BRICKELL, C. J. —
At common law, if a naked power was given by will, to two or more persons as executors, to sell lands, it was incapable of valid execution, unless all on whom it was conferred joined. If one died, or renounced the executorship, the surviving or acting executors could not make the sale. It was also the rule, that if the power was coupled with an interest, then, if one or more died, or renounced, it would survive, and was capable of execution by the acting executors. If there was a devise to executors by name, with directions to sell, the descent to the heir was intercepted, and the freehold passed to the donees, coupling an interest with the power; and it was capable of execution by such of the executors as accepted the trust, or remained alive. The interest feeding the power, and keeping it alive, was not a personal interest in the trust; it was the possession, virtute officii, of the legal estate over which the power was to be exercised. A mere devise that executors should sell lands, not intercepting the descent to the heir, nor passing any estate to the executors, was a naked power to sell, which could not be satisfied, unless all joined in its execution. The distinction between the two devises is very concisely and accurately stated by Rice, J., in Patton v. Crow, 26 Ala. 431. See, also, 1 Sugden on Powers, 189; Osgood v. Franklin, 2 Johns. Ch. 1; Bergen v. Bennett, 1 Caines’ Cases, 16; Franklin v. Osgood, 14 Johns. 553; Peter v. Beverly, 10 Pet. 563.
There was also another class of powers, which were matters of personal confidence in the donee, and were not extended beyond the express words and clear intention of the donor. They were, therefore, when conferred on several donees, incapable of execution, unless all united.- — Perry on Trusts, § 496. A class of these were termed discretionary powers, which were not compulsory on the donee, or, if compulsory, the .time and manner of execution were committed to his discretion. — Hill on Trustees, 731 (rnarg. p.485). A power, resting in personal confidence, is incapable of delegation or transmission, and can be exercised only by those to whom it is expressly confided. — Hill on Trustees, 736, (marg. p. 488); Perry on Trusts, §§ 496-500; Mallett v. Smith, 6 Rich. Eq. 12; Tainter v. Clark, 13 Metc. 220; Woolridge v. [507]*507Watkins, 3 Bibb, 349; Cole v. Wade, 16 Vesey, 43; Bartlett v. Sutherland, 24 Miss. 395.
A territorial statute, remaining of force until tbe adoption of tbe Code, similar to tbe act of 21 Hen. 8, c. 4, probably borrowed from tbe Kentucky or Yirginia statutes, made a partial change of tbe rules of tbe common law, by providing tbat “tbe sale and conveyance of lands, tenements, and hereditaments, directed or devised to be sold by any last will or testament, shall be made by tbe executors, or such of them as undertake tbe execution of the will, if no other person be therein appointed for tbat purpose, or if tbe person so appointed shall refuse to perform tbe trust, or die before be shall have completed it.” — Aik. Dig. 450, § 14. Tbe Code has several sections relating to powers and their execution. Some are mere repetitions, statutory declarations of tbe common law, as it was well known and understood, while others are introductive of important changes and alterations. Tbe territorial statute, to which we have referred, is not in terms enacted. Instead it is declared: “ "When lands are devised to several executors, or a naked power given- them by will to sell, tbe survivor or survivors, and tbe acting executor or executors, when any one or more of them resigns, or refuses to act, or is removed by a court of competent authority, and also an administrator with tbe will annexed, has tbe same interest in, and power over such lands, for tbe purpose of making sale thereof, as tbe executors named in such will might have bad.” — -B. C. § 1609. This statute, as did the territorial statute, obliterates tbe common-law distinction, as to survivorship and capability of execution, between a devise of lands to executors with directions to sell, and a naked power of sale. Under its operation, each is capable of execution by tbe surviving or acting executor. Tbe present statute differs from tbe territorial statute, by extending tbe power to an administrator with tbe will annexed, who would not otherwise have succeeded to it. — Lucas v. Price, 4 Ala. 679. If there is a naked power of sale, or a devise with directions to sell for tbe payment of debts or legacies, which would be tbe duty of whoever succeeded to tbe execution of tbe will; or merely creating tbe ministerial duty of tbe conversion of realty into money, for a specific purpose, absolute in terms, not involving, either as to the time and manner of execution, tbe judgment or discretion of tbe executors, on which tbe testator may have relied; tbe statute advances tbe intention of tbe testator, by avoiding its failure because of tbe absence of a donee to execute it. Tbe consummation of tbe intent of tbe testator is tbe purpose of tbe statute. It does not propose to circumscribe bis power to confer, as [508]*508matter of personal confidence, on the executors of bis choice and nomination, peculiar and extraordinary authority over his estate, real and personal, to be exercised or not at their discretion, and to require the concurrent judgment of all in its exercise.
