FIFTH DIVISION MCFADDEN, P. J., HODGES and PIPKIN, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
September 24, 2025
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A25A1047. NORFOLK v. HAYES. A25A1051. NORFOLK v. HAYES
MCFADDEN, Presiding Judge.
These consolidated appeals challenge the trial court’s issuance of stalking
protective orders. Because there was sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s
orders, we affirm.
1. Procedural posture
Susan Hayes filed petitions for stalking temporary protective orders against her
neighbors, Lisa Norfolk and Susan Norfolk. The Norfolks, who are sisters, responded
with petitions for protective orders against Hayes. After a hearing at which the parties
testified, the trial judge announced that she was issuing protective orders for stalking
against all three of them. The Norfolks appeal from the 12-month protective orders entered against them, with Lisa Norfolk appealing in Case No. A25A1047 and Susan
Norfolk appealing in Case No A25A1051. Because the cases raise the same arguments,
we consider them together.
2. Sufficiency of the evidence
The Norfolks assert that the trial court erred in entering protective orders
against them because there was insufficient evidence of stalking under OCGA § 16-5-
90. We disagree.
OCGA § 16-5-94 (a) permits a party to seek a protective order by filing a petition alleging conduct constituting stalking under OCGA § 16-5-90. To be entitled to a protective order based on stalking, the petitioner must establish the elements of the offense by a preponderance of the evidence. In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a stalking protective order, we do not weigh the evidence or assess witness credibility, and we construe the evidence in favor of the findings of the trier of fact.
Gibson-Wright v. Smith, 370 Ga. App. 860, 863 (1) (896 SE2d 907) (2024) (citations
and punctuation omitted).
So construed, the evidence shows that a few months after Hayes moved into the
house next door to the Norfolks, she discovered that plastic debris had been thrown
into her yard from an area behind her back fence. She and two neighbors went to the
area to investigate and they encountered the Norfolks. Susan Norfolk began screaming
2 and falsely accusing Hayes of having put the plastic debris in the area behind her fence
where the Norfolks walk their dogs.
After that incident, the Norfolks began walking their dogs multiple times each
day to grass directly in front of Hayes’ home and had the dogs urinate there, instead
of using their own yard. Hayes repeatedly asked that they stop doing so since she was
responsible for maintaining the grass on that right-of-way area, and she put up a yard
sign indicating the same. But the Norfolks continued to have their dogs urinate on the
grass and on the yard sign multiple times each day, to the extent that the grass turned
brown and had a noxious odor.
The evidence also showed that on multiple occasions the Norfolks screamed
obscenities at Hayes when she was on her own property; that they made obscene
gestures toward her security camera and directly at Hayes on at least one occasion;
that they repeatedly moved her trash cans to block her from backing out of her
driveway; that they regularly complained and confronted her about work she did on
her own property, including an incident when they harassed landscapers grading her
property and made a meritless complaint about the landscaping to the neighborhood
homeowners association (“HOA”); and that Lisa Norfolk sent an email to others in
3 the neighborhood about an incident with the trash cans and stated that she did not
want Hayes to serve on the HOA board.
Hayes testified that she is afraid of the Norfolks and what they might do next,
that she tries to avoid them at all costs, and that she fears walking out of her house
because they have three 100-pound dogs.
“A person commits the offense of stalking when he or she follows, places under
surveillance, or contacts another person at or about a place or places without the
consent of the other person for the purpose of harassing and intimidating the other
person.” OCGA § 16-5-90 (a) (1).
According to the statute, harassing and intimidating means a knowing and willful course of conduct directed at a specific person which causes emotional distress by placing such person in reasonable fear for such person’s safety or the safety of a member of his or her immediate family, by establishing a pattern of harassing and intimidating behavior, and which serves no legitimate purpose.
De Louis v. Sheppard, 277 Ga. App. 768, 770 (1) (627 SE2d 846) (2006) (citation and
punctuation omitted).
