Miss Blanche Wilcox died at her residence in De Soto parish, leaving no forced heirs, either ascendant or descendant. There are two groups or branches of collateral heirs. One of the groups is referred to as the Williams heirs, and is composed of a son and three daughters and a grandson — the grandson being the only heir and representative of a deceased son — of the deceased Mary Jane Wilcox Williams, who was a sister of Miss Blanche Wilcox. The other
group of heirs is referred to as the Wilcox heirs, and is composed of four sons and two daughters of the deceased M.L. Wilcox, who was a brother of Miss Blanche Wilcox. The Williams heirs are Thomas G. Williams, the son, Mrs. Blanche Edge, Mrs. Margaret Burnet and Mrs. Mary Jane Russell, the daughters, and Louis Bryant Williams, the grandson, of the deceased Mary Jane Williams, sister of Miss Blanche Wilcox. The Wilcox heirs are Jim Wilcox, Louis B. Wilcox, M.L. Wilcox, Jr., and W. Arthur Wilcox, the sons, and Mrs. Ada Hall and Mrs. Annie Mae Yarbrough, the daughters of the deceased M.L. Wilcox, brother of Miss Blanche Wilcox. She left a will, dated May 30, 1924. At that time M.L. Wilcox, father of the so-called Wilcox heirs, was living, and so was Willis W. Williams, another grandson of the deceased Mary Jane Wilcox Williams, and brother of Louis Bryant Williams.
In her will Miss Blanche Wilcox left several special or particular legacies to her nieces and nephews, among which legacies was a legacy of $1,000 to her brother, M.L. Wilcox, who died after the will was made and before the death of the testatrix, and a legacy of $1,000 to Willis W. Williams, who also died after the will was made and before the death of the testatrix. She disposed of the residue of her estate by an universal legacy in favor of five of the Williams heirs, including Willis W. Williams, thus:
"The remainder of my estate, after the payment of the special legacies hereinabove provided for, I will and bequeath unto my nieces, Blanche Edge, born Williams, wife of J.M. Edge, Margaret Burnet, born Williams, wife of Joe H. Burnet, Mary Jane Russell, born Williams, wife of Wright Russell, and to my nephews, Thomas G. Williams and Willis W. Williams, share and share alike."
The two special legacies of $1,000 each, in favor of M.L. Wilcox and Willis W. Williams, and the residuary legacy in favor of Willis W. Williams as one of the five universal
legatees, were without effect, because, as we have said, these two legatees did not survive the testatrix.
"The testamentary disposition becomes without effect, if the person instituted or the legatee does not survive the testator." Rev. Civ. Code, art. 1697.
The question is, What shall be done with the two lapsed legacies of $1,000 each, and the share in the residuary legacy, which would have gone to Willis W. Williams if he had survived the testatrix? Shall the sum of these legacies inure to the benefit of the remaining four residuary legatees, or should it be divided among the heirs at law of the testatrix, as if it were not disposed of by the will?
The executor filed an account in which, after paying the debts of the succession and the special or particular legacies (all but the two which had lapsed by the death of the legatees), it was proposed to treat the $2,000 represented by the two lapsed special or particular legacies as being disposed of by the residuary legacy and to treat that part of the residuary legacy which would have gone to Willis W. Williams if he had survived the testatrix as belonging, not to the four remaining residuary legatees, but to the heirs at law of the testatrix, as if the fifth share, which would have gone to Willis W. Williams if he had survived, had not been disposed of by the will. The Wilcox heirs opposed the proposition of the executor to treat the two lapsed special legacies of $1,000 as being disposed of by the residuary legacy in favor of the Williams heirs, but approved of the proposition of the executor to divide among the heirs of the testatrix the fifth of the residue of the estate — which fifth would have gone to Willis W. Williams if he had survived the testatrix. In other words, the Wilcox heirs contend that a fifth of the residue of the estate — the fifth which would have gone to Willis W. Williams if he had survived the
testatrix — as well as the $2,000 represented by the two lapsed special legacies, should be divided among the heirs at law of the testatrix, as being undisposed of by the will. The four remaining residuary legatees, who are four of the five Williams heirs, approved of the proposition of the executor to treat the $2,000 represented by the two lapsed special legacies as being included in the residuary legacy, but opposed the proposition of the executor to divide a fifth of the residue of the estate — the fifth which would have gone to Willis W. Williams if he had survived the testatrix — among the heirs at law of the testatrix, instead of dividing the whole residue of the estate among the remaining four residuary legatees. They insist that the whole residue of the estate, as augmented by the lapsing of the two special legacies of $1,000 each, should be divided equally among them, the four remaining residuary legatees.
