Collins, J.
The plaintiff’s intestate — a girl aged 17 years, in full possession of her faculties — was struck by one of defendant’s locomotives drawing a passenger train, in daylight, and within the limits of the city of St. Paul, receiving injuries which caused her death. She was accustomed to being about railway tracks and trains, and for about one month prior to the accident had been employed at a house situated within 300 feet of the place where it occurred. The public highway, which at this' point was nothing more than a country road, went around a'small marsh, and within a distance of 1,100 feet was crossed twice by the railway. There was some question as to just where the girl was when struck,— one witness for the plaintiff testifying that she was upon the northerly crossing, — the one nearest the house in which she was employed; while the engineer and fireman both stated that she had left the road, and was walking southerly- along the berme of the roadbed and between the crossings, presumably to shorten the journey she was making to the city on foot. And from facts and circumstances appearing on the trial, about which there was no contention, it would seem quite certain that the witness first mentioned was mistaken as to location, and that the girl must have been overtaken while between the crossings, and a trespasser upon the defendant’s right of way. There was no sign at the northerly crossing, but under the circumstances this was of no moment. The young woman knew, undoubtedly, of the existence of [254]*254the railway at the precise point, and therefore had all the information which would have been conveyed by the usual sign. Having this information, no matter how obtained, she was bound to approach-the crossing — a place of well-known danger — with care. She was-warned by her knowledge of the place to be vigilant to the extent of her opportunity in the use of her eyes and ears to observe a coming train in time to avoid it. It was undisputed in this case that the-right of way — 100' feet wide — was unobstructed, and that when a person approaching the crossing was 70 feet distant from the rails, the track could be easily seen for about one mile in a northerly direction. Now, when this girl came within 70 feet of the rails she could have easily seen the train in question, then but a few hundred feet away, had she looked. It would then be in plain sight, and not-a single thing intervened or prevented her from observing its swift approach; and this opportunity for seeing and hearing continued unimpaired as she walked towards the rails, — a period of perhaps one minute. When she was near by, say 5 or 6 feet distant, at a point where she could have stopped and remained in comparative-safety while the train passed, it could not have been more than 50 or 60 feet away. Assuming, then, that the accident happened at the-northerly crossing, and not while she was a trespasser; that the bell-was not rung, nor the whistle seasonably sounded, (and on these-points the preponderance of the evidence was decidedly with the defendant,) — the failure of Miss Kneasey to both see and hear the train,, if such was the fact, in time to avoid injury, seems incomprehensible. It must be assumed that she did not look or listen as she came to-this place of danger, or that the knowledge of the proximity of the train, which she must have obtained by the use of her senses, was-recklessly disregarded. In either case she directly contributed to the-negligence complained of as attributable to defendant, and the court, below was fully justified in charging the jury that, should they find that the girl was struck at the crossing, their verdict should be for defendant. On this branch of the case see Abbett v. Chicago, M. & St. P. Ry. Co., 30 Minn. 482, (16 N. W. Rep. 266;) Carney v. Chicago, St. P., M. & O. Ry. Co., 46 Minn. 220, (48 N. W. Rep. 912;) Clark v. Northern Pac. R. Co., 47 Minn. 380, (50 N. W. Rep. 365.) [255]*255We do not indorse the doctrine, if it anywhere exists, that a person may attempt to pass in front of a coming train at what is nothing more than a country crossing, relying solely upon a belief or on the expectation that the train will approach at a certain rate of speed.
The negligence relied upon by plaintiff, according to the complaint, was in running the defendant’s locomotive and cars over the northerly crossing without ringing the locomotive bell and without sounding the whistle, and at a speed of 30 miles an hour, in violation of an ordinance of the city, which prohibited the running of locomotives-within the city limits without ringing the bell, or at a greater rate of speed than 4 miles an hour. It was also alleged in the complaint, that the deceased was struck while upon the highway at the crossing. The answer took issue with the complaint on these allegations, admitted the existence of the ordinance, but averred that, as to the locality in question, it was unnecessary, unreasonable, and void. It briefly asserted also that Miss Kneasey was a trespasser upon its-road when injured, and that these injuries were the result of her own negligence entirely. Upon the trial the plaintiff attempted to shift his position, and to recover because of alleged negligence in the management of the train after the engineer in charge saw his intestate as she was walking from one crossing to the other.
The appellant’s third assignment of error is directed to the refusal of the court below to permit him to show that the railway between these crossings had for a long time prior to the accident been used and had been hourly and daily traveled over by people on foot. Without stopping to consider the sufficiency of the offer made by appellant’s counsel, and whether it was broad enough to be of any value, it can be said that the proposed testimony was clearly inadmissible under the pleadings. The issue was as to the negligence of the defendant company, and of the person, also, who was injured, at-the crossing; and none had been tendered as to negligence elsewhere, or as to the existence of a custom, amounting to a license by implication, for the public to use the roadbed as a footpath at this particular place, and hence the necessity, perhaps, of more care and circumspection upon the part of defendant’s employes when approaching it with a locomotive. Had the matter involved in this offer been [256]*256gone into, another and very important issue would have been injected into the case without the slightest suggestion of it in the pleadings. The court ruled correctly when excluding the proposed testimony.
