Tavakkol v. MSPB

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
• Decided: May 14, 2026
• Docket: 24-1514
• Status: Published

Opinion

Case: 24-1514 Document: 43 Page: 1 Filed: 05/14/2026

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________

SAEED TAVAKKOL, Petitioner

v.

MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD, Respondent ______________________

2024-1514 ______________________

Petition for review of the Merit Systems Protection Board in No. SF-0752-19-0587-I-1. ______________________

Decided: May 14, 2026 ______________________

HOWARD BRANDON ZAKAI, Granger & Associates LLC, New York, NY, argued for petitioner. Also represented by RAYMOND R. GRANGER.

CONSTANCE E. TRAVANTY, Office of the General Coun- sel, United States Merit Systems Protection Board, Wash- ington, DC, argued for respondent. Also represented by ALLISON JANE BOYLE, KATHERINE MICHELLE SMITH. ______________________

Before DYK, REYNA, and STOLL, Circuit Judges. Opinion for the court filed by Circuit Judge STOLL. Case: 24-1514 Document: 43 Page: 2 Filed: 05/14/2026

Concurring opinion filed by Circuit Judge REYNA. STOLL, Circuit Judge. Mr. Saeed Tavakkol petitions for review of the dismis- sal of his appeal for lack of jurisdiction by the Merit Sys- tems Protection Board. Because we determine Mr. Tavakkol did not non-frivolously allege that his volun- tary resignation from the United States Postal Service was the result of duress, coercion, or misinformation provided by the agency, we affirm the Board’s dismissal of Mr. Tavakkol’s appeal. BACKGROUND I Mr. Tavakkol was hired by the United States Postal Service (USPS) as an Operations Industrial Engineer at USPS’s Seattle Network Distribution Center on October 5, 2013. His duties involved “overseeing and applying ‘na- tionwide industrial engineering, standardization, and con- tinuous improvement policies, standards, and processes to improve service and cost performance through direct in- volvement in mail processing operations.’” J.A. 2 (citation omitted). According to Mr. Tavakkol, beginning in December 2013, he “was harassed because of [his] national origin, race[,] and religion . . . by [his] assigned mentor.” J.A. 232. His assigned mentor, Mr. Don Hamel, “frequently made derogatory comments such as ‘[g]o back to your country[,]’ ‘[w]ho needs foreigners anyway . . . [,]’ and ‘[i]f you don’t play the game, you will get a knife in the back in this or- ganization.’” Id. Mr. Tavakkol complained about the har- assing behavior in March 2014, but his manager “took no action to address [his] complaint.” Id. Mr. Tavakkol was also allegedly subject to “retaliatory and harassing actions in response to his alleged whistle- blowing activities.” J.A. 3. In particular, he received a Case: 24-1514 Document: 43 Page: 3 Filed: 05/14/2026

TAVAKKOL v. MSPB 3

Letter of Warning (LOW) regarding safety-related state- ments he made while on a national teleconference. Through mediation conducted by the agency’s Equal Em- ployment Opportunity (EEO) Office, USPS agreed to with- draw the LOW. However, Mr. Tavakkol’s supervisors proceeded to place him on a Performance Improvement Plan (PIP) and issue him a Letter of Concern (LOC), citing the withdrawn LOW as a basis for each action. As a result of the harassment occurring in his work en- vironment, Mr. Tavakkol claims he began to experience “physical pain, depression[,] and anxiety.” J.A. 145. On February 2, 2015, he submitted medical documentation and requested to take medical leave for two weeks. USPS responded to Mr. Tavakkol’s submitted medical documen- tation, interpreting it “as both a restriction in [him] return- ing to [his] current job and as a request for reasonable accommodation.” J.A. 247. Accordingly, USPS referred Mr. Tavakkol’s request to the USPS Seattle District’s Rea- sonable Accommodation Committee (DRAC). Id. On Feb- ruary 19, 2015, Mr. Tavakkol submitted further medical documentation indicating he would be on leave through May 23, 2015. On or about March 17, 2015, proceeding pro se while he was on medical leave, Mr. Tavakkol filed a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) alleging USPS discriminated against him (1) “on the bases of his race (Middle Eastern/Persian), religion (Is- lam), national origin (Iranian)[,] and/or in reprisal for his prior EEO activity,” and (2) “on the bases of his age . . . , disability/perceived disability (adjustment disorder, de- pression[,] and anxiety)[,] and/or in reprisal for his prior EEO activity when in March 2015, [USPS] denied his re- quest for reasonable accommodation.” J.A. 48–49; J.A. 4. On March 27, 2015, the DRAC sent Mr. Tavakkol a let- ter denying what had been construed as his request for rea- sonable accommodation. In the letter, the DRAC informed Case: 24-1514 Document: 43 Page: 4 Filed: 05/14/2026

