, since
they had been in the union for a short period of time." Tr., Record Vol. I at 143. And at
the hearing, Vairma testified that he did not attempt to override the bargaining
committee's position on the seniority issue because "[t]he [Tower Road] membership
would not have accepted it" and "[t]hey would have voted against the contract." Id. at
284.
C.
On September 23, 1992, Tower Road employees overwhelmingly ratified
Addendum F. Five months later, a Preferred employee filed a charge with the Board
alleging that the union failed to represent fairly the interests of Preferred employees in the
Tower Road negotiations.
In the spring of 1993, Super Valu notified the union by letter that it was going to
close, rather than move, the "legal entity `Preferred Merchandisers'" and that the work
performed there would be moved to the Tower Road facility in June or July.
7 No. 95-9528 Teamsters v. NLRB
Upon receiving news of the closure, union representatives held a meeting, attended
by almost all of the Preferred employees, to decide between two alternatives for the
Preferred employees. The union representatives told them that they could either: (1)
keep the protections under Article 1.02 of the Preferred Agreement, which only
guaranteed that the Preferred employees would "be offered opportunities for employment
prior to any new hires at the new location"; or (2) accept instead Addendum F of the
Tower Road Agreement. The ramifications of each option were fully discussed at the
meeting. Preferred employee Allen Arnold suggested that a third alternative of receiving
company seniority was more preferable than either of the options given to them, but,
according to Arnold: "Steve Vairma, [and the other union representative], they wouldn't
discuss it. They said we were here for one reason, one reason only, to vote." Ultimately,
all but one of the Preferred employees in attendance voted in favor of accepting
Addendum F.
II.
The ALJ determined that the union deferred entirely to the interests of the Tower
Road employees in negotiating Addendum F, "admittedly because they had far greater
numbers and were members of the Union for a longer period of time," and that such
8 No. 95-9528 Teamsters v. NLRB
conduct was discriminatory and arbitrary in violation of section 8(b)(1)(A) of the NLRA,
29 U.S.C. § 158(b)(1)(A). The ALJ explained:
[The union] had an obligation to represent both units fairly and at the least, advance the interests of the Preferred Merchandisers unit while negotiating the effects of the proposed consolidation in the Tower Road collective- bargaining agreement. [The union] admittedly failed to meet this obligation, and instead capitulated entirely to the will of the Tower Road unit deeming the interests of the Preferred Merchandisers employees uninvolved and superfluous.
The ALJ recommended that the union be ordered to cease and desist from its failure to
represent former Preferred employees fairly and from restraining or coercing employees
in the exercise of their rights guaranteed by the NLRA, and to take certain "affirmative
action necessary to effectuate the policies of the [NLRA]."
The affirmative requirements involved notifying Super Valu and all former
Preferred employees that the union had "no objection" to the restoration of the Preferred
employees to positions on the seniority list that reflected their length of service with
Preferred and "no objection" to negotiating with Super Valu on the issue of restoring the
positions removed from those employees. In the alternative, the order provided that the
union could agree to negotiate procedures for job bidding that would give Preferred
employees a reasonable opportunity to maintain their Preferred positions. In addition, the
order required the union to stop giving effect to the provisions of Addendum F of the
Tower Road collective bargaining agreement containing the unlawful seniority and
9 No. 95-9528 Teamsters v. NLRB
bidding procedures. Finally, the order contained a "make whole" provision and required
the union to post a notice.
III.
We consider first the union's jurisdictional and procedural arguments.
The union contends that the Board lacked jurisdiction to determine whether there
was a violation of the duty of fair representation in negotiating the collective bargaining
agreements with Super Valu. The union makes two distinct arguments, neither of which
requires extended discussion.
First, in its brief and at oral argument, the union stated that the duty of fair
representation doesn't even apply or arise during contract negotiations. It argues the duty
arises only after a collective bargaining agreement is in existence and the union has been
elected and certified. This position is completely untenable in light of the Supreme
Court's holding in Air Line Pilots Ass'n Int'l v. O'Neill, 499 U.S. 65, 67 (1991), that the
duty of fair representation "applies to all union activity, including contract negotiation."
See also Le'Mon v. N.L.R.B., 952 F.2d 1203, 1205 (10th Cir. 1991), cert. denied, 506 U.S.
830 (1992).