The statute is variant from the act of 21 Hen. 8, only by authorizing the acting executor to exercise a naked power, and an extension of power to an administrator with the will annexed. — 1 Lomax on Executors, 587. It has not been supposed by the English courts, that the act of 21 Hen. 8 had any operation, when the power was a personal trust or confidence reposed in the persons named as executors. — Cole v. Wade, 16 Vesey, 27; Walter v. Waunde, 19 Vesey, 424; Hibbard v. Lambe, Amb. 309; Down v. Worrall, 1 Myl. & Keene, 561. A statute similar to ours exists in several, probably most of the States; and we do not find that in any of them it has been construed to embrace mere discretionary powers, resting in the personal confidence the testator reposed in the executors. In Kentucky, the statute was the same, in legal effect, as our statute prior to the Code, as we have already said. A testator, by his will, left it in the power of Ms executors to sell or exchange any part of Ms estate, real or personal, as they might judge necessary for the advantage of his estate. But one of the executors qualified, and he, under this power, made sale of part of the testator’s lands, the validity of which was disputed. The court, after adverting to the common-law rule, which did not authorize the sale, say it was not authorized by the statute; that only those cases fell within the influence of the statute, where sales were unconditionally directed to be made. "When a sale was dependent “on the judgment to be formed by the executors, as to its necessity or expediency for the advantage of the testator’s estate, that judgment must be formed by all, and the concurrence of all must be had to the sale and conveyance, to transfer the legal title in the land; for, although where nothing is to be done, by those empowered, but to sell and convey, the statute applies, and authorizes one, when the others refuse, to perform the trust; yet, where the sale is to depend upon some other act to be done by those empowered, the statute contains no provision dispensing with the concurrence of all in the performance of such an act.” — Woolridge v. Watkins, 3 Bibb, 849. The decision is repeated in Brown v. Hobson, 3 A. K.
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BRICKELL, C. J. —
At common law, if a naked power was given by will, to two or more persons as executors, to sell lands, it was incapable of valid execution, unless all on whom it was conferred joined. If one died, or renounced the executorship, the surviving or acting executors could not make the sale. It was also the rule, that if the power was coupled with an interest, then, if one or more died, or renounced, it would survive, and was capable of execution by the acting executors. If there was a devise to executors by name, with directions to sell, the descent to the heir was intercepted, and the freehold passed to the donees, coupling an interest with the power; and it was capable of execution by such of the executors as accepted the trust, or remained alive. The interest feeding the power, and keeping it alive, was not a personal interest in the trust; it was the possession, virtute officii, of the legal estate over which the power was to be exercised. A mere devise that executors should sell lands, not intercepting the descent to the heir, nor passing any estate to the executors, was a naked power to sell, which could not be satisfied, unless all joined in its execution. The distinction between the two devises is very concisely and accurately stated by Rice, J., in Patton v. Crow, 26 Ala. 431. See, also, 1 Sugden on Powers, 189; Osgood v. Franklin, 2 Johns. Ch. 1; Bergen v. Bennett, 1 Caines’ Cases, 16; Franklin v. Osgood, 14 Johns. 553; Peter v. Beverly, 10 Pet. 563.