Mr. Tavakkol it “determined that [he could not] perform [his] position with or without accommodation” because Mr. Tavakkol’s only requested accommodation was to “not work for or in a position that report[ed] to” plant manager Kenn Messenger. J.A. 245. The DRAC told Mr. Tavakkol he could request reconsideration by contacting the desig- nated human resources representative. J.A. 246. Mr. Tavakkol alleges he attempted to contact that repre- sentative but never received a response. J.A. 160. On May 14, 2015, Mr. Jerry Lane, Mr. Tavakkol’s su- pervisor, attempted 1 to send Mr. Tavakkol a letter request- ing return-to-work documentation, indicating a response was required to the letter by May 21, 2015. Then on May 27, 2015, after receiving no additional documentation or further communication from Mr. Tavakkol, Mr. Lane sent Mr. Tavakkol notice that he was placing Mr. Tavakkol on absent without official leave (AWOL) status. J.A. 241. Mr. Lane’s letter directed Mr. Tavakkol to “contact [him] by 2:00 pm on Thursday June 4, 2015 to” discuss Mr. Tavakkol’s employment intentions. Id. On July 17, 2015, while the EEOC case was still pend- ing, Mr. Tavakkol resigned from his position via letter, de- tailing the reasons for his resignation, including whistleblower reprisal and discrimination. J.A. 232–37. On July 31, 2015, USPS processed Mr. Tavakkol’s resigna- tion with an effective date of July 20, 2015. J.A. 231. The last day Mr. Tavakkol ever reported to his position was February 2, 2015, and he never returned to his position prior to his resignation. On April 1, 2019, the EEOC granted summary judg- ment in favor of USPS, determining that “even when

1 Mr. Tavakkol alleges he never received this letter because two of the digits in the address were inverted. See Pet. Br. 17. Case: 24-1514 Document: 43 Page: 5 Filed: 05/14/2026

TAVAKKOL v. MSPB 5

viewing the evidence in a light most favorable [to Mr. Tavakkol], the record fail[ed] to demonstrate that [USPS] unlawfully discriminated against him.” J.A. 66. In particular, the EEOC administrative judge determined Mr. Tavakkol failed to (1) “set forth any factual evidence of an adverse employment action with regard to several of his allegations of discrimination,” and (2) “identify any ad- verse employment action by virtue of [USPS]’s alleged fail- ure to implement his . . . proposals” or heed his concerns related to safety. J.A. 61–62. II On July 26, 2019, over four years after his resignation and almost four months after the EEOC decision, Mr. Tavakkol filed an appeal with the Board. He alleged his resignation from USPS “was involuntary because of du- ress, coercion[,] and misrepresentation by the agency.” J.A. 163. Mr. Tavakkol advanced three reasons for his in- voluntary resignation: (1) [H]e was “persecuted for disclosure of enormous wastefulness, gross mismanagement[,] and wide- spread safety violations” by the agency; (2) the agency’s harassment caused him “physical pain, se- vere anxiety[,] and depression,” which he allege[d] were diagnosed by his medical providers as being stress related; and (3) the agency denied his rea- sonable accommodation request, thereby effec- tively taking away his job. J.A. 10 (citation omitted). In the Initial Decision, the administrative judge found Mr. Tavakkol “failed to non-frivolously allege that his deci- sion to resign was the result of coercion, misinformation, misrepresentation, or deception on the agency’s part, or that it was so intolerable that he had no choice but to resign when he did.” J.A. 13. With regard to Mr. Tavakkol’s alle- gation that the denial of reasonable accommodation Case: 24-1514 Document: 43 Page: 6 Filed: 05/14/2026