From the testimony of the engineer and fireman it appeared that plaintiff’s intestate was' seen by them some distance ahead upon the track, and, as we understand it, she was then between the crossings. This was when the whistle was sounded for the northerly crossing. The engineer stated that when he blew the whistle the girl turned her head ■ towards him, apparently gazing at the train, and that he assumed that she saw it, and would turn aside. Just before going over the crossing he discovered that she was in danger, at once used the air brakes, and repeatedly blew a warning whistle. He stopped as soon as possible, but she was struck by the pilot beam of the locomotive at least 125 feet south of the northerly crossing. It was conceded that the 'train was running at 20 miles an hour when the engineer first noticed that Miss Kneasey was paying no attention to it, but, aside from the ordinance, there was nothing in the case tending to show' that this rate of speed was unusual or unreasonable.
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Collins, J.
The plaintiff’s intestate — a girl aged 17 years, in full possession of her faculties — was struck by one of defendant’s locomotives drawing a passenger train, in daylight, and within the limits of the city of St. Paul, receiving injuries which caused her death. She was accustomed to being about railway tracks and trains, and for about one month prior to the accident had been employed at a house situated within 300 feet of the place where it occurred. The public highway, which at this' point was nothing more than a country road, went around a'small marsh, and within a distance of 1,100 feet was crossed twice by the railway. There was some question as to just where the girl was when struck,— one witness for the plaintiff testifying that she was upon the northerly crossing, — the one nearest the house in which she was employed; while the engineer and fireman both stated that she had left the road, and was walking southerly- along the berme of the roadbed and between the crossings, presumably to shorten the journey she was making to the city on foot. And from facts and circumstances appearing on the trial, about which there was no contention, it would seem quite certain that the witness first mentioned was mistaken as to location, and that the girl must have been overtaken while between the crossings, and a trespasser upon the defendant’s right of way. There was no sign at the northerly crossing, but under the circumstances this was of no moment. The young woman knew, undoubtedly, of the existence of [254]*254the railway at the precise point, and therefore had all the information which would have been conveyed by the usual sign. Having this information, no matter how obtained, she was bound to approach-the crossing — a place of well-known danger — with care. She was-warned by her knowledge of the place to be vigilant to the extent of her opportunity in the use of her eyes and ears to observe a coming train in time to avoid it. It was undisputed in this case that the-right of way — 100' feet wide — was unobstructed, and that when a person approaching the crossing was 70 feet distant from the rails, the track could be easily seen for about one mile in a northerly direction. Now, when this girl came within 70 feet of the rails she could have easily seen the train in question, then but a few hundred feet away, had she looked. It would then be in plain sight, and not-a single thing intervened or prevented her from observing its swift approach; and this opportunity for seeing and hearing continued unimpaired as she walked towards the rails, — a period of perhaps one minute. When she was near by, say 5 or 6 feet distant, at a point where she could have stopped and remained in comparative-safety while the train passed, it could not have been more than 50 or 60 feet away. Assuming, then, that the accident happened at the-northerly crossing, and not while she was a trespasser; that the bell-was not rung, nor the whistle seasonably sounded, (and on these-points the preponderance of the evidence was decidedly with the defendant,) — the failure of Miss Kneasey to both see and hear the train,, if such was the fact, in time to avoid injury, seems incomprehensible. It must be assumed that she did not look or listen as she came to-this place of danger, or that the knowledge of the proximity of the train, which she must have obtained by the use of her senses, was-recklessly disregarded. In either case she directly contributed to the-negligence complained of as attributable to defendant, and the court, below was fully justified in charging the jury that, should they find that the girl was struck at the crossing, their verdict should be for defendant. On this branch of the case see Abbett v. Chicago, M. & St. P. Ry. Co., 30 Minn. 482, (16 N. W. Rep. 266;) Carney v. Chicago, St. P., M. & O. Ry. Co., 46 Minn. 220, (48 N. W. Rep. 912;) Clark v. Northern Pac. R. Co., 47 Minn. 380, (50 N. W. Rep. 365.) [255]*255We do not indorse the doctrine, if it anywhere exists, that a person may attempt to pass in front of a coming train at what is nothing more than a country crossing, relying solely upon a belief or on the expectation that the train will approach at a certain rate of speed.
The negligence relied upon by plaintiff, according to the complaint, was in running the defendant’s locomotive and cars over the northerly crossing without ringing the locomotive bell and without sounding the whistle, and at a speed of 30 miles an hour, in violation of an ordinance of the city, which prohibited the running of locomotives-within the city limits without ringing the bell, or at a greater rate of speed than 4 miles an hour. It was also alleged in the complaint, that the deceased was struck while upon the highway at the crossing. The answer took issue with the complaint on these allegations, admitted the existence of the ordinance, but averred that, as to the locality in question, it was unnecessary, unreasonable, and void. It briefly asserted also that Miss Kneasey was a trespasser upon its-road when injured, and that these injuries were the result of her own negligence entirely. Upon the trial the plaintiff attempted to shift his position, and to recover because of alleged negligence in the management of the train after the engineer in charge saw his intestate as she was walking from one crossing to the other.
