Lyle Brown, Justice.
Bill Stout was tried on a first degreei murder charge for the fatal shooting of Winfred Lee Jones. From a conviction of manslaughter he appeals. Eight procedural errors are urged for reversal.
Stout and Jones, both in their thirties, were friends. Both were family men and they visited in each other’s homes. On the day of the shooting, Jones went to the Stout home in Fort Smith and the two men drank some beer. Stout said he consumed two beers. Stout was working on a cabinet and Jones helped with the task. Stout went to work on a 4:00 p.m. shift and when he left home about thirty minutes earlier, Jones remained at the Stout home. Shortly after six o’clock Stout received a call from a member of his family, informing him that Jones was still at the home, and was belligerent and insulting. Stout obtained a short leave and went home. He asked Jones to leave and the latter refused. Stout went to a nearby telephone and called the police. Officer Hamlet declined to answer the call unless Stout would come in and swear out a wjarrant. It was Stout’s testimony that he returned to his home; that he sent word in to Jones to come outside; that Jones refused; whereupon Stout walked inside the door. Jones arose from a couch and “went tp his left-hand pocket again.” It was at that point that Stout fired his pistol, fatally wounding Jones. The defendant testified he knew Jones had a knife and thought he might have a pistol.
Stout testified that he had no intention of shooting Jones. He stated that his only purpose in firing the shot was to shoot over Jones’ head and frighten him into leaving the house. The single shot entered the front part of the left chest and lodged in the rear of the right chest. It tore the left pulmonary artery and transgressed the upper aspect of the left lung. Death followed within a matter pf minutes.
The case was submitted to the jury on first and second degree murder and manslaughter. The manslaughter conviction carried a sentence of two years. We reverse on Point I, but because of a possible retrial we will enumerate and discuss seven of the points raised.
Point I. The trial court erred in refusing to require the prosecuting attorney to produce the written statements of the defendant and Witness Tommy Rco/y Thomas. When Stout was taken to the sheriff’s office he made an oral statement to Sheriff Vickery, explaining his version of the incident in detail. Shortly thereafter the prosecuting attorney arrived and took a written statement. When Sheriff Vickery was testifying as to the oral statement made to him, counsel for appellant inquired if the written statement was the same as the oral statement. To that question the prosecutor replied that they were generally similar. At that point appellant’s counsel.asked that the written statement be introduced through the sheriff. The request was denied on the ground that its introduction was a matter for the prosecuting attorney to decide.
Later the same matter arose. Appellant was being cross-examined by the prosecuting attorney. He challenged the truth of appellant’s contention that appellant received a report by telephone that Jones was still at the house, drunk and belligerent. The prosecutor asked: “How does it happen in your [written] statement that there is no mention of it?” At that point appellant’s counsel objected to the prosecutor picking out parts of a statement and withholding the rest; he suggested that the proper procedure would be to introduce the statement. The court overruled the objection. The prosecutor continued to ask the witness questions concerning the contents of the written statement, the clear insinuation being that accused told the truth when he gave the statement but not so when he was testifying.
The prosecutor used the written statement as a tool to impress upon the jury his contention that inconsistencies existed between that statement and the testimony of the accused. With the credibility of the witness being so placed in jeopardy, we think the request by the accused that the jury be permitted to evaluate the contents of the statement should have been granted. The prosecutor accused Stout of denying portions of his written statement. How could the jury determine the accuracy of that accusation unless they were permitted to examine the statement? By introducing the statement on appellant’s motion the State would not necessarily be bound by its contents. It could also be introduced for the limited purpose of determining if any inconsistencies existed between its contents and Stout’s testimony. Stout had in fact testified; that the two were the same except for details. The prosecuting attorney’s attempt to establish inconsistencies was in effect an effort to impress portions of the written statement in the minds of the jurors. In Adkins v. Hershy, 14 Ark. 442 (1854), the court said:
“The admission must be taken as a whole, and if the plaintiff proves only a part, the defendant may call for the entire conversation on cross-examination. The rule is, not that the plaintiff is concluded by the entire admission, but that it is competent evidence for the defendant to go to the jury, who are the proper judges of its credibility, and may reject such portions if any, as appear to be inconsistent, improbable or rebutted by other circumstances in evidence. ’ ’
It is true the> State did not formally introduce parts of the written statement but the effect was the same. We therefore hold that the same rule should apply, namely J that the defendant should be permitted to prove other relevant portions. Whitten v. State, 222 Ark. 426, 261 S. W. 2d 1 (1953).