effectively took away his job, the administrative judge found USPS “in fact ordered [Mr. Tavakkol] to return to work once his medical leave had ended” and further found Mr. Tavakkol “ha[d] not offered any evidence or argument suggesting that any agency manager informed him that he no longer had a job to return to.” J.A. 10. The administrative judge also found “the record d[id] not support an allegation that [Mr. Tavakkol] was sub- jected to a hostile work environment or intolerable working conditions at the time he submitted his resignation, such that a person in his position would have felt compelled to resign.” J.A. 11. In support, the administrative judge noted Mr. Tavakkol had “extricated himself from the al- leged harassing and discriminatory environment” approxi- mately five months before his resignation. Id. In addition, the administrative judge found Mr. Tavakkol’s resignation was not involuntary because Mr. Tavakkol “chose to resign while his EEO complaint was still pending,” demonstrating he chose “to resign or retire rather than ‘stand and fight’ against the alleged discrimination or retaliation.” J.A. 11– 12 (citing, inter alia, Garcia v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 437 F.3d 1322, 1329 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (en banc); Poland v. Chertoff, 494 F.3d 1174, 1184 (9th Cir. 2007)). Ulti- mately, the administrative judge found the evidence did “not rise to the level of coercion necessary to overcome the presumption that his resignation was voluntary, particu- larly given the length of time between the alleged events and his decision to resign and the fact that he had not yet exhausted his challenges to [USPS’s] alleged discrimina- tory and harassing activity.” J.A. 12 (citation omitted). Therefore, the administrative judge found Mr. Tavakkol “failed to non-frivolously allege that his decision to resign was the result of coercion, misinformation, misrepresenta- tion, or deception on the agency’s part, or that it was so intolerable that he had no choice but to resign when he did,” and he dismissed Mr. Tavakkol’s appeal for lack of ju- risdiction. J.A. 13–14. Case: 24-1514 Document: 43 Page: 7 Filed: 05/14/2026

TAVAKKOL v. MSPB 7

The Board affirmed the administrative judge’s dismis- sal. The Board agreed that Mr. Tavakkol “failed to allege facts that would cause the reasonable person in his position to retire.” J.A. 29. The Board was not persuaded by Mr. Tavakkol’s argument on review that he was “too ill to pursue his EEO claim,” and the Board noted Mr. Tavak- kol’s resignation letter “contain[ed] detailed allegations re- flecting [Mr. Tavakkol’s] ability to continue to advocate on his own behalf.” J.A. 31–32. Then the Board, in examining Mr. Tavakkol’s claim that his resignation was the result of a denial of a reason- able accommodation, found USPS “acted properly by initi- ating discussions with [Mr. Tavakkol] regarding reasonable accommodation.” J.A. 33. The Board further found that, in the DRAC process for reasonable accommo- dation, the DRAC communicated with Mr. Tavakkol, is- sued a decision, and provided him “with the option to request reconsideration through a human resources man- ager.” J.A. 34. 2 And finally, based on evidence that USPS ordered Mr. Tavakkol to return to work, the Board found there was “no evidence that [USPS] suggested that [Mr. Tavakkol] no longer had a job.” J.A. 34. Accordingly, the Board determined Mr. Tavakkol “failed to non[-]frivo- lously allege that his resignation was the result of a wrong- ful processing or denial of his reasonable accommodation request.” Id.

