Keith, P.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
George F. Stringfellow obtained a writ of habeas corpus from the Circuit Court of Culpeper county, to which Jennie G. and Kate Somerville were made respondents. The object of the writ was to determine who was entitled to the custody of Glassell Somerville Stringfellow, an infant of tender years, son of [704]*704the petitioner and nephew of the respondents. Ellen S. String-fellow, who before her marriage, was Ellen Somerville, died a few days after giving birth to the child who is the subject of this controversy. A short time before her death, the petitioner, at her instance, prepared her last will and testament, so much of which as need to be here considered being in the following language:
“Know all men by these presents, that I, Ellen S. Stringfellow, of the county of Culpeper and State of Yirginia, being of sound mind and memory, do make and declare and publish this, my last will and testament:
“Eirst. I desire that my child be permitted to remain with and be reared by my sisters, Jennie Gr. and Kate Somerville, and trained as their own, and my husband will aid them in sympathetic affection and support.
“Second. I desire that my husband be made guardian for my child, and to manage my business and property as he now does, carrying out all unfinished contracts and agreements made by me. That he shall continue the tin and stove business as long as he sees best for the interest of my child. He_shall have the profits from my property to support my child, all above that to be used as he sees proper during his life, and then my entire property to be given to my son, Classed! Somerville Stringfellow.”
The purpose disclosed in this will seems to have been long contemplated by the mother, and fully understood and approved by her husband and her sisters. Upon her death this will was admitted to probate, and, in accordance with its provisions, the infant child was delivered to the care and custody of Jennie C. and Kate Somerville, and was .by them taken to their home, where it has since been reared and nurtured with the most loving and tender care. The language of the will leaves no room for doubt or construction as to the wish of the testatrix. “I desire that my child be permitted to remain with and be reared by my sisters, Jennie Gr. and Kate Somerville, and trained as [705]*705their own.” What language could be more explicit? “To remain with;” to continue in an unchanged condition; to abide; to stay. The language employed is not appropriate to a temporary arrangement. No period is fixed to- its duration short of the accomplishment of the purpose with which the arrangement was made. “My child,” said the dying mother, is to be “reared by my sisters,” that is to say, is to be “educated,” “instructed,” “brought up to maturity” by them. The measure of authority which she intended to confer is conveyed in language equally apt and comprehensive. What broader terms could the mother have employed than those here used by which she consigns her offspring, from whom she is to be taken by an untimely deaths to the loving care of her sisters, to be “trained as their own.” As far as it was. in her power to do so, her sisters were clothed with plenary power and duty with respect to this child, while-the husband was reminded that it would be for him “to- aid them in sympathetic affection and support.” If her will is to prevail with respect to her child, the sisters are the principals to whom its execution is confided, and the father becomes their aid and auxiliary.
In the second clause of the will, it is true, she declares her desire that her husband “be made guardian for my child and to manage my business and property as he now does, carrying out. unfinished contracts and agreements made by me.” Beading,' the first and second clauses of the will together, placing ourselves as near as may be in the situation of the testatrix, looting to her previously declared intention and to- her full knowledge of the whole environment, we cannot doubt that the second clause has reference to the duties of a guardian with respect to the business, the property, the contracts, and agreements in which she ha'd been interested, and was not intended as a limitation or restriction upon the. disposition which she had made in the first clause with respect to the person of her child.
Ordinarily the father is entitled to the care and custody of his infant child (Merritt v. Swimley, 82 Va. 433; Coffee v. [706]*706Black, Id. 567), but where the father is before the court claiming to recover the custody of his child, the court will exercise its discretion according to the facts, and continue what will be best calculated to promote the infant’s welfare. Coffee v. Black, supra.
In Green v. Campbell, 35 West Va. 699, the above principles are thus stated: “The father is the natural guardian of his infant child, and, in the absence of good and sufficient cause shown, is entitled to its custody. But the court is in no case bound to deliver the child into the custody of any claimant, but may leave it in such custody as the welfare of the child may appear to require.”
