Deemer, J.
[635]*6351 [636]*6362 3 [634]*634Por many years prior to the time this controversy arose C. W. Sutton and Geo. W. Sutton were engaged in merchandising at Odebolt, Iowa, under the firm name of O. W. Sutton & Son. The title to lots 9, 10, and 11 in block 4 in said town appeared to be as follows: Lot 9 stood in the name of O. W. Sutton, lot 10 in the name of G. W. Sutton, and lot 11 in the name of O. W. Sutton & Son. On November 19, 1896, G. W.' Sutton conveyed -lot 10, upon which there was a brick store building, to Lucinda. Sutton, wife of C. W.; and on the same day O. W. Sutton & Son transferred their stock off merchandise to John Mc-Oorkindale; and at about the same time O. W. Sutton and wife made the mortgage in controversy to Taylor, which covered lot 9 and “ O. W. Sutton’s interest in lot 11.” This controversy is over lot 11 in block 4. The creditors claim that the mortgage to Taylor was executed without consideration, and with the specific intent to cheat and defraud the creditors. of O. W. Sutton & Son,— O. W. and Geo. W. Sutton. It appears that they were all creditors at the time the mortgage was executed to Taylor, and that they have since reduced their claim to judgment. It is also claimed that, as the mortgage only covered O. W. Sutton’s interest in the property, and as the creditors are the creditors of a partnership of O. W. Sutton & Son, their liens are prior to that created by the mortgage. Sutton and Taylor claim that the mortgage was executed to secure Taylor for money [635]*635received by Sutton as the guardian of Taylor; that, although the title to lot 11 was in O. W. and Geo. W. Sutton as “O. W. Sutton & Son,” yet in truth O. W. Sutton was the sole owner thereof, and possessed the entire interest therein; and that the money secured by O. W. Sutton as guardian of Taylor was used by the firm of O. W. Sutton & Son in the transaction of partnership business. They deny any fraud in the making of the mortgage, and say it was executed in good faith, to secure Taylor the money owing him. Plaintiff acquired possession of the mortgage in this manner: McCorkindale, who it is claimed purchased the partnership stock of merchandise, it is said sold the same, after holding it a short time, to Taylor, receiving the notes and mortgage in suit in payment thereof. Sutton and wife had given a bond to plaintiff, Kelliher, to convey him the lot in controversy, and it became evident to all that they could not make good title to the lot because of the outstanding mortgage, and for the further reason that some of the creditors of the firm had obtained judgments which were apparent liens. It is claimed that he (Kelliher) wanted the property, and that, after discovering the apparent liens, he went to McOorkindale, and purchased the note and mortgage, paying $25 in cash, and promising him more if he succeeded in obtaining title to the property through «foreclosure proceedings. All this was after the maturity of the notes, and, even if it were not, plaintiff has not shown himself to be a purchaser for value. The primary question in the case is the validity of the Taylor notes and mortgage as against prior creditors of the firm of O. W. Sutton & Son who have reduced their claims to judgment not only as against the firm, but also as against the individual members thereof. If this mortgage was executed with intent to hinder, delay, and defraud these creditors, it is invalid, even if based on a valuable consideration. Evidence as to the fraudulent use of the mortgage by the payee [636]*636and others after its execution is not material, except in so far as it bears on the issue of fraud at the inception of the transaction. These defendants may not complain of any fraud between Taylor and McCorkindale, or of McCorkindale and plaintiff, unless they were in some manner prejudiced ■ thereby. Consequently, if the mortgage was valid when executed, the creditors’ liens are subject thereto. But the issue of fraud opens a very wide door, and subsequent conduct may be shown for the pur pose of establishing the affirmative of that issue. Another rule of almost universal application is that other acts of a similar character, transpiring about the time of the act in question, may be shown for the purpose of establishing intent, and this is especially true where the indications are that they are a part of a connected scheme to defraud. Clark v. While, 12 Pet. 193, (9 L. Ed. 1046); Starr v. Stevenson, 91 Iowa, 684; Hamilton Buggy Co. v. Iowa Buggy Co., 88 Iowa, 364. Other familiar rules as to the right of an insolvent prefer creditors, and as to priorities of partnership over individual creditors in firm property, need not be stated, as they are too familiar to need repetition.