The appellant’s third assignment of error is directed to the refusal of the court below to permit him to show that the railway between these crossings had for a long time prior to the accident been used and had been hourly and daily traveled over by people on foot. Without stopping to consider the sufficiency of the offer made by appellant’s counsel, and whether it was broad enough to be of any value, it can be said that the proposed testimony was clearly inadmissible under the pleadings. The issue was as to the negligence of the defendant company, and of the person, also, who was injured, at-the crossing; and none had been tendered as to negligence elsewhere, or as to the existence of a custom, amounting to a license by implication, for the public to use the roadbed as a footpath at this particular place, and hence the necessity, perhaps, of more care and circumspection upon the part of defendant’s employes when approaching it with a locomotive. Had the matter involved in this offer been [256]*256gone into, another and very important issue would have been injected into the case without the slightest suggestion of it in the pleadings. The court ruled correctly when excluding the proposed testimony.
From the testimony of the engineer and fireman it appeared that plaintiff’s intestate was' seen by them some distance ahead upon the track, and, as we understand it, she was then between the crossings. This was when the whistle was sounded for the northerly crossing. The engineer stated that when he blew the whistle the girl turned her head ■ towards him, apparently gazing at the train, and that he assumed that she saw it, and would turn aside. Just before going over the crossing he discovered that she was in danger, at once used the air brakes, and repeatedly blew a warning whistle. He stopped as soon as possible, but she was struck by the pilot beam of the locomotive at least 125 feet south of the northerly crossing. It was conceded that the 'train was running at 20 miles an hour when the engineer first noticed that Miss Kneasey was paying no attention to it, but, aside from the ordinance, there was nothing in the case tending to show' that this rate of speed was unusual or unreasonable. It was urged by plaintiff, upon the claim made by defendant that the injuries were inflicted while the girl was walking between the crossings, that he was entitled to recover on the ground that the engineer was grossly negligent in running his train at a prohibited rate of speed, and also in not attempting to stop when he first saw her upon the roadbed. When submitting this branch of the case to the jury the court charged that a recovery could not be had by plaintiff unless the engineer saw the girl in time to avoid the accident, and then was guilty of such gross negligence in not trying to avoid it as to evince a reckless disregard of human life; and of this complaint is made through one of the assignments of error. This language was fully justified by the authorities, and was merely another way of stating that a recovery could not be had unless it appeared that the engineer was willfully, wantonly, or intentionally negligent in the management of his train after discovering that Miss Kneasey was in danger. The latter form of stating the law applicable to a ease where a trespasser upon a railway track has been injured or killed has been approved in this state repeatedly, and its correctness is beyond question. [257]*257Johnson v. Truesdale, 46 Minn. 345, (48 N. W. Rep. 1136,) and citations. The defendant’s engineer was under no obligation to anticipate a trespasser, or to look out for persons walking upon the track; but, upon discovering plaintiff’s intestate across the cattle guard, as he claims she was when he noticed that she was in danger, it became the engineer’s duty to use proper care to avoid running her down. If he failed to exercise proper care, he would necessarily be grossly negligent, and evince a reckless disregard of human life. In other words, his conduct would be characterized as willfully or wantonly, or, possibly, intentionally, negligent. Of course, in the exercise of proper care reference must be had to the situation and circumstances. For illustration, much prompter action and greater care would be required of an engineer who discovered a small child on the track ahead o^ him — as was the case considered in Scheffler v. Minneapolis & St. L. Ry. Co., 32 Minn. 518, (21 N. W. Rep. 711) — than where the circumstances are similar to those now before us. In the one case the trespasser is a child, incapable of realizing its perilous situation, or of taking care of itself; in the other, an adult, evidently in possession of all the senses, and who had, according to the testimony, indicated that she realized the approach of the train by turning her head towards it when the whistle was sounded for the crossing. Proof that the train was running at an unreasonable rate of speed, or faster than was permitted under the ordinance, might be evidence of defendant’s negligence, — see Faber v. St. Paul, M. & M. Ry. Co., 29 Minn. 465, (13 N. W. Rep. 902,) — but would not relieve the person injured of the charge of having contributed to the deplorable result. If a person cannot be permitted to rely solely upon -the expectation or belief that a train will cross a highway or approach a station at a certain rate of speed, it is very evident that he cannot be allowed to go upon the railway for the purpose of using it as a footpath, depending or relying on a like expectation or belief. The extremely hazardous act of walking upon a railway track cannot be justified or excused by saying that he who goes into such a dangerous place has a right to assume that an approaching train will be run at a prescribed rate of speed, and therefore that he.supposed a point of safety could be reached before it came along. The language of the court [258]*258when charging the jury, complained of by the fourth assignment of error, was corrected in due season, and the plaintiff could not have been prejudiced by it.
Order affirmed.
(Opinion published 51 N. W. Rep. 115.)