We are not dealing with absolute rights of property. Says Judge Brewer, in Chapsky v. Wood, 26 Kansas, 650: “A parent’s right to the custody of the child is not like the right of property, an absolute and unconditional right, for if it were it would end this case and relieve us from all future difficulties.” And further on he says: “The paramount consideration is, what will promote the welfare of the child?”
The question is not which of the two claimants can surround the infant with greater luxury, or which of the two will be able to give or bequeath him the greater amount of money or property, but with which of them is he likely to be reared and trained so as to make him the better man and the better citizen.
We do not care to enter upon a detailed discussion of the evidence. It is sufficient to say, as is said by the learned judge of the Circuit Court, that reputable witnesses do question the morality of the petitioner, and we heartily concur in the conclusion reached by the Circuit Court, “that there can be no question that this little boy, in the home of his aunts, has been kindly cared for, and properly nurtured and instructed; that all the surroundings of their home, and his daily associations, are all that could be desired to promote his happiness and physical development;” and we earnestly unite in the regret expressed by the Circuit Court that the “relations which have heretofore existed [707]*707between these litigants up to- a short time since had not continued to the present time and thus avoided this unhappy controversy.” The fitness of the aunts is nowhere questioned, and is doubtless beyond the reach of all challenge or debate.
Where a parent has transferred to another the custody of his infant child by fair agreement which has been acted upon by such other person to the manifest interest and welfare of the child, the parent will not be permitted to reclaim the custody of the child unless he can show that a change of the custody will materially promote his child’s welfare. Green v. Campbell, supra.
As far as the child is concerned, its present situation leaves nothing to be desired, and we are free to consider the rights of the father unembarrassed by any apprehension with respect to its welfare.
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Keith, P.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
George F. Stringfellow obtained a writ of habeas corpus from the Circuit Court of Culpeper county, to which Jennie G. and Kate Somerville were made respondents. The object of the writ was to determine who was entitled to the custody of Glassell Somerville Stringfellow, an infant of tender years, son of [704]*704the petitioner and nephew of the respondents. Ellen S. String-fellow, who before her marriage, was Ellen Somerville, died a few days after giving birth to the child who is the subject of this controversy. A short time before her death, the petitioner, at her instance, prepared her last will and testament, so much of which as need to be here considered being in the following language:
“Know all men by these presents, that I, Ellen S. Stringfellow, of the county of Culpeper and State of Yirginia, being of sound mind and memory, do make and declare and publish this, my last will and testament:
“Eirst. I desire that my child be permitted to remain with and be reared by my sisters, Jennie Gr. and Kate Somerville, and trained as their own, and my husband will aid them in sympathetic affection and support.
“Second. I desire that my husband be made guardian for my child, and to manage my business and property as he now does, carrying out all unfinished contracts and agreements made by me. That he shall continue the tin and stove business as long as he sees best for the interest of my child. He_shall have the profits from my property to support my child, all above that to be used as he sees proper during his life, and then my entire property to be given to my son, Classed! Somerville Stringfellow.”
The purpose disclosed in this will seems to have been long contemplated by the mother, and fully understood and approved by her husband and her sisters. Upon her death this will was admitted to probate, and, in accordance with its provisions, the infant child was delivered to the care and custody of Jennie C. and Kate Somerville, and was .by them taken to their home, where it has since been reared and nurtured with the most loving and tender care. The language of the will leaves no room for doubt or construction as to the wish of the testatrix. “I desire that my child be permitted to remain with and be reared by my sisters, Jennie Gr. and Kate Somerville, and trained as [705]*705their own.” What language could be more explicit? “To remain with;” to continue in an unchanged condition; to abide; to stay. The language employed is not appropriate to a temporary arrangement. No period is fixed to- its duration short of the accomplishment of the purpose with which the arrangement was made. “My child,” said the dying mother, is to be “reared by my sisters,” that is to say, is to be “educated,” “instructed,” “brought up to maturity” by them. The measure of authority which she intended to confer is conveyed in language equally apt and comprehensive. What broader terms could the mother have employed than those here used by which she consigns her offspring, from whom she is to be taken by an untimely deaths to the loving care of her sisters, to be “trained as their own.” As far as it was. in her power to do so, her sisters were clothed with plenary power and duty with respect to this child, while-the husband was reminded that it would be for him “to- aid them in sympathetic affection and support.” If her will is to prevail with respect to her child, the sisters are the principals to whom its execution is confided, and the father becomes their aid and auxiliary.