The district court rejected the opposition of the residuary legatees, and gave judgment in favor of the Wilcox heirs, ordering the executor to divide among the heirs at law of the testatrix the $2,000 represented by the two lapsed special legacies, and divide also among the heirs at law of the testatrix the fifth of the residuary legacy — the fifth which would have gone to Willis W. Williams if he had survived the testatrix. The Williams heirs, as residuary legatees, have appealed from the decision.
The case presents no difficulty with regard to the disposition which should be made of the $2,000 represented by the two lapsed special legacies. It is well settled that, where a testator, after bequeathing special legacies to particular legatees, disposes of the residue of his estate by an universal legacy, if a particular legatee dies before the death of the testator, the legacy to him, which thereby lapses, goes to the universal legatee or legatees, and not to the heirs of the testator. Prevost v. Martel, 10 Rob. 513; Succession
of Foucher, 18 La. Ann. 409; Heirs of Hoover v. York Hoover, 24 La. Ann. 375; Succession of Dupuy, 33 La. Ann. 277; Succession of Burnside, 35 La. Ann. 708; City of New Orleans v. Hardie, 43 La. Ann. 251, 9 So. 12; Succession of Herber, 117 La. 239, 41 So. 559.
"Consequently, where a testator, dying without legitimate descendants, but leaving several brothers and sisters, institutes one of them his universal heir, such universal heir or legatee will be entitled to the benefit resulting from the failure or reduction of the particular legacies, to the exclusion of the other brothers and sisters." Prevost v. Martel, 10 Rob. 513.
"Particular legacies which have lapsed by the death of the legatee before the testator, or from other inability of the legatee to take them, fall into the residuum, and go to the universal legatee and not to the heir." Succession of Burnside, 35 La. Ann. 708.
The judgment appealed from is therefore wrong in so far as it gives the heirs of the testatrix, instead of giving the universal legatees, the benefit of the lapsing of the two particular legacies of $1,000 each. In that respect the account of the executor — and the proposed distribution of the estate — was correct.
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Miss Blanche Wilcox died at her residence in De Soto parish, leaving no forced heirs, either ascendant or descendant. There are two groups or branches of collateral heirs. One of the groups is referred to as the Williams heirs, and is composed of a son and three daughters and a grandson — the grandson being the only heir and representative of a deceased son — of the deceased Mary Jane Wilcox Williams, who was a sister of Miss Blanche Wilcox. The other
group of heirs is referred to as the Wilcox heirs, and is composed of four sons and two daughters of the deceased M.L. Wilcox, who was a brother of Miss Blanche Wilcox. The Williams heirs are Thomas G. Williams, the son, Mrs. Blanche Edge, Mrs. Margaret Burnet and Mrs. Mary Jane Russell, the daughters, and Louis Bryant Williams, the grandson, of the deceased Mary Jane Williams, sister of Miss Blanche Wilcox. The Wilcox heirs are Jim Wilcox, Louis B. Wilcox, M.L. Wilcox, Jr., and W. Arthur Wilcox, the sons, and Mrs. Ada Hall and Mrs. Annie Mae Yarbrough, the daughters of the deceased M.L. Wilcox, brother of Miss Blanche Wilcox. She left a will, dated May 30, 1924. At that time M.L. Wilcox, father of the so-called Wilcox heirs, was living, and so was Willis W. Williams, another grandson of the deceased Mary Jane Wilcox Williams, and brother of Louis Bryant Williams.