2 The Board stated Mr. Tavakkol “d[id] not state ex- actly what steps he took following the DRAC decision and d[id] not claim he requested reconsideration of the DRAC decision,” and thus, the Board “lack[ed] any specific infor- mation from which to conclude that the agency acted im- properly by not responding to [Mr. Tavakkol].” J.A. 34. Mr. Tavakkol challenges this finding. See Pet. Br. 15–16 (citing J.A. 135). Case: 24-1514 Document: 43 Page: 8 Filed: 05/14/2026

The administrative judge’s Initial Decision, supple- mented by the Board’s Final Order, became the Board’s Fi- nal Decision. J.A. 35. Mr. Tavakkol petitions for review, and we have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(9). DISCUSSION We address here whether Mr. Tavakkol made non-friv- olous allegations of involuntary resignation such that he is entitled to a jurisdictional hearing. If “a claimant makes non-frivolous claims of Board jurisdiction, namely claims that, if proven, establish the Board’s jurisdiction, then the claimant has a right to a hearing.” Garcia, 437 F.3d at 1344. “If at the hearing the claimant establishes the Board’s jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence, then jurisdiction attaches to the case and the Board has the power to decide the merits of the claim.” Id. at 1330. As noted previously, the Board here determined Mr. Tavakkol did not make non-frivolous claims and there- fore dismissed Mr. Tavakkol’s appeal for lack of jurisdic- tion. We must affirm the Board’s decision unless it is “(1) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or other- wise not in accordance with law; (2) obtained without pro- cedures required by law, rule, or regulation having been followed; or (3) unsupported by substantial evidence.” 5 U.S.C. § 7703(c). “Whether the [B]oard has jurisdiction to adjudicate an appeal is a question of law . . . .” Ricci v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd., 953 F.3d 753, 756 (Fed. Cir. 2020). We review “the record de novo and determine whether [the petitioner] has made non-frivolous allegations” that could, if proven, establish jurisdiction. Coradeschi v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 439 F.3d 1329, 1332 (Fed. Cir. 2006); see also Wyche v. Dep’t of Lab., 180 F. App’x 965, 967 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (non-precedential) (“We review de novo whether an appellant made non-frivolous allegations of a fact neces- sary to establish jurisdiction.”). Case: 24-1514 Document: 43 Page: 9 Filed: 05/14/2026

TAVAKKOL v. MSPB 9

I On appeal, Mr. Tavakkol primarily asserts that he pre- sented non-frivolous allegations of intolerable working con- ditions that caused him to suffer anxiety, depression, and physical pain and coerced him to resign. See Pet. Br. 37. As we have explained, “[n]othing in 5 U.S.C. § 7512, which enumerates [the] specific adverse actions over which the Board has jurisdiction, extends the Board’s jurisdiction to facially voluntary acts.” Garcia, 437 F.3d at 1328. But while an employee who voluntarily resigns or retires has no right to appeal to the Board, the Board “possesses juris- diction over an appeal filed by an employee who has re- signed or retired if . . . his or her resignation or retirement was involuntary and thus tantamount to forced removal.” Id. (omission in original) (quoting Shoaf v. Dep’t of Agric., 260 F.3d 1336, 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2001)). “In other words, . . . ‘an involuntary resignation constitutes an adverse action by the agency.’” Id. (quoting Gratehouse v. United States, 512 F.2d 1104, 1108 (Ct. Cl. 1975)). We have previously considered cases where “claimants have alleged that the agency coerced them ‘by creating working conditions so intolerable for the employee that he or she is driven to involuntarily resign or retire.’” Id. at 1328–29 (first citing Shoaf, 260 F.3d at 1341; then Staats v. U.S. Postal Serv., 99 F.3d 1120, 1123 (Fed. Cir. 1996); and then Christie v. United States, 518 F.2d 584, 587 (Ct. Cl. 1975)). When a claimant relies on evidence of discrimination in connection with a claim of involuntary resignation or retirement, in deciding if the Board has ju- risdiction, we consider only whether the evidence of dis- crimination goes to coercion, not whether it meets the test for proof of discrimination. See id. at 1330–31 (discussing how in Cruz v. Department of the Navy, 934 F.2d 1240 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (en banc), where “issues of involuntariness were mixed with claims of discrimination,” the Board’s ju- risdiction would only attach when “an employee carries his or her burden of establishing that a self-initiated personnel Case: 24-1514 Document: 43 Page: 10 Filed: 05/14/2026