Second, the union asserts that since section 8(b) of the NLRA does not include the
duty of fair representation among unfair labor practices, the Board has no jurisdiction
10 No. 95-9528 Teamsters v. NLRB
over claims that a union violated its duty of fair representation. Since the duty of fair
representation had its genesis in court decisions, the union argues, only a court may
consider a claim that a union has violated this duty. We find no support for this
argument, and align this court with our sister courts that have rejected it. See Plumbers &
Pipe Fitters Local Union No. 32 v. N.L.R.B., 50 F.3d 29, 31-32 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied,
116 S. Ct. 474 (1995) ("a breach of the duty of fair representation can constitute an unfair
labor practice within the jurisdiction of the Board"); N.L.R.B. v. General Truckdrivers,
Warehousemen and Helpers, 778 F.2d 207, 213 (5th Cir. 1985) ("[a]lthough there is no
explicit statutory requirement of `fair representation,' the Board and the courts have
declared a violation of the duty [of fair representation] to be a violation of section
8(b)(1)(A) [of the NLRA]"); N.L.R.B. v. Local 282 Int'l Brotherhood of Teamsters,
Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of America, 740 F.2d 141, 144-46 (2d Cir. 1984)
("a union may be
found to have engaged in an unfair labor practice by breaching its statutory duty of fair
representation within the requirements of section 8(b)(1)(A) of the NLRA").
The union also argues that the Board improperly shifted the burden of proof from
the General Counsel to the union. The union takes particular exception to the language in
the ALJ's decision where she states: "[The union] failed in this case to establish it met the
11 No. 95-9528 Teamsters v. NLRB
standard of fair representation described in Ford Motor Co. v. Huffman, [345 U.S. 330,
337 (1953)], by demonstrating it was responsible to and met is [sic] obligation of loyalty
to the members of the Preferred Merchandisers unit." The union cites Air Line Pilots
Ass'n, 499 U.S. at 67, for the proposition that the General Counsel bears the burden of
establishing a breach of the duty of fair representation. However, the union fails to
consider the statements in the preceding paragraph, where the ALJ stated:
The General Counsel bases its case on the claim [the union] failed to meet its duty of fair representation to all the employee [sic] in the new Tower Road unit. I find this argument is persuasive based on the facts of this case. . . . [The union] negotiated addendum F to favor the Tower Road unit members in the anticipated event the Preferred Merchandisers unit members became a part of the Tower Road unit. It based this favoritism in addendum F on the length of the Preferred Merchandisers employees' length of union representation at Preferred Merchandisers.
The ALJ and the Board simply determined that the General Counsel carried its
burden of proof in establishing that the union breached its duty and that the union simply
failed to produce sufficient evidence to challenge the General Counsel's proof. The
Board's opinion does not shift the burden of proof to the union.
In the alternative, assuming the Board had jurisdiction over the complaint and the
Board did not improperly shift the burden of proof, the union asserts that the Board's
decision is not supported by substantial evidence and takes exception to the Board's
12 No. 95-9528 Teamsters v. NLRB
determination that it arbitrarily favored the Tower Road unit during the negotiations
leading up to the relocation of the Preferred unit. The union insists that it negotiated a
rational solution for the relocation of the Preferred employees. The union claims
Addendum F provides several benefits for the Preferred employees: it permits the
Preferred employees to staff the new general merchandise department at the Tower Road
facility; ensures the Preferred employees would have bidding preference for any future
new jobs in the general merchandise department; and awards the Preferred employees a
pay increase. The union claims these benefits compensated the Preferred employees for
accepting the aspects of Addendum F that were detrimental to their position--accepting
union rather than company seniority and eliminating jobs from the general merchandise
department rather than the grocery department. The union insists that its actions during
the course of the negotiations were undertaken with a goal of fairly representing the
interests of both the Tower Road and Preferred units.
The Board responds by asserting that there is substantial evidence in the record to
support its findings, relying heavily on statements made by the union and its
representatives which demonstrate that the union did not promote the Preferred unit
during the negotiations with Super Valu.
This issue requires further discussion.
13 No. 95-9528 Teamsters v. NLRB
IV.
In Vaca v. Sipes, 386 U.S. 171, 177 (1967), the Supreme Court described the three
elements of the judicially-developed duty of fair representation:
Under this doctrine, the exclusive agent's statutory authority to represent all members of a designated unit includes a statutory obligation to serve the interests of all members without hostility or discrimination toward any, to exercise its discretion with complete good faith and honesty, and to avoid arbitrary conduct.
Courts must accord due deference to a union's decisions in balancing conflicting
claims of its members. Thus, as the Supreme Court stated in Ford Motor Co. v. Huffman,
345 U.S. at 338:
The complete satisfaction of all who are represented is hardly to be expected. A wide range of reasonableness must be allowed a statutory bargaining representative in serving the unit it represents, subject always to complete good faith and honesty of purpose in the exercise of its discretion.