Erom a reading of this record we are entirely satisfied that Sutton & Son made all the transfers to which we have referred with intent to hinder, delay, or defraud their creditors. Our custom is not to set out the testimony on which we base our conclusions, and there is no reason for departing from it in this particular case. We are also constrained to believe that McCorkindale and Lucinda Sutton participated in this fraud. But for the evidence regarding Taylor’s subsequent conduct, we would hesitate before finding fraud on his part. But his transactions with McCorkindale in reference to the stock of merchandise are such as to indicate very clearly that he did not take the mortgage in good faith. His subsequent conduct is strong evidence of a prior intent, and his testimony, added to that relating [637]*637to tbe main transaction, is such as to lead to tbe conclusion that the notes and mortgage in suit were executed as a part •of a general plan to cheat and defraud; and that Taylor not only had notice thereof, but participated therein. These subsequent acts give tone to the original purpose. We need not again recite them, or give them their proper color. It is enough to add a' few further facts, which are confirmation strong of our conclusions. After Taylor received the ¡stock of goods from MeOorkindale, he (Taylor), without any consideration therefor, transferred the same to Mrs. O. W. Sutton. During all the time the title was in MeCorkin•dale, Taylor, and Mrs. O. W. Sutton, the Suttons were in possession of the stock of goods, and sold from it and other property as they saw fit. Taylor and Sutton both admit that Taylor traded his notes and mortgage for the stock at the instance and on the suggestion of O. W. Sutton. Some of the notes said to have been given by MeOorkindale for the merchandise were surrendered to him within a week after the transfer was made. Sutton, it seems, retained the Taylor notes .and mortgage in his possession rmtil they were given to MeOorkindale in exchange, as is claimed, for the stock of mer•chandise. Taylor is a brother-in-law of O. W. Sutton, and it seems acted largely on his (Sutton’s) advice.
4 [638]*6385 6 [637]*637Our conclusion that the notes and mortgages were ■fraudulent as to creditors renders it unnecessary to consider the other matters discussed. It may be that the conveyance of the lot to O. W. Sutton & Son did not pass the legal title, but only an equitable one, as held in German Land Assn. v. Scholler, 10 Minn. 331 (Gil. 260); Gille v. Hunt, 35 Minn. 357, (29 N. W. Rep. 2) ; Rammelsberg v. Mitchell, 29 Ohio St. 22; or that it conveyed title to O. W. Sutton alone as held in Lyman v. Gedney, 114 Ill. 388 (29 N. E. Rep. 282, 55 Am. Rep.
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Deemer, J.
[635]*6351 [636]*6362 3 [634]*634Por many years prior to the time this controversy arose C. W. Sutton and Geo. W. Sutton were engaged in merchandising at Odebolt, Iowa, under the firm name of O. W. Sutton & Son. The title to lots 9, 10, and 11 in block 4 in said town appeared to be as follows: Lot 9 stood in the name of O. W. Sutton, lot 10 in the name of G. W. Sutton, and lot 11 in the name of O. W. Sutton & Son. On November 19, 1896, G. W.' Sutton conveyed -lot 10, upon which there was a brick store building, to Lucinda. Sutton, wife of C. W.; and on the same day O. W. Sutton & Son transferred their stock off merchandise to John Mc-Oorkindale; and at about the same time O. W. Sutton and wife made the mortgage in controversy to Taylor, which covered lot 9 and “ O. W. Sutton’s interest in lot 11.” This controversy is over lot 11 in block 4. The creditors claim that the mortgage to Taylor was executed without consideration, and with the specific intent to cheat and defraud the creditors. of O. W. Sutton & Son,— O. W. and Geo. W. Sutton. It appears that they were all creditors at the time the mortgage was executed to Taylor, and that they have since reduced their claim to judgment. It is also claimed that, as the mortgage only covered O. W. Sutton’s interest in the property, and as the creditors are the creditors of a partnership of O. W. Sutton & Son, their liens are prior to that created by the mortgage. Sutton and Taylor claim that the mortgage was executed to secure Taylor for money [635]*635received by Sutton as the guardian of Taylor; that, although the title to lot 11 was in O. W. and Geo. W. Sutton as “O. W. Sutton & Son,” yet in truth O. W. Sutton was the sole owner thereof, and possessed the entire interest therein; and that the money secured by O. W. Sutton as guardian of Taylor was used by the firm of O. W. Sutton & Son in the transaction of partnership business. They deny any fraud in the making of the mortgage, and say it was executed in good faith, to secure Taylor the money owing him. Plaintiff acquired possession of the mortgage in this manner: McCorkindale, who it is claimed purchased the partnership stock of merchandise, it is said sold the same, after holding it a short time, to Taylor, receiving the notes and mortgage in suit in payment thereof. Sutton and wife had given a bond to plaintiff, Kelliher, to convey him the lot in controversy, and it became evident to all that they could not make good title to the lot because of the outstanding mortgage, and for the further reason that some of the creditors of the firm had obtained judgments which were apparent liens. It is claimed that he (Kelliher) wanted the property, and that, after discovering the apparent liens, he went to McOorkindale, and purchased the note and mortgage, paying $25 in cash, and promising him more if he succeeded in obtaining title to the property through «foreclosure proceedings. All this was after the maturity of the notes, and, even if it were not, plaintiff has not shown himself to be a purchaser for value. The primary question in the case is the validity of the Taylor notes and mortgage as against prior creditors of the firm of O. W. Sutton & Son who have reduced their claims to judgment not only as against the firm, but also as against the individual members thereof. If this mortgage was executed with intent to hinder, delay, and defraud these creditors, it is invalid, even if based on a valuable consideration. Evidence as to the fraudulent use of the mortgage by the payee [636]*636and others after its execution is not material, except in so far as it bears on the issue of fraud at the inception of the transaction. These defendants may not complain of any fraud between Taylor and McCorkindale, or of McCorkindale and plaintiff, unless they were in some manner prejudiced ■ thereby. Consequently, if the mortgage was valid when executed, the creditors’ liens are subject thereto. But the issue of fraud opens a very wide door, and subsequent conduct may be shown for the pur pose of establishing the affirmative of that issue. Another rule of almost universal application is that other acts of a similar character, transpiring about the time of the act in question, may be shown for the purpose of establishing intent, and this is especially true where the indications are that they are a part of a connected scheme to defraud. Clark v. While, 12 Pet. 193, (9 L. Ed. 1046); Starr v. Stevenson, 91 Iowa, 684; Hamilton Buggy Co. v. Iowa Buggy Co., 88 Iowa, 364. Other familiar rules as to the right of an insolvent prefer creditors, and as to priorities of partnership over individual creditors in firm property, need not be stated, as they are too familiar to need repetition.