There was also another class of powers, which were matters of personal confidence in the donee, and were not extended beyond the express words and clear intention of the donor. They were, therefore, when conferred on several donees, incapable of execution, unless all united.- — Perry on Trusts, § 496. A class of these were termed discretionary powers, which were not compulsory on the donee, or, if compulsory, the .time and manner of execution were committed to his discretion. — Hill on Trustees, 731 (rnarg. p.485). A power, resting in personal confidence, is incapable of delegation or transmission, and can be exercised only by those to whom it is expressly confided. — Hill on Trustees, 736, (marg. p. 488); Perry on Trusts, §§ 496-500; Mallett v. Smith, 6 Rich. Eq. 12; Tainter v. Clark, 13 Metc. 220; Woolridge v. [507]*507Watkins, 3 Bibb, 349; Cole v. Wade, 16 Vesey, 43; Bartlett v. Sutherland, 24 Miss. 395.
A territorial statute, remaining of force until tbe adoption of tbe Code, similar to tbe act of 21 Hen. 8, c. 4, probably borrowed from tbe Kentucky or Yirginia statutes, made a partial change of tbe rules of tbe common law, by providing tbat “tbe sale and conveyance of lands, tenements, and hereditaments, directed or devised to be sold by any last will or testament, shall be made by tbe executors, or such of them as undertake tbe execution of the will, if no other person be therein appointed for tbat purpose, or if tbe person so appointed shall refuse to perform tbe trust, or die before be shall have completed it.” — Aik. Dig. 450, § 14. Tbe Code has several sections relating to powers and their execution. Some are mere repetitions, statutory declarations of tbe common law, as it was well known and understood, while others are introductive of important changes and alterations. Tbe territorial statute, to which we have referred, is not in terms enacted. Instead it is declared: “ "When lands are devised to several executors, or a naked power given- them by will to sell, tbe survivor or survivors, and tbe acting executor or executors, when any one or more of them resigns, or refuses to act, or is removed by a court of competent authority, and also an administrator with tbe will annexed, has tbe same interest in, and power over such lands, for tbe purpose of making sale thereof, as tbe executors named in such will might have bad.” — -B. C. § 1609. This statute, as did the territorial statute, obliterates tbe common-law distinction, as to survivorship and capability of execution, between a devise of lands to executors with directions to sell, and a naked power of sale. Under its operation, each is capable of execution by tbe surviving or acting executor. Tbe present statute differs from tbe territorial statute, by extending tbe power to an administrator with tbe will annexed, who would not otherwise have succeeded to it. — Lucas v. Price, 4 Ala. 679. If there is a naked power of sale, or a devise with directions to sell for tbe payment of debts or legacies, which would be tbe duty of whoever succeeded to tbe execution of tbe will; or merely creating tbe ministerial duty of tbe conversion of realty into money, for a specific purpose, absolute in terms, not involving, either as to the time and manner of execution, tbe judgment or discretion of tbe executors, on which tbe testator may have relied; tbe statute advances tbe intention of tbe testator, by avoiding its failure because of tbe absence of a donee to execute it. Tbe consummation of tbe intent of tbe testator is tbe purpose of tbe statute. It does not propose to circumscribe bis power to confer, as [508]*508matter of personal confidence, on the executors of bis choice and nomination, peculiar and extraordinary authority over his estate, real and personal, to be exercised or not at their discretion, and to require the concurrent judgment of all in its exercise.
The statute is variant from the act of 21 Hen. 8, only by authorizing the acting executor to exercise a naked power, and an extension of power to an administrator with the will annexed. — 1 Lomax on Executors, 587. It has not been supposed by the English courts, that the act of 21 Hen. 8 had any operation, when the power was a personal trust or confidence reposed in the persons named as executors. — Cole v. Wade, 16 Vesey, 27; Walter v. Waunde, 19 Vesey, 424; Hibbard v. Lambe, Amb. 309; Down v. Worrall, 1 Myl. & Keene, 561. A statute similar to ours exists in several, probably most of the States; and we do not find that in any of them it has been construed to embrace mere discretionary powers, resting in the personal confidence the testator reposed in the executors. In Kentucky, the statute was the same, in legal effect, as our statute prior to the Code, as we have already said. A testator, by his will, left it in the power of Ms executors to sell or exchange any part of Ms estate, real or personal, as they might judge necessary for the advantage of his estate. But one of the executors qualified, and he, under this power, made sale of part of the testator’s lands, the validity of which was disputed. The court, after adverting to the common-law rule, which did not authorize the sale, say it was not authorized by the statute; that only those cases fell within the influence of the statute, where sales were unconditionally directed to be made. "When a sale was dependent “on the judgment to be formed by the executors, as to its necessity or expediency for the advantage of the testator’s estate, that judgment must be formed by all, and the concurrence of all must be had to the sale and conveyance, to transfer the legal title in the land; for, although where nothing is to be done, by those empowered, but to sell and convey, the statute applies, and authorizes one, when the others refuse, to perform the trust; yet, where the sale is to depend upon some other act to be done by those empowered, the statute contains no provision dispensing with the concurrence of all in the performance of such an act.” — Woolridge v. Watkins, 3 Bibb, 849. The decision is repeated in Brown v. Hobson, 3 A. K. Marsh. 380; Clay v. Hart, 7 Dana, 1.