In the second clause of the will, it is true, she declares her desire that her husband “be made guardian for my child and to manage my business and property as he now does, carrying out. unfinished contracts and agreements made by me.” Beading,' the first and second clauses of the will together, placing ourselves as near as may be in the situation of the testatrix, looting to her previously declared intention and to- her full knowledge of the whole environment, we cannot doubt that the second clause has reference to the duties of a guardian with respect to the business, the property, the contracts, and agreements in which she ha'd been interested, and was not intended as a limitation or restriction upon the. disposition which she had made in the first clause with respect to the person of her child.
Ordinarily the father is entitled to the care and custody of his infant child (Merritt v. Swimley, 82 Va. 433; Coffee v. [706]*706Black, Id. 567), but where the father is before the court claiming to recover the custody of his child, the court will exercise its discretion according to the facts, and continue what will be best calculated to promote the infant’s welfare. Coffee v. Black, supra.
In Green v. Campbell, 35 West Va. 699, the above principles are thus stated: “The father is the natural guardian of his infant child, and, in the absence of good and sufficient cause shown, is entitled to its custody. But the court is in no case bound to deliver the child into the custody of any claimant, but may leave it in such custody as the welfare of the child may appear to require.”
We are not dealing with absolute rights of property. Says Judge Brewer, in Chapsky v. Wood, 26 Kansas, 650: “A parent’s right to the custody of the child is not like the right of property, an absolute and unconditional right, for if it were it would end this case and relieve us from all future difficulties.” And further on he says: “The paramount consideration is, what will promote the welfare of the child?”
The question is not which of the two claimants can surround the infant with greater luxury, or which of the two will be able to give or bequeath him the greater amount of money or property, but with which of them is he likely to be reared and trained so as to make him the better man and the better citizen.
We do not care to enter upon a detailed discussion of the evidence. It is sufficient to say, as is said by the learned judge of the Circuit Court, that reputable witnesses do question the morality of the petitioner, and we heartily concur in the conclusion reached by the Circuit Court, “that there can be no question that this little boy, in the home of his aunts, has been kindly cared for, and properly nurtured and instructed; that all the surroundings of their home, and his daily associations, are all that could be desired to promote his happiness and physical development;” and we earnestly unite in the regret expressed by the Circuit Court that the “relations which have heretofore existed [707]*707between these litigants up to- a short time since had not continued to the present time and thus avoided this unhappy controversy.” The fitness of the aunts is nowhere questioned, and is doubtless beyond the reach of all challenge or debate.
Where a parent has transferred to another the custody of his infant child by fair agreement which has been acted upon by such other person to the manifest interest and welfare of the child, the parent will not be permitted to reclaim the custody of the child unless he can show that a change of the custody will materially promote his child’s welfare. Green v. Campbell, supra.
As far as the child is concerned, its present situation leaves nothing to be desired, and we are free to consider the rights of the father unembarrassed by any apprehension with respect to its welfare.
We do not consider that the mother could by will dispose of or defeat the natural right which the father enjoys to the custody of the child, and the duty which nature imposes upon him to rear and support it; but, as we have seen in the beginning of this opinion, the mother had a clear and settled purpose to entrust her child to her sisters to the exclusion of the father so- far as it was in her power to do so. Of this purpose the father was fully advised. He wrote the will which declares this intention in words too plain for misapprehension. He assented to its execution, and immediately upon the death of the mother surrendered the custody of this infant to the respondents, and in their care it has remained and “been trained as their own” from that day to the present time. Courts pay great respect to the contemporaneous construction of instruments and contracts given by the parties to, or those interested in, them, and the contemporaneous construction in this case given at the earliest moment and acted upon without question or protest for five years, is in accordance with the manifest intention of the mother.