action was coerced or otherwise involuntary”); see also id. at 1341 (“Discrimination issues may be considered insofar as they illuminate involuntariness.”). “An employee asserting that his or her resignation was involuntary must show that it was the result of duress, co- ercion, or misinformation provided by the agency.” Tretchick v. Dep’t of Transp., 109 F.3d 749, 751 (Fed. Cir. 1997). Mr. Tavakkol asserts his resignation was involun- tary due to coercion. See Pet. Br. 1. We have adopted the Fruhauf test for establishing involuntary coercion by an agency: [T]o establish involuntariness on the basis of coer- cion this court requires an employee to show: (1) the agency effectively imposed the terms of the employee’s resignation or retirement; (2) the employee had no realistic alternative but to resign or retire; and (3) the employee’s resignation or re- tirement was the result of improper acts by the agency. Garcia, 437 F.3d at 1329 (alteration in original) (citation omitted). “In evaluating involuntariness, the proper test is an objective one, and one that considers the totality of the circumstances.” Id. (cleaned up) (citation omitted). “The employee must ‘establish that a reasonable employee con- fronted with the same circumstances would feel coerced into resigning.’” Id. (quoting Middleton v. Dep’t of Def., 185 F.3d 1374, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 1999)). “In other words, when adjudicating a claim of coercive involuntariness, the three elements of the Fruhauf test are evaluated from the perspective of the reasonable employee confronted with similar circumstances.” Id. (citation omitted). “[O]ur case law has . . . emphasized that freedom of choice is a central issue” to the objective test for involun- tariness. Id. For example, in Garcia, we cited to our pre- decessor court’s holding in Christie that: Case: 24-1514 Document: 43 Page: 11 Filed: 05/14/2026

TAVAKKOL v. MSPB 11

[W]hile it is possible plaintiff, herself, perceived no viable alternative but to tender her resignation, the record evidence supports [the agency’s] finding that plaintiff chose to resign and accept discontin- ued service retirement rather than challenge the validity of her proposed discharge for cause. The fact remains, plaintiff had a choice. She could stand pat and fight. She chose not to. Id. (quoting Christie, 518 F.2d at 587). In other words, co- ercive involuntariness would not apply when an employee’s decision to resign arises because “he does not want to ac- cept a new assignment, a transfer, or other measures that the agency is authorized to adopt, even if those measures make continuation in the job so unpleasant for the em- ployee that he feels that he has no realistic option but to leave.” Id. (quoting Staats, 99 F.3d at 1124). That an em- ployee must face “an unpleasant situation or that his choice is limited to two unattractive options does not make the employee’s decision any less voluntary.” Id. (quoting Staats, 99 F.3d at 1124). Our cases also “recognize that most resignations and retirements are not constructive re- movals, and that ‘the doctrine of coercive involuntariness is a narrow one’ requiring that the employee ‘satisfy a de- manding legal standard.’” Id. (citation omitted). II Here, accepting all of Mr. Tavakkol’s factual allega- tions as true, we agree with the Board that Mr. Tavakkol has not non-frivolously alleged that his decision to resign was the result of coercion by USPS. In particular, Fruhauf factors one and two, which are evaluated from the perspec- tive of a reasonable employee confronted with similar cir- cumstances, warrant this conclusion. Though facing a difficult work environment that was documented to have caused medical issues rendering him unable to work through May 23, 2015, see J.A. 242, Mr. Tavakkol has not non-frivolously alleged, for example, that a reasonable Case: 24-1514 Document: 43 Page: 12 Filed: 05/14/2026