Erom a reading of this record we are entirely satisfied that Sutton & Son made all the transfers to which we have referred with intent to hinder, delay, or defraud their creditors. Our custom is not to set out the testimony on which we base our conclusions, and there is no reason for departing from it in this particular case. We are also constrained to believe that McCorkindale and Lucinda Sutton participated in this fraud. But for the evidence regarding Taylor’s subsequent conduct, we would hesitate before finding fraud on his part. But his transactions with McCorkindale in reference to the stock of merchandise are such as to indicate very clearly that he did not take the mortgage in good faith. His subsequent conduct is strong evidence of a prior intent, and his testimony, added to that relating [637]*637to tbe main transaction, is such as to lead to tbe conclusion that the notes and mortgage in suit were executed as a part •of a general plan to cheat and defraud; and that Taylor not only had notice thereof, but participated therein. These subsequent acts give tone to the original purpose. We need not again recite them, or give them their proper color. It is enough to add a' few further facts, which are confirmation strong of our conclusions. After Taylor received the ¡stock of goods from MeOorkindale, he (Taylor), without any consideration therefor, transferred the same to Mrs. O. W. Sutton. During all the time the title was in MeCorkin•dale, Taylor, and Mrs. O. W. Sutton, the Suttons were in possession of the stock of goods, and sold from it and other property as they saw fit. Taylor and Sutton both admit that Taylor traded his notes and mortgage for the stock at the instance and on the suggestion of O. W. Sutton. Some of the notes said to have been given by MeOorkindale for the merchandise were surrendered to him within a week after the transfer was made. Sutton, it seems, retained the Taylor notes .and mortgage in his possession rmtil they were given to MeOorkindale in exchange, as is claimed, for the stock of mer•chandise. Taylor is a brother-in-law of O. W. Sutton, and it seems acted largely on his (Sutton’s) advice.
4 [638]*6385 6 [637]*637Our conclusion that the notes and mortgages were ■fraudulent as to creditors renders it unnecessary to consider the other matters discussed. It may be that the conveyance of the lot to O. W. Sutton & Son did not pass the legal title, but only an equitable one, as held in German Land Assn. v. Scholler, 10 Minn. 331 (Gil. 260); Gille v. Hunt, 35 Minn. 357, (29 N. W. Rep. 2) ; Rammelsberg v. Mitchell, 29 Ohio St. 22; or that it conveyed title to O. W. Sutton alone as held in Lyman v. Gedney, 114 Ill. 388 (29 N. E. Rep. 282, 55 Am. Rep. 871), ¡and Beaman v. Whitney, 20 Me. 413. But these points we do not decide, for they are not argued by counsel. It is enough to say .that under either rule, as we understand it, the part[638]*638ners, when the conveyance is to a partnership, have presumptively at least, an equitable-title; and in this state judgments are liens upon equitable titles. See cases cited under section 3801 of the Code. Testimony was adduced upon the trial to show-that O. W. Sutton was in fact the sole owner of the property, or, if not the sole owner, that he held the legal title thereto in trust for Taylor, who* it is claimed, furnished the consideration paid for the land. Even if the latter testimony be accepted as truth, it will not avail plaintiff, for he is claiming under a mortgage, and not ashing to establish a trust; and, conceding that the former testimony is competent, and that it establishes title in C. W. Sutton alone, yet the plaintiff neither tenders such an issue in his pleadings nor presents it in his argument, except in the most obscure manner. Had the points all been properly made and presented, they would not avail, for the judgments held by defendants were not only against the firm, but also against C. W. and Geo. W. Sutton individually. Consequently they were liens on the lot, whether the title was in O. W. Suton or the firm of which he was a member. Both of the Suttons were insolvent when defendants obtained their judgments, and they remained so when this action was commenced. Reduced to its last analysis, the only point in the case is the character of the mortgage. Was it made with intent to hinder, delay, and defraud the creditors of O. W. Sutton & Son, — C. W. and Geu W. Sutton ? If so, the decree is correct, and, if not, it should be reversed.
We thinh the evidence clearly establishes fraud, and the judgment is therefore affirmed.