Recognizing both Vaca's tripartite definition of the duty of fair representation and
the deference due a union's attempt to reconcile competing claims, this court stated in
Aguinaga v. United Food & Commercial Workers Int'l Union, 993 F.2d 1463 (10th Cir.
1993), cert. denied, 114 S. Ct. 880 (1994):
A union breaches its duty of fair representation if its conduct toward a member is "arbitrary, discriminatory, or in bad faith." A union's actions are
14 No. 95-9528 Teamsters v. NLRB
arbitrary only if, "in light of the factual and legal landscape at the time of the union's actions, the union's behavior is so far outside a `wide range of reasonableness' as to be irrational." A union's discriminatory conduct violates its duty of fair representation if it is "invidious." Bad faith requires a showing of fraud, or deceitful or dishonest action. . . . [I]f the evidence supports a finding that the Union acted in any one of these three ways, the [Board's decision] must be upheld.
Id. at 1470 (citations omitted).
The fact that a union discriminates between groups of employees solely on the
basis of length of union membership is evidence of arbitrary conduct. In a case similar to
the present one, a union gave seniority to those employees who had been union members
prior to negotiation of a new collective bargaining agreement over those who had not
been union members. The court held such discrimination was "arbitrary and invidious
and violate[d] the union's duty to represent fairly all members of the bargaining unit."
Jones v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 495 F.2d 790, 797 (2d Cir. 1974).
Another court reached the same conclusion in a case where a union refused to
consider dovetailing the seniority of employees who transferred from two plants that the
employer had closed to a plant at a third location. The union had "endtailed" all the
employees of the new plant who had worked at a closed plant that was non-union,
resulting in a preferred status for the transferees from the unionized plant. Longer union
15 No. 95-9528 Teamsters v. NLRB
membership was the only reason given for preferring one group of employees over the
other. This union action was a violation of the duty of fair representation. Teamsters
Local Union No. 42 v. N.L.R.B., 825 F.2d 608, 612-13 (1st Cir. 1987).
The facts of this case are even more compelling because the union refused to
permit Preferred employees even to attend, much less participate, in bargaining sessions
that involved their employment rights.
Our standard of review is clear. We must uphold the Board's decision if its
findings are "supported by substantial evidence in the record considered as a whole." 29
U.S.C. § 160(e); Universal Camera Corp. v. N.L.R.B., 340 U.S. 474, 488 (1951);
Monfort, Inc. v. N.L.R.B., 965 F.2d 1538, 1540 (10th Cir. 1992).
1.
It is undisputed, and the record clearly shows, that Super Valu proposed
consolidating the two units by creating a new general merchandise department at the
Tower Road location, dovetailing the Preferred employees' company seniority with the
Tower Road employees' company seniority, and providing the Preferred employees with
the same pay scale they received at the Preferred location. It was the union that proposed
16 No. 95-9528 Teamsters v. NLRB
transferring all but the two most physically demanding jobs from the general merchandise
department to the grocery department and basing the Preferred employees' seniority on
their union tenure.
Regarding the transfer of general merchandise jobs to the grocery department, the
ALJ noted "no reason, other than deference to the larger Tower Road unit, was advanced
[by the union] as the basis for [its] failure to represent in any manner the interests of the
Preferred Merchandisers employees." The ALJ specifically concluded that by proposing
the limitation of job classifications in the general merchandise department "the [u]nion
again acquiesced to the desires of the then Tower Road unit to gain as much as possible
from the situation during these negotiations, without regard to any of the interests of the
Preferred Merchandisers employees." These statements are supported by the record and
evidence the union's arbitrary treatment of the Preferred unit.
Regarding the decision to suggest union seniority for the Preferred employees,
Steve Vairma, the union vice-president, admitted in his affidavit:
[The Tower Road bargaining committee] didn't want to grant [the Preferred unit] almost the super seniority status; they had only been members [of the union] since that contract was ratified, and that prior to 1991, they had no [union] seniority. . . . Instead of giving Preferred people extra seniority, the Super Valu committee felt they should carry their union seniority, since they had only been in the union for a short period of time.
Tr., Record Vol. I at 141-43.
17 No. 95-9528 Teamsters v. NLRB
The only benefit for the Preferred unit contained in the union's counterproposal
was a pay increase; however, this benefit was somewhat illusory because, when coupled
with the union's proposed open bidding procedure, the benefit would not have been
limited to the members of the Preferred unit.2 Further, the only Preferred employees
eligible to receive the benefit were those fortunate enough not to be in the thirty to fifty
percent of the unit who were to lose their jobs after the relocation.
2.