In this case, “[t]he pattern, frequency, and nature of the [Norfolks’ conduct]
was such that the trial court could conclude it was done for the purpose of harassing
and intimidating [Hayes].” De Louis, supra at 771 (1) (finding sufficient evidence for
4 stalking protective order where neighbor blared music at neighbors’ house, stared at
neighbor in a menacing way, and made lewd gestures). And there was sufficient
evidence that the Norfolks’ pattern of conduct targeting Hayes had put her in
reasonable fear for her safety as they had aggressively confronted her on several
occasions, purposely blocked her driveway with her own trash cans, and ignored her
repeated requests to stop using the area in front of her house. See Hayward v. Wisner,
369 Ga. App. 100, 101-102 (892 SE2d 398) (2023) (finding sufficient evidence of
reasonable fear of safety where victim testified that she did not feel safe to go outside
due to number of run-ins with neighbor that had escalated, including neighbor
screaming at her and others on multiple occasions). “(E)ven behavior that is not
overtly threatening can provide the requisite degree of intimidation and harassment
if it is ongoing, repetitious, and engaged in despite the communicated wishes of the
victim.” Gibson-Wright, supra at 863 (citation and punctuation omitted). See also
Owen v. Watts, 307 Ga. App. 493, 498 (2) (705 SE2d 852) (2010) (“stalking does not
require an overt threat of death or bodily injury”) (citation and punctuation omitted).
We agree with the Norfolks that some of their actions, such as sending an email
to neighbors or yelling at landscapers, may not constitute stalking in and of
5 themselves. See Chan v. Ellis, 296 Ga. 838, 840-841 (1) & (2) (770 SE2d 851) (2015)
(under stalking statute, the improper communication must be directed specifically to
the other person). But such actions, when considered in the context of other conduct
targeting Hayes and done without her consent, supported the trial court’s finding that
they had engaged in a willful course of conduct for the purpose of harassing and
intimidating Hayes. See De Louis, supra at 771 (1). And the Norfolks’ references to
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FIFTH DIVISION MCFADDEN, P. J., HODGES and PIPKIN, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
September 24, 2025
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A25A1047. NORFOLK v. HAYES. A25A1051. NORFOLK v. HAYES
MCFADDEN, Presiding Judge.
These consolidated appeals challenge the trial court’s issuance of stalking
protective orders. Because there was sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s
orders, we affirm.
1. Procedural posture
Susan Hayes filed petitions for stalking temporary protective orders against her
neighbors, Lisa Norfolk and Susan Norfolk. The Norfolks, who are sisters, responded
with petitions for protective orders against Hayes. After a hearing at which the parties
testified, the trial judge announced that she was issuing protective orders for stalking
against all three of them. The Norfolks appeal from the 12-month protective orders entered against them, with Lisa Norfolk appealing in Case No. A25A1047 and Susan
Norfolk appealing in Case No A25A1051. Because the cases raise the same arguments,
we consider them together.
2. Sufficiency of the evidence
The Norfolks assert that the trial court erred in entering protective orders
against them because there was insufficient evidence of stalking under OCGA § 16-5-
90. We disagree.
OCGA § 16-5-94 (a) permits a party to seek a protective order by filing a petition alleging conduct constituting stalking under OCGA § 16-5-90. To be entitled to a protective order based on stalking, the petitioner must establish the elements of the offense by a preponderance of the evidence. In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a stalking protective order, we do not weigh the evidence or assess witness credibility, and we construe the evidence in favor of the findings of the trier of fact.
Gibson-Wright v. Smith, 370 Ga. App. 860, 863 (1) (896 SE2d 907) (2024) (citations
and punctuation omitted).
So construed, the evidence shows that a few months after Hayes moved into the
house next door to the Norfolks, she discovered that plastic debris had been thrown
into her yard from an area behind her back fence. She and two neighbors went to the
area to investigate and they encountered the Norfolks. Susan Norfolk began screaming
2 and falsely accusing Hayes of having put the plastic debris in the area behind her fence
where the Norfolks walk their dogs.
After that incident, the Norfolks began walking their dogs multiple times each
day to grass directly in front of Hayes’ home and had the dogs urinate there, instead
of using their own yard. Hayes repeatedly asked that they stop doing so since she was
responsible for maintaining the grass on that right-of-way area, and she put up a yard
sign indicating the same. But the Norfolks continued to have their dogs urinate on the
grass and on the yard sign multiple times each day, to the extent that the grass turned
brown and had a noxious odor.
The evidence also showed that on multiple occasions the Norfolks screamed
obscenities at Hayes when she was on her own property; that they made obscene
gestures toward her security camera and directly at Hayes on at least one occasion;
that they repeatedly moved her trash cans to block her from backing out of her
driveway; that they regularly complained and confronted her about work she did on
her own property, including an incident when they harassed landscapers grading her
property and made a meritless complaint about the landscaping to the neighborhood
homeowners association (“HOA”); and that Lisa Norfolk sent an email to others in
3 the neighborhood about an incident with the trash cans and stated that she did not
want Hayes to serve on the HOA board.
