6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 8
9 BRIAN SZASZ, individually, Case No. 22-cv-1054-BTM-MMP 10 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND 11 Plaintiff, DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS’ MOTIONS TO 12 v. DISMISS PLAINTIFF’S AMENDED COMPLAINT 13 COUNTY OF SAN DIEGO; [ECF NOS. 12, 13, 21, & 22] 14 CORRECTIONAL HEALTHCARE
15 PARTNERS, INC.; ARIM LEE; DR. MONTGOMERY; DR. NAS RAFI; 16 JONATHAN SYMMONDS;
17 SERINA HOOD; DR. JOSEPH MOLINA; DR. DAVID 18 CHRISTENSEN; DEPUTY FARHA;
19 and DOES 1-10, inclusive,
20 Defendants.
22 Pending before the Court are four motions to dismiss Plaintiff Brian Szasz’s 23 Amended Complaint. (ECF Nos. 12, 13, 21, & 22). For the reasons discussed below, 24 the motions will be granted in part and denied in part. 25 BACKGROUND 26 Plaintiff filed his Amended complaint on October 14, 2022. (ECF No. 10). In 27 his Amended Complaint, Plaintiff alleged the following facts. Plaintiff was detained 1 Plaintiff informed the staff at VDF that he suffers from Type 1 diabetes and diabetic 2 retinopathy. (Id. at ¶4). During an evaluation with Defendant Arim Jayne Lee, 3 Plaintiff informed her that he needed an ophthalmology consultation immediately, as 4 he required laser treatments to prevent him from going blind. (Id. at ¶5). Plaintiff’s 5 diabetes was not properly treated at VDF. (Id. at ¶ ¶ 5-6). 6 Plaintiff noticed an inmate acting bizarrely and aggressively and told a housing 7 deputy that he did not want to be housed with the inmate. (Id. at ¶7). Despite being 8 aware that this inmate was aggressive and unstable, the deputies housed that inmate 9 with Plaintiff. (Id. at ¶7-8). On July 2, 2021, the inmate attacked and bit Plaintiff, 10 who suffered numerous injuries as a result. (Id. at ¶8). Plaintiff was taken to a 11 medical center and was seen by Defendant Jonathan Symmonds, who failed to 12 properly treat or evaluate Plaintiff’s injuries. (Id. at ¶9). Plaintiff was then seen by 13 Defendant Dr. Nas Rafi, who failed to properly treat Plaintiff’s injuries, which 14 included an open wound on his hand. (Id. at ¶10). 15 Plaintiff contracted an infection in his hand because the wound was not 16 properly treated. (Id. at ¶13). Plaintiff had hand surgery at Tri-City Medical Center. 17 (Id.). When he was sent back to VDF with medical instructions, those instructions 18 were not followed by the VDF staff. (Id. at ¶14-16). Plaintiff’s retinopathy was not 19 treated. (Id. at ¶15-16). Plaintiff received the wrong insulin doses. (Id. at ¶16). 20 Plaintiff ultimately obtained a court order for retinopathy treatment. (Id. at 21 ¶23). But Plaintiff’s eyes were still not properly treated, as he only received one 22 treatment on one eye. (Id. at ¶25). Plaintiff’s vision has deteriorated as a result. (Id.). 23 VDF staff also did not treat the post-surgical wound on Plaintiff’s hand, which 24 deteriorated as a result. (Id. at ¶27-29). 25 Plaintiff needed and underwent another surgical procedure to his hand because 26 of the inadequacy of the medical treatment at VDF. (Id. at ¶29). A doctor at Tri- 27 City told Plaintiff that he would need oversight for two or three weeks to monitor the 1 his right thumb and suffers from severe pain, causing him depression. (Id. at ¶30). 2 Based on the inadequate medical care at VDF, Plaintiff now suffers from irreparable 3 blindness. (Id. at ¶31). 