employee in his situation would understand USPS to have effectively imposed the terms of his resignation or retire- ment (Fruhauf factor one). Because he did not submit med- ical documentation covering the period after May 26, 2015, USPS placed Mr. Tavakkol on AWOL status once he failed to report for work. J.A. 241. It is undisputed that Mr. Lane sent—and Mr. Tavakkol received, see Pet. Br. 47—a letter informing him of his AWOL status, directing him to return to work “absent any medical restrictions” and documenting that Mr. Tavakkol had not called Mr. Lane to “request ad- ditional leave” or provide medical “paperwork in an effort to return to duty.” J.A. 241. Mr. Lane also directed Mr. Tavakkol: “You need to contact me by 2:00 pm on Thursday June 4, 2015 to let me know what your inten- tions are.” Id. The record does not show Mr. Tavakkol ever contacted Mr. Lane, nor does it show Mr. Tavakkol re- turned to work. Rather, Mr. Tavakkol submitted his letter of resignation on July 17, 2015, see J.A. 232–37, and filed for state unemployment benefits, which were granted due to medical disability, J.A. 162–63. The record belies Mr. Tavakkol’s assertion that “USPS was improperly dic- tating the terms of Mr. Tavakkol’s termination by prevent- ing him from working,” Pet. Br. 51, because Mr. Lane’s May 27 letter specifically directed Mr. Tavakkol to contact Mr. Lane and to return to work “absent any medical re- strictions.” J.A. 241. We are not convinced by Mr. Tavakkol that the record evidences a “manipulation” of the reasonable accommoda- tion process by USPS such that USPS “dictat[ed] the terms of Mr. Tavakkol’s termination.” Pet. Br. 51. 3 The record

3 We note that Mr. Tavakkol is not advancing a the- ory here that his resignation was involuntary due to the denial of a reasonable accommodation. See ECF No. 24 at 20 (“Petitioner does not argue that USPS was required to provide a reasonable accommodation or that USPS Case: 24-1514 Document: 43 Page: 13 Filed: 05/14/2026

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shows Mr. Lane referred Mr. Tavakkol to the DRAC be- cause Mr. Tavakkol’s medical documents implied he might need “a change of employment.” J.A. 247. And while ac- cepting Mr. Tavakkol’s assertion that he subjectively inter- preted the DRAC’s letter as meaning “that there was no position to which he could return” as true, Pet. Br. 53, that interpretation was no longer reasonable when he received Mr. Lane’s May 27 letter informing him he was being placed on AWOL status for failure to report to the position he did in fact still hold and directing him to return to work. See J.A. 241. We also agree with the Board that Mr. Tavakkol did not non-frivolously allege that a reasonable employee in his situation would have no realistic alternative but to resign or retire (Fruhauf factor two). Mr. Tavakkol did not pre- sent medical documentation supporting his inability to work after May 26, 2015, he filed an EEOC complaint in March 2015, and he resigned while his EEOC complaint was still pending. After 180 days of inaction by the EEOC, Mr. Tavakkol could have brought an action in district court. See 29 C.F.R. § 1614.407. Significantly, before us, Mr. Tavakkol’s petition for review concerns only whistle- blower retaliation, as he chose to waive discrimination-re- lated claims to proceed here rather than in district court. See ECF No. 12. But Mr. Tavakkol admits he did not pur- sue the specific remedies made available by the Whistle- blower Protection Act at the time of his resignation, including by filing a complaint with the Office of Special Counsel and invoking an individual right of action to the Board, if necessary. Oral Arg. at 3:16–3:33, https://www. cafc.uscourts.gov/oral-arguments/24-1514_11072025.mp3; see 5 U.S.C. §§ 1214(a), 1221.

otherwise discriminated against him because of his medi- cal condition.”). Case: 24-1514 Document: 43 Page: 14 Filed: 05/14/2026