The record also clearly shows the union refused to permit the Preferred employees
to participate in the negotiating process leading up to the formulation of Addendum F. A
Preferred unit employee asked Vairma if members of the Preferred unit could attend the
1992 Super Valu-Tower Road negotiations. Vairma refused to allow Preferred
employees to attend, however, because "it didn't concern [them]" and because the
Preferred employees were not yet members of the Tower Road unit. Tr., Record Vol. I at
212. These statements were made by Vairma despite the fact that the negotiations were
2 In fact, the union's open bidding proposal, when examined in conjunction with its union seniority proposal, would have allowed all but four of the 200 plus members of the Tower Road unit to outbid the members of the Preferred unit for any of the jobs in the new general merchandise department. These proposals would have ensured the Tower Road unit the best jobs and limited the Preferred unit to the least desirable positions.
18 No. 95-9528 Teamsters v. NLRB
designed to govern any future consolidation of the two units and that the union had
permitted a member of the Tower Road unit to attend some of the bargaining sessions that
led to the 1991 Preferred Agreement.
The particular facts of this case, including without limitation, the ban on Preferred
employees to even attend the bargaining session, render the union's favoring of one group
over another solely on the basis of union longevity a violation of the union's duty of fair
representation.
3.
It may well be that if the union had undertaken any effort to promote the interests
of the Preferred unit, such as by suggesting to dovetail the two units based on company
seniority, the majority of the union membership would have voted against such a
proposal, leaving the Preferred unit in a position similar to the one prescribed in
Addendum F. By failing to make any effort to advance the Preferred unit's concerns,
however, the union breached its duty of fair representation. The union is not authorized
to assume what terms would be acceptable to the majority of its membership; rather, such
determinations are "matter[s] for the bargaining table." Teamsters Local Union No. 42,
825 F.2d at 613.
The union acted arbitrarily by taking upon itself the task of determining what the
majority would accept, rather than promoting the interests of the various units and letting
19 No. 95-9528 Teamsters v. NLRB
the democratic process resolve the issues. Through its actions, the union, rather than its
membership, determined that the consolidation should favor the Tower Road unit.
V.
The union next argues that even if the Board's finding of a violation is supported
by substantial evidence, the Board exceeded its remedial powers in fashioning some of
the affirmative requirements of its order. The union maintains that the affirmative
requirement that it notify Super Valu and the former Preferred employees that it has "no
objection" to restoring company seniority and to negotiating concerning certain other
issues is tantamount to requiring the union to agree to substantive contractual terms. As
the union states, the Board cannot direct the parties to agree to particular substantive
provisions of a collective bargaining agreement, but can only direct them to follow the
law in reaching an agreement. In response, the General Counsel contends that the union
did not raise this issue before the Board, and, therefore, review of objections to the
remedial order is foreclosed. 29 U.S.C. § 160(e).
Section 10(e) of the NLRA provides: "No objection that has not been urged before
the Board, its member, agent, or agency, shall be considered by the [reviewing] court,
unless the failure or neglect to urge such objection shall be excused because of
extraordinary circumstances." 29 U.S.C. § 160(e); see also 29 C.F.R. § 102.46(b)(2)
20 No. 95-9528 Teamsters v. NLRB
(1995) ("Any exception to a ruling, finding, conclusion, or recommendation which is not
specifically urged shall be waived.") and 29 C.F.R. § 102.46(g) (1995) ("No matter not
included in exceptions or cross-exceptions may thereafter be urged before the Board, or in
any further proceeding."). Section 10(e) serves "the salutary policy . . . of affording the
Board opportunity to consider on the merits questions to be urged upon review of its
order." Marshall Field & Co. v. N.L.R.B., 318 U.S. 253, 256 (1943). Thus, the
subsection requires "notice of objection," Local 900, Int'l Union of Elec., Radio and
Mach. Workers, AFL-CIO v. N.L.R.B., 727 F.2d 1184, 1192 (D.C. Cir. 1984), and before
we consider the merits of the union's argument, we must determine whether the union's
exceptions to the ALJ's findings were "sufficiently specific to apprise the Board that [the]
issue might be pursued on appeal." Consolidated Freightways v. N.L.R.B., 669 F.2d 790,
793 (D.C. Cir. 1981).
We believe the union's exceptions were sufficiently specific to satisfy
section 10(e). The union's objections contained the statement, "The ALJ in ruling in
favor of the General Counsel and against Local 435 did not allow Local 435 to act within
a wide range of reasonableness, rather she gave Local 435 only one choice and that was
to dovetail seniority." Exceptions, Record Vol. III, Item No. 2 at 8-9 (emphasis added).