4 Plaintiff has asserted claims (1) under 42 U.S.C. Section 1983 for violation of 5 his Fourteenth Amendment rights; (2) under Section 1983 for violations of the 6 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), the Rehabilitation Act (RA), the Unruh Act, 7 and California Government Code Claim Section 11135; (3) under the Federal and 8 California Constitutions for failure to provide adequate medical care and training; (4) 9 for negligence; (5) for intentional infliction of emotional distress; and (6) for battery. 10 On November 2, 2022, Defendants County of San Diego, Dr. Montgomery, 11 Serina Rognlien-Hood and Jonathan Symmonds filed a motion to dismiss. (ECF No. 12 12). On November 3, 2022, Defendants Correctional Healthcare Partners, Inc. (CHP, 13 Inc.), Dr. Nas Rafi, and Arim Lee filed a motion to dismiss. (ECF No. 13). On 14 December 30, 2022, Defendants Dr. Joseph Molina and Dr. David Christensen filed 15 a motion to dismiss. (ECF No. 21). On January 3, 2023, Defendant Deputy Farha 16 filed a motion to dismiss and a request for judicial notice. (ECF No. 22). 17 MOTION TO DISMISS STANDARD 18 Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8, each pleading must include “a short 19 and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief” and 20 must “give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon 21 which it rests.” See Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) 22 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2)). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) permits 23 dismissal for “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. 24 P. 12(b)(6). 25 A complaint may survive a motion to dismiss only if it contains enough facts 26 to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 27 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). The court must be able to “draw 1 at 663. “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere 2 conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Id. In reviewing a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the 3 Court accepts as true all facts alleged in the complaint and draws all reasonable 4 inferences in favor of the plaintiff. al-Kidd v. Ashcroft, 580 F.3d 949, 956 (9th Cir. 5 2009). 6 When a motion to dismiss is granted, “[l]eave to amend should be granted 7 unless the pleading ‘could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.’” 8 Velez v. Cloghan Concepts LLC, 387 F. Supp. 3d 1072, 1078 (S.D. Cal. 2019) 9 (quoting Ramirez v. Galaza, 334 F.3d 850, 861 (9th Cir. 2003)). When assessing 10 whether leave to amend should be granted, district courts should consider “four 11 factors: bad faith, undue delay, prejudice to the opposing party, and/or futility.” 12 Owens v. Kaiser Found. Health Plan, Inc., 244 F.3d 708, 712 (9th Cir. 2001). 13 DISCUSSION 14 1. Plaintiff’s First Cause of Action 15 Plaintiff’s first cause of action for violation of his Fourteenth Amendment 16 rights was asserted against Defendants Lee, Dr. Montgomery, Nurse Symmonds, Dr. 17 Rafi, Dr. Molina, Dr. Christensen, Rognlien-Hood, Deputy Farha, and DOES 1-10. 18 There are four “elements of a pretrial detainee’s medical care claim against an 19 individual defendant under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.” 20 Gordon v. Cty. of Orange, 888 F.3d 1118, 1125 (9th Cir. 2018).
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 8
9 BRIAN SZASZ, individually, Case No. 22-cv-1054-BTM-MMP 10 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND 11 Plaintiff, DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS’ MOTIONS TO 12 v. DISMISS PLAINTIFF’S AMENDED COMPLAINT 13 COUNTY OF SAN DIEGO; [ECF NOS. 12, 13, 21, & 22] 14 CORRECTIONAL HEALTHCARE