In her will Miss Blanche Wilcox left several special or particular legacies to her nieces and nephews, among which legacies was a legacy of $1,000 to her brother, M.L. Wilcox, who died after the will was made and before the death of the testatrix, and a legacy of $1,000 to Willis W. Williams, who also died after the will was made and before the death of the testatrix. She disposed of the residue of her estate by an universal legacy in favor of five of the Williams heirs, including Willis W. Williams, thus:
"The remainder of my estate, after the payment of the special legacies hereinabove provided for, I will and bequeath unto my nieces, Blanche Edge, born Williams, wife of J.M. Edge, Margaret Burnet, born Williams, wife of Joe H. Burnet, Mary Jane Russell, born Williams, wife of Wright Russell, and to my nephews, Thomas G. Williams and Willis W. Williams, share and share alike."
The two special legacies of $1,000 each, in favor of M.L. Wilcox and Willis W. Williams, and the residuary legacy in favor of Willis W. Williams as one of the five universal
legatees, were without effect, because, as we have said, these two legatees did not survive the testatrix.
"The testamentary disposition becomes without effect, if the person instituted or the legatee does not survive the testator." Rev. Civ. Code, art. 1697.
The question is, What shall be done with the two lapsed legacies of $1,000 each, and the share in the residuary legacy, which would have gone to Willis W. Williams if he had survived the testatrix? Shall the sum of these legacies inure to the benefit of the remaining four residuary legatees, or should it be divided among the heirs at law of the testatrix, as if it were not disposed of by the will?
The executor filed an account in which, after paying the debts of the succession and the special or particular legacies (all but the two which had lapsed by the death of the legatees), it was proposed to treat the $2,000 represented by the two lapsed special or particular legacies as being disposed of by the residuary legacy and to treat that part of the residuary legacy which would have gone to Willis W. Williams if he had survived the testatrix as belonging, not to the four remaining residuary legatees, but to the heirs at law of the testatrix, as if the fifth share, which would have gone to Willis W. Williams if he had survived, had not been disposed of by the will. The Wilcox heirs opposed the proposition of the executor to treat the two lapsed special legacies of $1,000 as being disposed of by the residuary legacy in favor of the Williams heirs, but approved of the proposition of the executor to divide among the heirs of the testatrix the fifth of the residue of the estate — which fifth would have gone to Willis W. Williams if he had survived the testatrix. In other words, the Wilcox heirs contend that a fifth of the residue of the estate — the fifth which would have gone to Willis W. Williams if he had survived the
testatrix — as well as the $2,000 represented by the two lapsed special legacies, should be divided among the heirs at law of the testatrix, as being undisposed of by the will. The four remaining residuary legatees, who are four of the five Williams heirs, approved of the proposition of the executor to treat the $2,000 represented by the two lapsed special legacies as being included in the residuary legacy, but opposed the proposition of the executor to divide a fifth of the residue of the estate — the fifth which would have gone to Willis W. Williams if he had survived the testatrix — among the heirs at law of the testatrix, instead of dividing the whole residue of the estate among the remaining four residuary legatees. They insist that the whole residue of the estate, as augmented by the lapsing of the two special legacies of $1,000 each, should be divided equally among them, the four remaining residuary legatees.
The district court rejected the opposition of the residuary legatees, and gave judgment in favor of the Wilcox heirs, ordering the executor to divide among the heirs at law of the testatrix the $2,000 represented by the two lapsed special legacies, and divide also among the heirs at law of the testatrix the fifth of the residuary legacy — the fifth which would have gone to Willis W. Williams if he had survived the testatrix. The Williams heirs, as residuary legatees, have appealed from the decision.
