Mr. Justice Baker
delivered the opinion of the court:
As we understand the record the original bill and the first amended bill are not now before us. Under a leave to amend, the complainant below struck out of the record the original and the first amended bills, with the exception of the exhibits, which were expressly retained and made parts of the second amended bill of complaint. Although the court had sustained demurrers to the original and first amended bills, yet it had not dismissed either of them, but had retained them for purposes of amendment, and the complainant had the right to dismiss them, not only because no cross-bill had been filed, but for the purpose of substituting for them, with the leave of the court, its second amended bill.
But we are unable to see that any of these things that we have mentioned materially affect the rights of the parties. By the second amended bill two objects are sought: the reformation of the contract, and the specific performance of the contract. The Appellate Court held that the complainant is entitled to the last of these measures of relief, but that it was not necessary that there should be any reformation of the agreement signed by the parties. Assuming a proper case is made out for relief, there can be no sound objection to this view. The prayer is for both kinds of relief, and that includes each kind. And besides this, the bill contains the general prayer for other and further relief, and that is comprehensive enough to include all the relief that the Appellate Court directed to be given.
Nor can the point now be made that appellee has an adequate remedy at law. Appellants answered the second amended bill and went to a hearing, and submitted the question of their rights to the decision of the chancellor. In cases that are not wholly foreign to the jurisdiction of a court of chancery, defendants cannot do this, and then, in the event the adjudications are adverse to their interests, claim that the complainants had adequate remedies in the courts of law.
The material question in the case is as to the interpretation to be put upon the contract. Are appellants bound to take the planking and pay its appraised value?
Where the contract is in writing, the writing itself is primarily to be considered in ascertaining the intention of the parties, and all its different provisions are to be read and construed together, so as, if possible, to make a sensible and consistent whole. It is apparent that from the stipulation that the party of the second part “shall be entitled to take the planking” “at the appraised value,” “or to purchase said planking direct from Walter Shoemaker & Co.,” taken alone, it is difficult, perhaps impossible, to deduce a conclusion that it was the intention to absolutely bind the party of the second part to take the planking, in one way or the other. The words, in and of themselves and separated from the context, seem to indicate an option or privilege given said second party to take the planking if they saw fit so to do, and if they elected to take it, then they should also have the right to either make a personal contract of purchase with Shoemaker & Co. or take it at its appraised value. But in the same sentence with said provision, and immediately following it, and separated from it only by a comma, is this further provision: “And at the expiration of the lease hereby agreed to be made, the first party agrees to purchase the planking on said yard of Street, Chatfield & Co. at its then appraised value.” How could appellee, at the expiration of the lease bargained for, purchase the planking from appellants, unless it be that the latter first got it from Shoemaker & Co., either at an agreed price or at the appraised value ascertained in the manner pointed out in the then expiring lease to Shoemaker & Co. ? The reasonable and necessary implication is, that it was intended by both parties that appellants should, at all events, take the planking, either in the one way or the other. This being so, it is evident that when, in their written contract, they used the words, “shall be entitled to take the planking at the appraised value or to purchase said planking direct,” by means of a bargain to be made with Shoemaker & Co., the only option or choice the parties were making provision for was simply and only an option or choice to appellants as to the mode by means of which they should acquire the property.
It will not do to say, that the provision for the purchase of “the planking on said yard,” at the end of the term to be demised to appellants, had reference to planking that might be purchased by them and placed on the yard during such term. That which is specified in this sentence of the memorandum of agreement, and which the parties state they were contracting.about, was “the planking now on said ground belonging to Walter Shoemaker & Co.;” and they, a little further along in said sentence, speak of “said planking,” and immediately add, that at the expiration of the new lease agreed to be made the first party is “to purchase the planking on said yard at its then appraised value.” It seems to us that it is quite plain that the planking that the parties had in their minds at the time, and that was the subject matter of their contract, was the planking that they then spoke of as “now on said ground.”
The rule is, that the intention of the parties must govern, but that the intention is not to be sought merely in the apparent meaning of the language used, but that the meaning of this language may be enlarged or limited according to the true intent of the parties, as made manifest by the various provisions of the contract considered as a whole. (Robinson v. Stow, 39 Ill. 568; Chicago, Madison and Northern Railroad Co. v. National Elevator Co. 153 id. 70; Bull v. City of Quincy, 155 id. 566.) In Field v. Leiter, 118 Ill. 17, we said that greater regard is to be had to the clear intent of a contract', when ascertained, than to any particular words which may have been used in the expression of that intent. In Hesse v. Stevenson, 3 B. & P. 574, the court used this language, which was quoted with approval by this court in Robinson v. Stow, supra: “However general the words of a covenant may be, standing alone, yet if, from other covenants in the same deed, it is plainly and irresistibly to be inferred that the party could not have intended to use the words in the general sense which they import, the court will limit the operation of the general words.” In the case at bar the words “shall be entitled,” found in the contract, are, as we think, to be limited in their operation to the matter of an election by appellants as to which of the two designated ways of acquiring the ownership of the planking on the yard they should adopt.