15 PARTNERS, INC.; ARIM LEE; DR. MONTGOMERY; DR. NAS RAFI; 16 JONATHAN SYMMONDS;
17 SERINA HOOD; DR. JOSEPH MOLINA; DR. DAVID 18 CHRISTENSEN; DEPUTY FARHA;
19 and DOES 1-10, inclusive,
20 Defendants.
22 Pending before the Court are four motions to dismiss Plaintiff Brian Szasz’s 23 Amended Complaint. (ECF Nos. 12, 13, 21, & 22). For the reasons discussed below, 24 the motions will be granted in part and denied in part. 25 BACKGROUND 26 Plaintiff filed his Amended complaint on October 14, 2022. (ECF No. 10). In 27 his Amended Complaint, Plaintiff alleged the following facts. Plaintiff was detained 1 Plaintiff informed the staff at VDF that he suffers from Type 1 diabetes and diabetic 2 retinopathy. (Id. at ¶4). During an evaluation with Defendant Arim Jayne Lee, 3 Plaintiff informed her that he needed an ophthalmology consultation immediately, as 4 he required laser treatments to prevent him from going blind. (Id. at ¶5). Plaintiff’s 5 diabetes was not properly treated at VDF. (Id. at ¶ ¶ 5-6). 6 Plaintiff noticed an inmate acting bizarrely and aggressively and told a housing 7 deputy that he did not want to be housed with the inmate. (Id. at ¶7). Despite being 8 aware that this inmate was aggressive and unstable, the deputies housed that inmate 9 with Plaintiff. (Id. at ¶7-8). On July 2, 2021, the inmate attacked and bit Plaintiff, 10 who suffered numerous injuries as a result. (Id. at ¶8). Plaintiff was taken to a 11 medical center and was seen by Defendant Jonathan Symmonds, who failed to 12 properly treat or evaluate Plaintiff’s injuries. (Id. at ¶9). Plaintiff was then seen by 13 Defendant Dr. Nas Rafi, who failed to properly treat Plaintiff’s injuries, which 14 included an open wound on his hand. (Id. at ¶10). 15 Plaintiff contracted an infection in his hand because the wound was not 16 properly treated. (Id. at ¶13). Plaintiff had hand surgery at Tri-City Medical Center. 17 (Id.). When he was sent back to VDF with medical instructions, those instructions 18 were not followed by the VDF staff. (Id. at ¶14-16). Plaintiff’s retinopathy was not 19 treated. (Id. at ¶15-16). Plaintiff received the wrong insulin doses. (Id. at ¶16). 20 Plaintiff ultimately obtained a court order for retinopathy treatment. (Id. at 21 ¶23). But Plaintiff’s eyes were still not properly treated, as he only received one 22 treatment on one eye. (Id. at ¶25). Plaintiff’s vision has deteriorated as a result. (Id.). 23 VDF staff also did not treat the post-surgical wound on Plaintiff’s hand, which 24 deteriorated as a result. (Id. at ¶27-29). 25 Plaintiff needed and underwent another surgical procedure to his hand because 26 of the inadequacy of the medical treatment at VDF. (Id. at ¶29). A doctor at Tri- 27 City told Plaintiff that he would need oversight for two or three weeks to monitor the 1 his right thumb and suffers from severe pain, causing him depression. (Id. at ¶30). 2 Based on the inadequate medical care at VDF, Plaintiff now suffers from irreparable 3 blindness. (Id. at ¶31). 4 Plaintiff has asserted claims (1) under 42 U.S.C. Section 1983 for violation of 5 his Fourteenth Amendment rights; (2) under Section 1983 for violations of the 6 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), the Rehabilitation Act (RA), the Unruh Act, 7 and California Government Code Claim Section 11135; (3) under the Federal and 8 California Constitutions for failure to provide adequate medical care and training; (4) 9 for negligence; (5) for intentional infliction of emotional distress; and (6) for battery. 10 On November 2, 2022, Defendants County of San Diego, Dr. Montgomery, 11 Serina Rognlien-Hood and Jonathan Symmonds filed a motion to dismiss. (ECF No. 12 12). On November 3, 2022, Defendants Correctional Healthcare Partners, Inc. (CHP, 13 Inc.), Dr. Nas Rafi, and Arim Lee filed a motion to dismiss. (ECF No. 13). On 14 December 30, 2022, Defendants Dr. Joseph Molina and Dr. David Christensen filed 15 a motion to dismiss. (ECF No. 21). On January 3, 2023, Defendant Deputy Farha 16 filed a motion to dismiss and a request for judicial notice. (ECF No. 22). 17 MOTION TO DISMISS STANDARD 18 Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8, each pleading must include “a short 19 and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief” and 20 must “give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon 21 which it rests.” See Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) 22 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2)). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) permits 23 dismissal for “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. 24 P. 12(b)(6). 25 A complaint may survive a motion to dismiss only if it contains enough facts 26 to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 27 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). The court must be able to “draw 1 at 663. “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere 2 conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Id. In reviewing a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the 3 Court accepts as true all facts alleged in the complaint and draws all reasonable 4 inferences in favor of the plaintiff. al-Kidd v. Ashcroft, 580 F.3d 949, 956 (9th Cir. 5 2009). 6 When a motion to dismiss is granted, “[l]eave to amend should be granted 7 unless the pleading ‘could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.’” 8 Velez v. Cloghan Concepts LLC, 387 F. Supp. 3d 1072, 1078 (S.D. Cal. 2019) 9 (quoting Ramirez v. Galaza, 334 F.3d 850, 861 (9th Cir. 2003)). When assessing 10 whether leave to amend should be granted, district courts should consider “four 11 factors: bad faith, undue delay, prejudice to the opposing party, and/or futility.” 12 Owens v. Kaiser Found. Health Plan, Inc., 244 F.3d 708, 712 (9th Cir. 2001). 13 DISCUSSION 14 1. Plaintiff’s First Cause of Action 15 Plaintiff’s first cause of action for violation of his Fourteenth Amendment 16 rights was asserted against Defendants Lee, Dr. Montgomery, Nurse Symmonds, Dr. 17 Rafi, Dr. Molina, Dr. Christensen, Rognlien-Hood, Deputy Farha, and DOES 1-10. 18 There are four “elements of a pretrial detainee’s medical care claim against an 19 individual defendant under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.” 20 Gordon v. Cty. of Orange, 888 F.3d 1118, 1125 (9th Cir. 2018). The four elements 21 are: 22 (i) the defendant made an intentional decision with respect to the conditions under which the plaintiff was confined; (ii) 23 those conditions put the plaintiff at substantial risk of 24 suffering serious harm; (iii) the defendant did not take reasonable available measures to abate that risk, even 25 though a reasonable official in the circumstances would 26 have appreciated the high degree of risk involved—making the consequences of the defendant's conduct obvious; and 27 (iv) by not taking such measures, the defendant caused the 1 The Court has studied the Amended Complaint and holds that the facts as 2 alleged and the reasonable inferences therefrom state a plausible Fourteenth 3 Amendment claim under Gordon against defendants Rognlien-Hood, Symmonds, Dr. 4 Raffi, Dr. Molina, Dr. Christensen and Deputy Farha. 5 However, the Court is inclined to dismiss Plaintiff’s first cause of action against 6 Defendants Dr. Montgomery and Lee. As to Defendants Dr. Montgomery and Lee, 7 the Amended Complaint consists of “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of [the] 8 cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements.” See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 9 678. That “do[es] not suffice” under Iqbal. In fact, in in the Amended Complaint, 10 Plaintiff essentially acknowledges that he does not know what Defendants Dr. 11 Montgomery and nurse Lee failed to do that caused Plaintiff’s damage. The Court 12 will dismiss the first cause of action against them. However, Plaintiff is granted leave 13 to amend under Owens, 244 F.3d at 712. 14 Deputy Farha has requested that the Court take judicial notice of a state court 15 document showing that Plaintiff pleaded guilty on September 27, 2021. Deputy Farha 16 argues that the facts alleged against him occurred after that date, when Plaintiff was 17 no longer a pretrial detainee. However, it is not clear from the Amended Complaint 18 that Plaintiff was not a pretrial detainee when Deputy Farha allegedly threw away 19 Plaintiff’s exercise ball and compression sleeve. Nevertheless, the Amended 20 Complaint states a plausible claim against Deputy Farha under both the Eighth and 21 Fourteenth Amendments. Therefore, it is unnecessary to take judicial notice. Plaintiff 22 shall clarify in his second amended complaint whether he was a pretrial detainee when 23 these actions occurred. See Resnick v. Hayes, 213 F.3d 443, 448 (9th Cir. 2000) 24 (concluding that a plaintiff who had been convicted but not sentenced should be 25 treated as a convict instead of a pretrial detainee when analyzing his liberty interest). 