The case presents no difficulty with regard to the disposition which should be made of the $2,000 represented by the two lapsed special legacies. It is well settled that, where a testator, after bequeathing special legacies to particular legatees, disposes of the residue of his estate by an universal legacy, if a particular legatee dies before the death of the testator, the legacy to him, which thereby lapses, goes to the universal legatee or legatees, and not to the heirs of the testator. Prevost v. Martel, 10 Rob. 513; Succession
of Foucher, 18 La. Ann. 409; Heirs of Hoover v. York Hoover, 24 La. Ann. 375; Succession of Dupuy, 33 La. Ann. 277; Succession of Burnside, 35 La. Ann. 708; City of New Orleans v. Hardie, 43 La. Ann. 251, 9 So. 12; Succession of Herber, 117 La. 239, 41 So. 559.
"Consequently, where a testator, dying without legitimate descendants, but leaving several brothers and sisters, institutes one of them his universal heir, such universal heir or legatee will be entitled to the benefit resulting from the failure or reduction of the particular legacies, to the exclusion of the other brothers and sisters." Prevost v. Martel, 10 Rob. 513.
"Particular legacies which have lapsed by the death of the legatee before the testator, or from other inability of the legatee to take them, fall into the residuum, and go to the universal legatee and not to the heir." Succession of Burnside, 35 La. Ann. 708.
The judgment appealed from is therefore wrong in so far as it gives the heirs of the testatrix, instead of giving the universal legatees, the benefit of the lapsing of the two particular legacies of $1,000 each. In that respect the account of the executor — and the proposed distribution of the estate — was correct.
The judgment appealed from is wrong also in so far as it maintains that the universal or residuary legacy was not a conjoint legacy and that the heirs at law, instead of the four remaining residuary legatees, should take the fifth of the residue of the estate because the testamentary disposition in favor of Willis W. Williams was without effect, in consequence of his dying before the death of the testatrix.
It is argued on behalf of the appellees that the universal or residuary legacy was not a conjoint legacy, but a legacy of one-fifth of the residue of the estate to each of the five legatees named, because of the expression in the will, "share and share alike." It is said that the meaning and effect of the expression "share and share alike" is the same
as if the testatrix had given, in terms, to each one of the five legatees named, separately, one-fifth of the residue of her estate. Our opinion, to the contrary, is that the expression "share and share alike" had no particular reference to the number of the residuary legatees, or to the fractional part which each should receive of the residue of the estate, but meant merely that the residue of the estate should be divided equally among the residuary legatees, without regard for the number of them.
Our only function is to determine and carry out the intention of the testatrix, if it can be determined from the language of the will; and, with that in mind, it seems unreasonable to suppose that the testatrix intended, in giving the residue of her estate to the five named universal legatees with the direction that they should "share and share alike," but without even mentioning the number of them, that, if one of them should die, the remaining four should take only four-fifths of the residue of the estate. The presumption that the testatrix did not intend that any part of her estate should remain undisposed of by her will arises from the fact itself that, after giving the several special legacies to the particular legatees named, she disposed of the entire residue of her estate. The provisions of the Civil Code on the subject are as follows:
"Art. 1706. The right of accretion relative to testamentary dispositions, shall no longer subsist, except in the cases provided for in the two following articles.
"Art. 1707. Accretion shall take place for the benefit of the legatees, in case of the legacy being made to several conjointly.
"The legacy shall be reputed to be made conjointly when it is made by one and the same disposition without the testator's having assigned the part of such [meaning each] colegatee in the thing bequeathed.
"Art. 1708. It shall also be reputed to be made conjointly when a thing not susceptible of being divided without deterioration, has been given by the same act to several persons, even separately.
"Art. 1709. Except in the cases prescribed in the two preceding articles, every portion of the succession remaining undisposed of, either because the testator has not bequeathed either to a legatee or to an instituted heir, or because the heir or the legatee has not been able, or has not been willing to accept it, shall devolve upon the legitimate heirs."