But if it should be regarded that the contract, in view of its phraseology and its various provisions, is ambiguous, and therefore open to extrinsic aid in the matter of its construction, there are various other rules of interpretation which, from the standpoint of the evidence dehors the written agreement itself, lead to the same conclusion that we have already reached, and make it reasonably certain. Some of these, which we regard as having good and sure foundations in the testimony contained in this record, we may mention: The court will, if necessary, put itself in the place of- the parties, and read the contract in the light of the circumstances surrounding them at the time it was made, and of the objects which they then evidently had in view.
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Mr. Justice Baker
delivered the opinion of the court:
As we understand the record the original bill and the first amended bill are not now before us. Under a leave to amend, the complainant below struck out of the record the original and the first amended bills, with the exception of the exhibits, which were expressly retained and made parts of the second amended bill of complaint. Although the court had sustained demurrers to the original and first amended bills, yet it had not dismissed either of them, but had retained them for purposes of amendment, and the complainant had the right to dismiss them, not only because no cross-bill had been filed, but for the purpose of substituting for them, with the leave of the court, its second amended bill.
But we are unable to see that any of these things that we have mentioned materially affect the rights of the parties. By the second amended bill two objects are sought: the reformation of the contract, and the specific performance of the contract. The Appellate Court held that the complainant is entitled to the last of these measures of relief, but that it was not necessary that there should be any reformation of the agreement signed by the parties. Assuming a proper case is made out for relief, there can be no sound objection to this view. The prayer is for both kinds of relief, and that includes each kind. And besides this, the bill contains the general prayer for other and further relief, and that is comprehensive enough to include all the relief that the Appellate Court directed to be given.
Nor can the point now be made that appellee has an adequate remedy at law. Appellants answered the second amended bill and went to a hearing, and submitted the question of their rights to the decision of the chancellor. In cases that are not wholly foreign to the jurisdiction of a court of chancery, defendants cannot do this, and then, in the event the adjudications are adverse to their interests, claim that the complainants had adequate remedies in the courts of law.
The material question in the case is as to the interpretation to be put upon the contract. Are appellants bound to take the planking and pay its appraised value?
Where the contract is in writing, the writing itself is primarily to be considered in ascertaining the intention of the parties, and all its different provisions are to be read and construed together, so as, if possible, to make a sensible and consistent whole. It is apparent that from the stipulation that the party of the second part “shall be entitled to take the planking” “at the appraised value,” “or to purchase said planking direct from Walter Shoemaker & Co.,” taken alone, it is difficult, perhaps impossible, to deduce a conclusion that it was the intention to absolutely bind the party of the second part to take the planking, in one way or the other. The words, in and of themselves and separated from the context, seem to indicate an option or privilege given said second party to take the planking if they saw fit so to do, and if they elected to take it, then they should also have the right to either make a personal contract of purchase with Shoemaker & Co. or take it at its appraised value. But in the same sentence with said provision, and immediately following it, and separated from it only by a comma, is this further provision: “And at the expiration of the lease hereby agreed to be made, the first party agrees to purchase the planking on said yard of Street, Chatfield & Co. at its then appraised value.” How could appellee, at the expiration of the lease bargained for, purchase the planking from appellants, unless it be that the latter first got it from Shoemaker & Co., either at an agreed price or at the appraised value ascertained in the manner pointed out in the then expiring lease to Shoemaker & Co. ? The reasonable and necessary implication is, that it was intended by both parties that appellants should, at all events, take the planking, either in the one way or the other. This being so, it is evident that when, in their written contract, they used the words, “shall be entitled to take the planking at the appraised value or to purchase said planking direct,” by means of a bargain to be made with Shoemaker & Co., the only option or choice the parties were making provision for was simply and only an option or choice to appellants as to the mode by means of which they should acquire the property.
It will not do to say, that the provision for the purchase of “the planking on said yard,” at the end of the term to be demised to appellants, had reference to planking that might be purchased by them and placed on the yard during such term. That which is specified in this sentence of the memorandum of agreement, and which the parties state they were contracting.about, was “the planking now on said ground belonging to Walter Shoemaker & Co.;” and they, a little further along in said sentence, speak of “said planking,” and immediately add, that at the expiration of the new lease agreed to be made the first party is “to purchase the planking on said yard at its then appraised value.” It seems to us that it is quite plain that the planking that the parties had in their minds at the time, and that was the subject matter of their contract, was the planking that they then spoke of as “now on said ground.”