It must frequently occur that a testator will devise lands to his executors, with directions to sell, or, without making a devise to them, will confer a naked power to sell, accompanied with conditions or provisions indicating that the [509]*509devise is made, or the power is conferred, because of the confidence reposed in the executors personally. In all such, cases, we concur with what was said in Anderson v. McGowan. 42 Ala. 285, that the statute “does not touch a devise to executors, when it is evident from the will that a personal trust is created.”
The will before us does not devise the testator’s lands to his executors. The descent to the heir was uninterrupted,, vesting the freehold eo instanti the testator’s death. A power of sale, naked, because without an estate or interest in the lands, is conferred. The power is not absolute, unconditional. It is not conferred for the payment of debts, or legacies; for, from the whole will it is evident, the testator never contemplated a sale of any part of his estate, real or personal, for such purpose, but supposed that, untouched by debts, it would remain as a whole, increasing in extent and value, for final distribution and division, when his youngest child arrived at full age. In the changes which might occur before that period, a sale of his real estate, or the purchase of other real estate, might be prudent, and conducive to the interests of his children, who were finally to be the recipients-of his entire estate. Therefore, on his executors, if in their opinion it was prudent and advisable, he conferred the discretionary power to make sale of his lands, or to purchase other lands.
Passing over the fact that in his executors and executrix he reposed such unlimited confidence that he relieves them from the execution of bond with sureties for the performance of duty, relying wholly on their integrity and prudence; passing over their relationship to.the testator, and their community of interest with the other legatees under the will, the will admits of no other construction than as importing a personal trust and confidence in the executors and executrix; not in one singly, acting alone, without the judgment of the others, but in ail concurring in judgment and action. It is to the executors and executrix the discretion is allowed of making the sale of the lands. It must not be overlooked, that not only is the discretion allowed of making sale, but also of purchasing other lands. A large and extraordinary power is conferred over the testator’s estate — a power that may advance, or may prove destructive of, the rights and interests of his children. It is discretion to exercise power, not bare power, which is conferred. The discretion is allowed, it is not imperative; and it is the discretion of all, when in the opinion of all it is prudent and advisable to exercise it. The terms employed in the will are just the terms accepted as importing a discretionary power. — Hill on Trustees, 731 [510]*510(marg. p. 485). We cannot doubt that it was tbe intention of the testator, that the discretion he allowed should be exercised by all his executors, when they should deem it prudent and advisable to exercise it. It is a special trust and confidence, reposed in all, and one was without authority to exercise it.
Reading this will, can it be supposed it would be just to the testator, or consistent with his intention, to declare that the power he has so generously and trustingly confided to his son, his son-in-law, and daughter, could devolve on an administrator with the will annexed, who might be a stranger to him, or, in the course of administration, might be the sheriff, a mere ministerial officer, the accident of a popular election, who, if known to the testator, had never commanded his confidence ? Yet, if the statute operates, vitalizing a sale and conveyance by the acting executor, it would have a like operation on a sale and conveyance by an administrator with the will annexed.
The acting executor, Britton, C., was without authority to make the sale and conveyance under which the appellee claims. Though it may operate by way of estoppel, to pass whatever estate he had in the lands, it does not affect the title of appellants.
The judgment is reversed, the non-suit set aside, and the cause remanded.