26 2. Plaintiff’s Second Cause of Action 27 The claims asserted in Plaintiff’s second cause of action cannot be brought 1 (holding “that a plaintiff cannot bring an action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against a State 2 official in her individual capacity to vindicate rights created by Title II of the ADA or 3 section 504 of the R[A]”). Based on Vinson, Plaintiff cannot assert ADA or RA 4 claims under Section 1983. See id. However, Plaintiff alleges that he was placed in 5 disciplinary housing for his complaints and that he was denied recreation and showers. 6 But Plaintiff does not allege who is responsible for those actions. Plaintiff is granted 7 leave to amend to assert claims under the ADA and the RA, but he cannot assert such 8 claims under Section 1983. 9 3. Plaintiff’s Third Cause of Action 10 Plaintiff’s third cause of action is a claim against the County and CHP, Inc. for 11 “Failure to Provide Adequate Medical Care and Training.” According to Plaintiff, his 12 injuries were caused by the County’s and CHP, Inc.’s inadequate policies regarding 13 medical care. 14 The County may be sued under Section 1983 to the extent it had a policy, law, 15 or custom that (1) deprived Plaintiff of a constitutional right and (2) amounted to 16 deliberate indifference of that right. Monell v. Department of Soc. Servs. of New York, 17 436 U.S. 658, 690-91 (1978); Van Ort v. Estate of Stanewich, 92 F.3d 831, 835 (9th 18 Cir. 1996). A plaintiff may bring a failure-to-train or failure-to-staff claim under 19 Monell but must prove (1) deliberate indifference and (2) causation. See Hyde v. City 20 of Willcox, 23 F.4th 863, 874 (9th Cir. 2022). 21 To support this claim, Plaintiff points to (1) an April 2018 report by Disability 22 Rights California claiming that County jails are understaffed; (2) a report by the 23 California State Auditor critical of the Sherriff’s Department and claiming that the 24 Department was responsible for deaths in County jails; (3) a February 2022 class 25 action complaint claiming that the County and CHP, Inc. maintain inadequate 26 practices and policies; and (4) two instances where inmates with diabetes died in jail. 27 (ECF No. 10 at 27-29). 1 Monell. Plaintiff’s allegations lack the necessary specificity to support a claim under 2 Monell. Plaintiff does not indicate what the County’s inadequate policies are, why or 3 how the County’s employees are inadequately trained, nor how the County’s alleged 4 understaffing caused Plaintiff’s injures. To the contrary, the Amended Complaint 5 provides that the County’s jail was staffed and that the medical staff was aware of his 6 conditions, but that the staff simply did not treat his conditions. Plaintiff does not 7 adequately allege how the County’s policies or staffing practices caused his injuries. 8 Plaintiff has alleged generally that other groups or individuals are highly 9 critical of the medical care in County jails, but that is insufficient to plausibly allege 10 that the County’s policies or staffing practices caused his injuries and amounted to 11 deliberate indifference of his constitutional rights. In essence, Plaintiff alleges that 12 the medical treatment at County jails is inadequate, but that is insufficient to plausibly 13 allege that the County was deliberately indifferent and that the County’s policies or 14 staffing practices caused Plaintiff’s injuries. However, the Court will grant Plaintiff 15 leave to amend under Owens, 244 F.3d at 712. 16 4. Plaintiff’s Fourth Cause of Action 17 Plaintiff’s fourth cause of action is for negligence against all Defendants. Only 18 Defendants County of San Diego, Dr. Montgomery, Rognlien-Hood, and Symmonds 19 have moved to dismiss this cause of action. 