The record therefore indicates that Mr. Tavakkol had two alternatives in front of him, resign or stand and fight, and he chose the former. Our precedent holds that choos- ing between standing and fighting—i.e., challenging the agency conduct while still employed—or resigning demon- strates a freedom of choice between alternatives rather than an involuntary resignation. Christie, 518 F.2d at 587 (determining when the employee resigned rather than “stand[ing] pat and fight[ing]” the agency’s proposed re- moval, her choice to resign was a voluntary one); Garcia, 437 F.3d at 1329 (noting the choice between resigning or standing and fighting “emphasized th[e] freedom of choice”); see also Heining v. Gen. Servs. Admin., 68 M.S.P.R. 513, 523 (1995) (the Board finding involuntary resignation since the employee “not only . . . offer[ed] an overwhelming amount of evidence supporting an intolera- ble working environment, . . . she did not resign until she pursued many grievances and two complaints[ and] re- ceiv[ed] an adverse decision on her grievances”). And while the options to stand and fight or resign could both be unat- tractive or undesirable, that an employee “is limited to two unattractive options does not make the employee’s decision any less voluntary.” Staats, 99 F.3d at 1124. 4

4 The concurrence views our opinion as implying “an employee will always have a ‘reasonable alternative’—and therefore fail to non-frivolously allege involuntary resigna- tion—unless he has exhausted all pending administrative challenges to the agency’s offending conduct during his em- ployment.” Concurrence Op. 2 (emphasis added). We make no such implication. Rather, we simply acknowledge that the totality of the circumstances here do not support a non-frivolous allegation that a reasonable employee in Mr. Tavakkol’s situation would have no realistic alterna- tive but to resign or retire. This opinion does not foreclose that in some circumstances, an employee could Case: 24-1514 Document: 43 Page: 15 Filed: 05/14/2026

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Before us, Mr. Tavakkol relies on our opinion in Trinkl v. Merit Systems Protection Board, 727 F. App’x 1007 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (non-precedential), to support his claim of involuntary resignation. See Pet. Br. 40–45. But Trinkl is distinguishable because, among other reasons, “Trinkl sub- mitted his retirement paperwork approximately two months after the investigation into his . . . discrimination claims . . . concluded,” 727 F. App’x at 1010, whereas here, Mr. Tavakkol retired while his EEOC claim was still pend- ing. Therefore, Mr. Trinkl tried to stand and fight through- out the pendency of his discrimination claims, while Mr. Tavakkol did not. In sum, after review of the totality of the circumstances in this particular case, we determine Mr. Tavakkol has not non-frivolously alleged involuntary resignation such that he is entitled to a jurisdictional hearing before the Board. CONCLUSION We have considered Mr. Tavakkol’s remaining argu- ments and find them unpersuasive. For the foregoing rea- sons, we affirm the Board’s dismissal of Mr. Tavakkol’s appeal for lack of jurisdiction. AFFIRMED COSTS No costs.

non-frivolously allege that a reasonable person would not “stand pat and fight” any longer. Case: 24-1514 Document: 43 Page: 16 Filed: 05/14/2026

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________

MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD, Respondent ______________________

Petition for review of the Merit Systems Protection Board in No. SF-0752-19-0587-I-1. ______________________

REYNA, Circuit Judge, concurring. I agree with the majority’s conclusion that Mr. Tavak- kol failed to non-frivolously allege his resignation was the result of coercion by USPS. But I take issue with the notion that, because Mr. Tavakkol had a pending EEOC com- plaint at the time of his resignation, that necessarily means he had a “realistic alternative” to resignation. Ma- jority Opinion (“Op.”) 13–14. Requiring an employee, while still employed, to see an administrative challenge (here, an EEOC complaint) to the agency’s conduct through to com- pletion before the employee can bring a claim for involun- tary resignation is an unjust principle. The Supreme Court has recognized, in a similar con- text, the problematic burden such a requirement places on employees. In Green v. Brennan, the Court considered an Case: 24-1514 Document: 43 Page: 17 Filed: 05/14/2026