Hayes testified that she is afraid of the Norfolks and what they might do next,
that she tries to avoid them at all costs, and that she fears walking out of her house
because they have three 100-pound dogs.
“A person commits the offense of stalking when he or she follows, places under
surveillance, or contacts another person at or about a place or places without the
consent of the other person for the purpose of harassing and intimidating the other
person.” OCGA § 16-5-90 (a) (1).
According to the statute, harassing and intimidating means a knowing and willful course of conduct directed at a specific person which causes emotional distress by placing such person in reasonable fear for such person’s safety or the safety of a member of his or her immediate family, by establishing a pattern of harassing and intimidating behavior, and which serves no legitimate purpose.
De Louis v. Sheppard, 277 Ga. App. 768, 770 (1) (627 SE2d 846) (2006) (citation and
punctuation omitted).
In this case, “[t]he pattern, frequency, and nature of the [Norfolks’ conduct]
was such that the trial court could conclude it was done for the purpose of harassing
and intimidating [Hayes].” De Louis, supra at 771 (1) (finding sufficient evidence for
4 stalking protective order where neighbor blared music at neighbors’ house, stared at
neighbor in a menacing way, and made lewd gestures). And there was sufficient
evidence that the Norfolks’ pattern of conduct targeting Hayes had put her in
reasonable fear for her safety as they had aggressively confronted her on several
occasions, purposely blocked her driveway with her own trash cans, and ignored her
repeated requests to stop using the area in front of her house. See Hayward v. Wisner,
369 Ga. App. 100, 101-102 (892 SE2d 398) (2023) (finding sufficient evidence of
reasonable fear of safety where victim testified that she did not feel safe to go outside
due to number of run-ins with neighbor that had escalated, including neighbor
screaming at her and others on multiple occasions). “(E)ven behavior that is not
overtly threatening can provide the requisite degree of intimidation and harassment
if it is ongoing, repetitious, and engaged in despite the communicated wishes of the
victim.” Gibson-Wright, supra at 863 (citation and punctuation omitted). See also
Owen v. Watts, 307 Ga. App. 493, 498 (2) (705 SE2d 852) (2010) (“stalking does not
require an overt threat of death or bodily injury”) (citation and punctuation omitted).
We agree with the Norfolks that some of their actions, such as sending an email
to neighbors or yelling at landscapers, may not constitute stalking in and of
5 themselves. See Chan v. Ellis, 296 Ga. 838, 840-841 (1) & (2) (770 SE2d 851) (2015)
(under stalking statute, the improper communication must be directed specifically to
the other person). But such actions, when considered in the context of other conduct
targeting Hayes and done without her consent, supported the trial court’s finding that
they had engaged in a willful course of conduct for the purpose of harassing and
intimidating Hayes. See De Louis, supra at 771 (1). And the Norfolks’ references to
conflicts in the testimony, witness credibility, and evidence supporting their own
claims do not mandate reversal since those were matters for the trial court to resolve.
See Austin v. State, 335 Ga. App. 521, 525 (1) (782 SE2d 308) (2016) (notwithstanding
defendant’s claims of innocent motives regarding his conduct toward victim in
stalking case, it was for the trier of fact to determine whether he acted with requisite
intent). “Under the circumstances, the trial court was not required to conclude that
[the Norfolks had targeted Hayes for a legitimate purpose or that her] fears were
unreasonable.” Owen, supra at 498 (2).
The grant or denial of a motion for protective order generally lies within the sound discretion of the trial court, and will not be reversed absent an abuse of that discretion. The trial court is in the best position to make determinations on these issues, and we will not overrule its judgment if there is any reasonable evidence to support it. In other words, it is not this [c]ourt’s function to second-guess the trial court in
6 cases such as this, which turn largely on questions of credibility and judgments.
Hayward, supra at 100 (citations and punctuation omitted). Here, “the trial court did
not abuse its discretion in finding that [Hayes] had established the elements of stalking
by a preponderance of the evidence [and in issuing the temporary protective orders].”
Id. at 102.
Judgments affirmed. Hodges and Pipkin, JJ., concur.