20 Plaintiff was required to provide a notice of his claim to the County before 21 bringing suit. Cal. Gov. Code §§ 945.4 & 950.6. Plaintiff was also required to plead 22 that he did so. State of California v. Superior Court, 90 P.3d 116, 119 (Cal. 2004) 23 (“We conclude that failure to allege facts demonstrating or excusing compliance with 24 the claim presentation requirement subjects a claim against a public entity to a 25 demurrer for failure to state a cause of action.”). Plaintiff admits he did not do so. 26 Plaintiff’s negligence claim against the County, Dr. Montgomery, Rognlien-Hood, 27 and Symmonds thus must be dismissed. However, Plaintiff will be granted leave to 1 While the County argues that Plaintiff’s claim is based on facts beyond the 2 County’s immunity under California Government Code Section 845.6, the County has 3 not shown that dismissal of Plaintiff’s claim at this stage is the appropriate remedy. 4 Thus, the Court will decline to dismiss Plaintiff’s claim on that basis. In addition, the 5 County has not shown that Plaintiff will be unable to satisfy the standard for punitive 6 damages. Thus, the Court declines to strike Plaintiff’s request for punitive damages. 7 And contrary to the defense arguments, California Civil Code 425.13 does not apply 8 in federal court. See generally Martin v. Pierce Cty., 34 F.4th 1125 (9th Cir. 2022) 9 (holding that a “state law requiring a claimant to file a declaration declining to submit 10 the case to arbitration when filing a medical malpractice suit” does not “apply in 11 federal court”). 12 5. Plaintiff’s Fifth Cause of Action 13 Plaintiff’s fifth cause of action is for intentional infliction of emotional distress 14 (IIED) against Defendants Deputy Farha, DOE Deputy/Nurse Defendants 1-10, Dr. 15 Rafi, Dr. Molina, Dr. Montgomery, Dr. Christensen, San Diego County and CHP, Inc. 16 There are three elements of a IIED claim in California: “(1) extreme and outrageous 17 conduct by the defendant with the intention of causing, or reckless disregard of the 18 probability of causing, emotional distress; (2) the plaintiff's suffering severe or 19 extreme emotional distress; and (3) actual and proximate causation of the emotional 20 distress by the defendant’s outrageous conduct.” Lawler v. Montblanc N. Am., LLC, 21 704 F.3d 1235, 1245 (9th Cir. 2013) (citation omitted). 22 Because Plaintiff has agreed to dismiss this claim against Deputy Farha, the 23 Court will grant Deputy Farha’s motion on this basis. In any event, the Court will 24 dismiss this claim because Plaintiff failed to plead that he filed a notice of his claim. 25 See State of California, 90 P.3d at 119. The Court will also dismiss this claim against 26 Dr. Montgomery because the factual allegations in the Amended Complaint fail to 27 specifically detail what Dr. Montgomery did and thus fail to plausibly support a claim 1 CONCLUSION 2 For the reasons stated, the motions to dismiss are granted in part and denied 3 |/in part. (ECF Nos. 12, 13, 21, & 22). Plaintiffs first cause of action against 4 || Defendants Dr. Montgomery and intake nurse Lee is dismissed with leave to amend. 5 || Plaintiff's second, third, fourth, and fifth causes of action are dismissed with leave to 6 || amend. 7 Plaintiff may file a second amended complaint within thirty (30) days of the 8 || filing of this order. Plaintiff shall comply with Civil Local Rule 15.1(c) and provide 9 ||a redlined version showing the deletions and additions. Once a Second Amended 10||Complaint is filed, the time to answer or otherwise respond is stayed and the 11 || defendants shall not file further motions to dismiss, but shall within fourteen (14) days 12 || of the filing of the Second Amended Complaint file a statement, no longer than seven 13 ||(7) pages, of the deficiencies in the Second Amended Complaint upon which they || wish to make a motion to dismiss. The Plaintiff may file a seven (7) page response 15 || to each defendant’s statement within fourteen (14) days of the filing of the defendants’ 16 || statements. 17 As soon as possible, the Court will hold an in person hearing to decide what 18 || motions need to be briefed. The Court is employing this procedure to avoid several 19||rounds of motions to dismiss. The Court strongly encourages the defendants to 20 || consolidate their responses as much as possible. The parties are not to relitigate the 21 || holdings in this opinion. 22 || IT ISSO ORDERED. 23 || Dated: September 13, 2023 il 24 Lay Tid Mepehuch Honorable Barry Ted Moskow!1 25 United States District Judge 26 27 28