It was claimed in the record and in the argument that the construction placed upon their authority over the child by the respondents subordinated them to the rights of the father, and [708]*708there is some evidence to the effect they considered that the law clothed the father with paramount authority with respect to his child of which he could not divest himself by any contract or act of his own. There never was any doubt on their part as to what their sister intended, or as to what they' are the petitioner originally intended, but moved by the opinion expressed to them by their kinsman and friend, Atwell Somerville, they admitted the father’s right, because they believed that whatever he may have done or said his authority was fixed by law and could not be surrendered or defeated. There are authorities to that effect, and it is true that no contract that the father can make will relieve him of his duty with respect to his child where the interest of the child requires the exercise of parental duties upon his part. Without doubt the petitioner could have asserted his right as father to the custody of his infant upon the death of his wife, and had he done so his demand could not have been successfully resisted; but the whole situation changes when, by his voluntary act, he permits the custody of the child to pass to the respondents; and, while the will of the mother does not constitute a contract, it may with propriety be looked to by the court to ascertain the meaning, intent, and purpose actuating the petitioner and respondents when his child was placed with its aunts, and was allowed to remain with and be reared and trained by them for a period of nearly six years.
In Pool v. Golt, 14 Law Reporter, 269, Chief Justice Shaw delivering the opinion, it is said the facts “furnished reason for supposing that the father surrendered his rights over the child by a tacit understanding, if not by an express agreement. * * * By his own acquiescence he has allowed the affections on both sides to- become engaged in a manner he could not but have anticipated, and permitted a state of tilings to arise which cannot be altered without risking the happiness and interest of his child. He has allowed the parties to go on for years in the belief that his rights were waived.”
In Green v. Campbell, 35 West Va. 704, it is said: “The feel[709]*709ings and rights of one whom the father has pnt in the place of parent, and between whom and the child such relation has created mutual affection, are not to be subject to the whim and caprice of the father; but, -unless it appears that the best interests of the child imperiously demand, the court, in dealing vdth relations so delicate, so easily set ajar irreparably, will follow the discreet course of letting well enough alone.”
Borrowing the language of Justice Brewer in Chapsky v. Wood, supra, and applying it to this case, this record shows that “this child has had, and has to-day, all that a mother’s love and care can give. The affection which a mother may have and does have, is an affection which perhaps no other one can, really possess; but so far as it is possible, springing from years of patient care of a little, helpless babe, from association, and as an outgrowth from those little cares and motherly attentions bestowed upon it, an affection for the child is seen in respondents that can be found nowhere else.”
We do not doubt that the father and mother of the petitioner deserve all that was said in their praise in the record and during the argument, but the weight of years is pressing heavily upon them both, and in the course of nature any arrangement which devolves duties upon them must be of a temporary nature. To take this child from its present custody in reliance upon any aid which its paternal grandparents might render in its training would be doubtful and hazardous in the extreme in view of their great age. ■ It is wise to let well enough alone.
We are of opinion that the Circuit Court committed no error in rejecting the prayer of the petitioner. We are further of opinion, that so much of its order as undertakes to regulate the intercourse between the father and the child would be subversive of that discipline which those clothed with the duty of rearing a child must exercise in order that they may well and faithfully discharge their trust.
We are further of opinion -that there is nothing in the record to suggest any ground for apprehension that the respondents [710]*710will fail to instil into the breast of this infant proper love and respect towards his father. Hor is there any reason to apprehend, as is shown by this record, that they will impede, hinder or obstruct him in his influence and association with his child. It is true that the kindly feeling which at one time united the petitioner and respondents as one family seems to have been in some measure interrupted, but that interruption was due to causes which need not here be discussed, but which were wholly unconnected with the relations existing between the father, his child and the respondents.
An order will therefore be entered modifying the judgment appealed from, and in lieu of the specific provisions of the order regulating the intercourse between the father and the child, the judgment of the Circuit Court will be affirmed, with instructions that the case be dropped from the docket, with leave to any party at any time to reinstate it and ask for any relief which a change of circumstances may render necessary or proper, either with respect to the care and custody of the child or the intercourse between the child and the petitioner.
Amended and affirmed.