employee’s claim for constructive discharge based on dis- crimination under Title VII. 578 U.S. 547, 550 (2016). The Court resolved a circuit split as to when the limitations pe- riod for lodging an EEOC complaint for constructive dis- charge begins. Id. at 552. The Court held that an employee “cannot bring a constructive-discharge claim” with the EEOC “until he is constructively discharged,” i.e., until he has resigned. Id. at 555 (emphasis in original). The Court reasoned that “forcing an employee to lodge a complaint” against the agency’s conduct “before he can bring a claim for constructive discharge places that employee in a diffi- cult situation.” Id. at 557–58. For example, the employee might need to delay resignation “until he can afford to leave” or “in light of other circumstances,” and “he may be reluctant to complain about discrimination while still em- ployed,” especially where a complaint “could risk termina- tion.” Id. at 558. The majority’s decision discounts entirely these con- cerns. According to the majority, an employee will always have a “reasonable alternative”—and therefore fail to non- frivolously allege involuntary resignation—unless he has exhausted all pending administrative challenges to the agency’s offending conduct during his employment. Op. 14. The majority relies on one poorly decided opinion from our predecessor court—Christie v. United States, 518 F.2d 584 (Ct. Cl. 1975)—which held an employee’s resignation vol- untary where she “accept[ed] service retirement rather than challeng[ing] the validity of her proposed discharge for cause.” 1 Op. 14. Christie states the employee could “stand pat and fight,” but “chose not to.” Christie, 518 F.2d at 587. But that fifty-year-old decision overlooked the

1 The majority also cites Garcia v. Department of Homeland Security. 437 F.3d 1322 (Fed. Cir. 2006). But Garcia merely cites Christie in providing an overview of co- ercive involuntary resignation. Id. at 1329. Case: 24-1514 Document: 43 Page: 18 Filed: 05/14/2026

practical burdens that such a blanket requirement inflicts on employees. Christie should not be read to impose a brightline rule that employees, like Mr. Tavakkol, are barred from challenging involuntary resignation absent resolution of all administrative challenges during employ- ment. The majority also cites a case from the Merit Systems Protection Board, Heining v. General Services Administra- tion, 68 M.S.P.R. 513 (1995). Op. 14. That case, however, highlights a situation in which pursuing an EEOC com- plaint is not a “realistic alternative” to resignation. The employee there, Ms. Heining, although not having “pur- sued all statutorily prescribed avenues of redress,” had al- ready “pursued many grievances and two complaints.” Heining, 68 M.S.P.R. at 523. Despite having a pending EEOC complaint when she resigned, the Board found that the “agency’s inequitable handling of the investigations of her complaints and grievances constituted aggravating fac- tors” contributing to an intolerable working condition. Id. at 517, 523. Thus, Ms. Heining’s pending EEOC complaint did not foreclose a determination of constructive discharge. This case is like Heining in this respect. Here, Mr. Tavakkol had already aired grievances about allegedly discriminatory treatment, J.A. 232, and had filed and me- diated an EEOC complaint with USPS, J.A. 124–25, prior to his resignation. As to the allegedly discriminatory treat- ment, Mr. Tavakkol claims that his grievances were met with no action. Op. 2. And as to his prior EEOC complaint, although Mr. Tavakkol garnered a small win through EEOC mediation when USPS agreed to withdraw his Let- ter of Warning (“LOW”), Mr. Tavakkol’s supervisors con- tinued to reprimand him by citing the withdrawn LOW. Op. 3; J.A. 129–30. Specifically, USPS proceeded to place Mr. Tavakkol on a Performance Improvement Plan and is- sue him a Letter of Concern, citing the withdrawn LOW in each instance. Op. 3. Like in Heining, USPS’s inequitable handling of Mr. Tavakkol’s grievances and prior EEOC Case: 24-1514 Document: 43 Page: 19 Filed: 05/14/2026

complaint should be regarded as aggravating factors that contribute to an intolerable workplace. For these reasons, I concur in the result but disagree that Mr. Tavakkol’s pending EEOC complaint or his failure to file a complaint with the Office of Special Counsel during his employment provided a “realistic alternative” to resig- nation.