The expression in the second paragraph of article 1707, "without the testator's having assigned the part of such colegatee," means without the testator's having assigned the part of each colegatee. In the French text of the corresponding article — 1700 — of the Code of 1825, the words which have been translated erroneously into "the part of such colegatee" are "la part de chacun des colégataires" — meaning, literally, "the part of each one of the colegatees." In the case before us, therefore, the residuary legacy was intended to be a conjoint legacy, because, as article 1707 of the Code provides, it was made by one and the same disposition, without the testator's having assigned the part or share of each one of the colegatees.
In the case of Parkinson v. McDonough, 4 Mart. (N.S.) 246, a legacy under an universal title given to four legatees, in the following words, was held to be a conjoint legacy, of which, one of the four legatees having died, the three survivors took his share by accretion, viz.:
"I will and bequeath to the orphan children of my old friend Godfrey Duher, and which are now under my charge, and are named Mary, Nancy, James, and Eliza, one share, or one-eighth part of all my property, to be equally divided among them."
Surely, there is no difference in the meaning between "to be equally divided among them" and "share and share alike."
In Lebeau v. Trudeau, 10 La. Ann. 164, a legacy to eight legatees, written in French, was translated as follows:
"After my debts are paid, my property shall be divided, in equal portions, among the persons hereinafter named, that is to say, Lesine Lebeau,
Polixene Bertrand, John Demouruelle, Emma Bertrand, Jean Bertrand, Elizabeth Wilson, Laure Grousard, L.H. Trudeau."
The heirs at law of the testator claimed an eighth of the legacy because one of the legatees, Elizabeth Wilson, was incapable of receiving; but the court held that the legacy was conjoint, and that the seven other legatees took by accretion the share that was intended for Elizabeth Wilson.
In Mackie v. Story, 3 Otto (93 U.S.) 589, 23 L. Ed. 986, which was a Louisiana case, a legacy which read, "I will and bequeath to Henry C. Story and Benjamin S. Story all properties I die possessed of, to be divided equally between them," was held to be a conjoint legacy. The legatees were brothers of the deceased and one of them, Henry C., died before the death of the testator. The children of Henry C. Story claimed his half of the legacy, but the court held that it belonged to the colegatee, Benjamin S. Story, by right of accretion. The court said:
"The court below decided that the legacy was a conjoint one, and that by the right of accretion the whole of it accrued to Benjamin; and in this opinion we concur. The civil law does not recognize the common-law distinction between joint tenancy and tenancy in common. A gift to two persons jointly, if it takes effect, inures to their equal benefit without any right of survivorship. If one dies, his share goes to his legal representative. Hence the words `to be divided equally between them' added to such a legacy only expresses what the law would imply without them. They do not alter the character of the legacy; they are only descriptive of it. At the common law, they would have the effect of making it a tenancy in common; but they have no such effect in the civil law. The legacy, if it takes effect in respect of both legatees, will be divisible equally between them in any event.
"But in testamentary dispositions, the civil law does make a distinction between a conjoint legacy and a legacy of separate and distinct shares in the thing bequeathed. Where the whole thing bequeathed is given to two persons, if one of them fails to receive the benefit of the disposition, either because he dies before the testator, or is incapable to take it, or refuses
to take it, or because as to him it is revoked, the whole goes to the other legatee by accretion; for the whole was given to both, and it is presumed to be the will of the testator that he shall not die intestate as to any part, but that the whole shall pass by his will; and this, notwithstanding it may be divisible between the two legatees, if received by both. But where an aliquot part is bequeathed to one, and another aliquot part to another, then they are separate legacies, and that part which is bequeathed to one is not bequeathed to the other; as, if the testator should say, `I give one-half of my bank stock to each of my two sons,' or, `I give my bank stock to my two sons, one-half to each.' Here there is an assignment of parts by the testator himself; and the legacies are separate, and not conjoint.
"The distinction between these forms of expression and that in the will under consideration may seem somewhat nice; but it is not more so than that which prevails in the English law between a condition annexed to the gift and one annexed to the payment or delivery of the thing given. Thus, a bequest of $100 to A when he attains twenty-one years is a conditional gift, and fails if A died before twenty-one. But a bequest to A of $100, to be paid to him when he attains that age, is an absolute gift, and does not fail though he dies before, the condition being annexed only to the payment."