Although the exceptions were addressed to the ALJ's findings in general rather than to the
remedy specifically, we conclude that this language gave notice to the Board that the
21 No. 95-9528 Teamsters v. NLRB
union objected to the fact that, according to the union's interpretation, the order required it
to agree to a substantive contractual provision.
The Board has "wide discretion" under 29 U.S.C. § 160(c) in fashioning a remedy,
which may contain provisions requiring affirmative action. Virginia Elec. & Power Co.
v. N.L.R.B., 319 U.S. 533, 539 (1943). Nevertheless, the Board's remedial powers are
"limited to carrying out the policies of the [National Labor Relations] Act . . . ," and
"[o]ne of these fundamental policies is freedom of contract." H.K. Porter Co., Inc. v.
N.L.R.B., 397 U.S. 99, 108 (1970). Thus, the Board cannot dictate the terms of a labor
contract, which should be decided upon by the give and take of collective bargaining. Id.
at 103-04, 108. Given these limitations, however, it remains a firm principle of labor law
that "the relation of remedy to policy is peculiarly a matter for administrative
competence." Detroit Edison Co. v. N.L.R.B., 440 U.S. 301, 316 (1979) (quoting Phelps
Dodge Corp. v. N.L.R.B., 313 U.S. 177, 194 (1941)).
The affirmative provisions of the order must be examined in light of the union's
earlier position, which consistently favored union seniority for the Preferred employees.
The elimination of the Preferred employees' company seniority did not result from the
union acceding to an employer position in order to gain some other benefit for its
members. Rather, the employer proposed company seniority, and the union rejected it in
22 No. 95-9528 Teamsters v. NLRB
order to give an advantage to the larger group of its members who had belonged to the
union longer than the smaller group. This was the essence of the union's unfair
representation, and the order simply requires the union to negotiate in a manner designed
to remedy this unlawful conduct. We believe this order was well within the Board's
authority in fashioning a remedy.
Our understanding of the "no objection" language in the order is that it directs the
union to signal its willingness to negotiate on the issues of seniority and job positions for
the former Preferred employees in a manner that fairly represents the concerns of
Preferred employees, and that it does not specify the particulars of what the union might
propose on those topics or what the final agreement between the parties need be. The
remaining affirmative provisions of the order are unexceptional, merely requiring the
union to no longer rely on Addendum F, which contains procedures found to be unlawful,
and to make injured employees whole.
The union also challenges the affirmative elements of the order on the ground that
it was an abuse of the Board's discretion to impose such requirements without a specific
finding of fraud or bad faith on the part of the union. The union essentially claims that in
23 No. 95-9528 Teamsters v. NLRB
order for the Board to justify its affirmative order, the evidence in the record must cast
doubt on the union's willingness to fulfill its lawful responsibilities as they have been
determined by the Board and to abide by a simple cease and desist order in its subsequent
dealings with Super Valu.
We have found no authority, and the union has cited to none, which specifically
supports this proposition. In fact, with respect to the Board's broad discretionary power to
order affirmative action, the Supreme Court has observed:
[I]n devising a remedy the Board is not confined to the record of a particular proceeding. "Cumulative experience" begets understanding and insight by which judgments not objectively demonstrable are validated or qualified or invalidated. The constant process of trial and error, on a wider and fuller scale than a single adversary litigation permits, differentiates perhaps more than anything else the administrative from the judicial process. . . . [Administrative] competence could not be exercised if in fashioning remedies the administrative agency were restricted to considering only what was before it in a single proceeding.
N.L.R.B. v. Seven-Up Bottling Co., 344 U.S. 344, 349 (1953). Thus, we must defer to the
Board's expertise in its choice of an affirmative remedy unless "the order is a patent
attempt to achieve ends other than those which can fairly be said to effectuate the policies
of the [NLRA]." Virginia Elec. & Power, 319 U.S. at 540. In this case, the record clearly
established a violation of the duty of fair representation, and we believe that the Board in
its administrative expertise crafted an order which placed the parties where they would
have been absent the violation, consistent with the policies of the NLRA. See id. at 544.
24 No. 95-9528 Teamsters v. NLRB
Finally, the union argues that the provision requiring the union to negotiate on the
subject of company seniority for the former Preferred employees is unjustified because no
employee in either the Tower Road unit or the Preferred unit was ever entitled to seniority
calculated from his or her date of hire by the company. We find no merit in this
argument, since the ALJ specifically found that the Preferred Agreement afforded
Preferred employees "seniority for the period of their employment with Preferred
Merchandisers," and there is evidence in the record to support this conclusion.
The petition for review is DENIED, and the cross-application for enforcement is
GRANTED.