The rule is, that the intention of the parties must govern, but that the intention is not to be sought merely in the apparent meaning of the language used, but that the meaning of this language may be enlarged or limited according to the true intent of the parties, as made manifest by the various provisions of the contract considered as a whole. (Robinson v. Stow, 39 Ill. 568; Chicago, Madison and Northern Railroad Co. v. National Elevator Co. 153 id. 70; Bull v. City of Quincy, 155 id. 566.) In Field v. Leiter, 118 Ill. 17, we said that greater regard is to be had to the clear intent of a contract', when ascertained, than to any particular words which may have been used in the expression of that intent. In Hesse v. Stevenson, 3 B. & P. 574, the court used this language, which was quoted with approval by this court in Robinson v. Stow, supra: “However general the words of a covenant may be, standing alone, yet if, from other covenants in the same deed, it is plainly and irresistibly to be inferred that the party could not have intended to use the words in the general sense which they import, the court will limit the operation of the general words.” In the case at bar the words “shall be entitled,” found in the contract, are, as we think, to be limited in their operation to the matter of an election by appellants as to which of the two designated ways of acquiring the ownership of the planking on the yard they should adopt.
But if it should be regarded that the contract, in view of its phraseology and its various provisions, is ambiguous, and therefore open to extrinsic aid in the matter of its construction, there are various other rules of interpretation which, from the standpoint of the evidence dehors the written agreement itself, lead to the same conclusion that we have already reached, and make it reasonably certain. Some of these, which we regard as having good and sure foundations in the testimony contained in this record, we may mention: The court will, if necessary, put itself in the place of- the parties, and read the contract in the light of the circumstances surrounding them at the time it was made, and of the objects which they then evidently had in view. So, also, the acts of the parties themselves, indicative of their construction placed upon it, may be resorted to for the purpose of determining the true meaning of the written agreement. And in this regard it makes no difference whether such acts are contemporaneous or subsequent. (Vermont Street Church v. Brose, 104 Ill. 206.) Moreover, where the contract is in fact understood by one of the parties in a certain sense, and the other party knows that he so understands it, then the undertaking is to be taken in that sense, provided this can be done without making a new contract for the parties. (Wells v. Carpenter, 65 Ill. 447.) Here, there can be no question whatever, under the evidence, but that appellants knew full well the intention and understanding of appellee, and the object it had in view, at the time the memorandum of agreement was made. In fact, we even think that the master in chancery was justified by the evidence in the conclusion that he reached and reported to the court, that Street himself thought that he was obliged to do one of two things, — either take the planking at its appraised value or purchase it at private sale, — until, upon consulting an attorney, he was advised to the contrary.
In respect to the obligation to pay Walter Shoemaker & Co. the value of the planking as found by the appraisement, the appellants, as between themselves and appellee, are, in the view of a court of equity, the principal debtors and appellee their surety, and appellee, therefore, is entitled to maintain a bill to compel appellants to discharge their obligation to Walter Shoemaker & Co. Moore v. Topliff, 107 Ill. 241; Coggeshall v. Ruggles, 62 id. 401.
The doctrine of estoppel seems, to some extent, to be relied on by appellants. In our opinion that doctrine has no place in this case, unless it be that it is applicable as against appellants themselves.
It is urged it was error in the Appellate Court to remand the cause with directions to enter a decree against appellants, without giving them opportunity to introduce testimony and be heard in the circuit court. This claim is based on the fact that they brought forward no evidence, either before the master or at the hearing, but contented themselves with cross-examining the witnesses of appellee and objecting to its testimony. They had opportunity to produce such witnesses and such competent testimony as they desired. Not having availed themselves of this opportunity, it must be presumed that they either acquiesced in the statements made by the witnesses introduced by appellee as true, or concluded that they could not successfully and truthfully contradict them, and therefore were willing to submit the cause for decision, relying upon the claim of the incompetency and insufficiency of the evidence of appellee to establish its cause. As they made their bed they must lie in it. Courts will not hear causes by piecemeal.' Appellants have had their day in court. If the defense they made was unsuccessful, it was their misfortune; but the fact they made a bad and insufficient defense does not give them the right to have the cause remanded for the purpose of affording them an opportunity to hunt up a better defense. Sound public policy demands that there shall be an end to litigation.
The judgment and order of the Appellate Court are affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.