The appellees cite and rely upon the rulings in the following cases: Compton v. Prescott, 12 Rob. 56; Succession of Dougart, 30 La. Ann. 268; Succession of Hunter, 45 La. Ann. 262, 12 So. 312; and Succession of Schonekas, 155 La. 401, 99 So. 345.
In Compton v. Prescott, the residuary legacy to four nieces of the testator was held to be not a conjoint legacy, because the testator declared plainly that he gave one-fourth of the estate to each one of the legatees, viz.:
"To be equally divided between them, that is to say: One-fourth to Amelia, one-fourth to Mary Celeste, one-fourth to Eleanor, and one-fourth to Sarah Jane."
That, of course, was not a conjoint legacy, according to the definition given in the second paragraph of article 1707 of the Civil Code.
In the Succession of Dougart, the testator gave a third of his estate to his mother and the usufruct "of all the balance" of his property to his wife during her life, and the ownership thereof to his sister. The mother died before the death of the testator, and, at his death, the widow claimed the usufruct of the whole estate. The claim was not by a colegatee claiming by right of accretion. The ruling was that the widow of the testator did not have the usufruct of the third of the estate, which third would have gone to the testator's mother if she had survived him. The decision is not appropriate to this case.
In the Succession of Hunter, the executors proposed to apply the doctrine of accretion to several special or particular legatees, some of whom had died. Of course, there was no right of accretion in favor of the survivors of the several special or particular legatees of specified sums of money. There was a clause in the will directing the executors to pay severally and proportionately to the persons named as particular legatees any money or thing of value accruing to the estate from any claims exhibited in the papers left by the testator, or otherwise; but, with regard to that disposition, the court held that there was no disposing clause in favor of the special or particular legatees, hence no right to take by accretion the special legacies of sums of money given to the legatees who died before the death of the testator.
The decision rendered in the Succession of Schonekas is not so easily distinguished from the decision which we have arrived at in this case. In the Succession of Schonekas, the legacy which was held to be not a conjoint legacy was in favor of the testator's two daughters, viz.:
"In the event of my death, I give and bequeath unto my daughter Delia Schonekas, * * * and Lillie Schoenekas, * * * share and share alike, the disposable portion of my estate; that is so much, as the law will allow me to give them, in addition to what they are entitled to as my children and heirs."
The reason given for the ruling that the expression "share and share alike" prevented the legacy from being a conjoint legacy was that the expression "share and share alike" preceded the legacy itself, or the subject of the bequest; i.e., the disposable portion of the estate. It was conceded, in the opinion rendered in the case, that, if the expression "share and share alike" had been written after "the disposable portion of my estate," the expression "share and share alike" would have formed no part of the disposing clause, but would have been tantamount to "in equal proportions," and the legacy would have been a conjoint legacy. Whether that distinction would be recognized by the court as now constituted is a question which we need not decide. The decision in which the distinction was recognized was by a division composed of only three members of the court, and there was no application for a rehearing in the case; hence no opportunity for a majority of the members of the court to express their opinion on or to consider the question.
Our conclusion is that the residuary legacy in controversy in this case was intended to be a conjoint legacy, and that the four surviving residuary legatees are entitled by right of accretion to the whole of the residue of the estate, as augmented by the lapsing of the two special legacies of $1,000 by the death of the two particular legatees before the death of the testatrix.
The judgment appealed from is annulled, and it is now ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the account of the executor be amended so as to conform with the views herein expressed, and that the four surviving residuary legatees of the deceased, Miss Blanche Wilcox, are entitled to receive and to share equally the whole of the residue of her estate, as augmented by the lapsing of the two special legacies of $1,000 each by the death of the two particular legatees before the death of the testatrix. The costs of this proceeding are to be borne by the succession.
OVERTON, J., dissents, and adheres to the ruling made in Succession of Schonekas, 155 La. 401, 99 So. 345.