It was Pot error to permit the sheriff to testify as to the oral statements made to him by the accused. The written statement was taken by the prosecuting attorney and not by the sheriff. Those were tVo different statements. Finn v. State, 127 Ark. 204, 191 S. W. 899 (1917).
Point II. The court erred in refusing to suppress< oral statements made by the defendant at his home and before he was advised of his constitutional rights. Officer Hamlet, with whom Stout had previously conferred on the telephone, was the first officer to arrive after the shooting. He could see the deceased lying on the floor. He inquired of appellant as to the whereabouts of the weapon. Appellant’s wife located it and brought it to the officer. Hamlet then inquired of the accused if that gun was used in the shooting; to which the latter replied in the affirmative. That was the sum total of their conversation.
Shortly thereafter the sheriff arrived. The only conversation between the sheriff and the accused was summarized by appellant: “He asked me what was going on and a few simple questions.” At that point the sheriff told Stout he would have to go to town with him.
Appellant relies on Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U. S. 436 (1966), contending he was not given the required warnings prior to the two recited interviews. Mircmda does not apply here. The police were responding to a call from the defendant and found a dead body. The officers ’ investigation had not reached an accusatory stage. Mircmda warnings are required when the investigation reaches custodial interrogation of a suspect. The officers testified that immediately on reaching headquarters, and prior to that interrogation, defendant was fully advised of his'rights.
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Lyle Brown, Justice.
Bill Stout was tried on a first degreei murder charge for the fatal shooting of Winfred Lee Jones. From a conviction of manslaughter he appeals. Eight procedural errors are urged for reversal.
Stout and Jones, both in their thirties, were friends. Both were family men and they visited in each other’s homes. On the day of the shooting, Jones went to the Stout home in Fort Smith and the two men drank some beer. Stout said he consumed two beers. Stout was working on a cabinet and Jones helped with the task. Stout went to work on a 4:00 p.m. shift and when he left home about thirty minutes earlier, Jones remained at the Stout home. Shortly after six o’clock Stout received a call from a member of his family, informing him that Jones was still at the home, and was belligerent and insulting. Stout obtained a short leave and went home. He asked Jones to leave and the latter refused. Stout went to a nearby telephone and called the police. Officer Hamlet declined to answer the call unless Stout would come in and swear out a wjarrant. It was Stout’s testimony that he returned to his home; that he sent word in to Jones to come outside; that Jones refused; whereupon Stout walked inside the door. Jones arose from a couch and “went tp his left-hand pocket again.” It was at that point that Stout fired his pistol, fatally wounding Jones. The defendant testified he knew Jones had a knife and thought he might have a pistol.
Stout testified that he had no intention of shooting Jones. He stated that his only purpose in firing the shot was to shoot over Jones’ head and frighten him into leaving the house. The single shot entered the front part of the left chest and lodged in the rear of the right chest. It tore the left pulmonary artery and transgressed the upper aspect of the left lung. Death followed within a matter pf minutes.
The case was submitted to the jury on first and second degree murder and manslaughter. The manslaughter conviction carried a sentence of two years. We reverse on Point I, but because of a possible retrial we will enumerate and discuss seven of the points raised.
Point I. The trial court erred in refusing to require the prosecuting attorney to produce the written statements of the defendant and Witness Tommy Rco/y Thomas. When Stout was taken to the sheriff’s office he made an oral statement to Sheriff Vickery, explaining his version of the incident in detail. Shortly thereafter the prosecuting attorney arrived and took a written statement. When Sheriff Vickery was testifying as to the oral statement made to him, counsel for appellant inquired if the written statement was the same as the oral statement. To that question the prosecutor replied that they were generally similar. At that point appellant’s counsel.asked that the written statement be introduced through the sheriff. The request was denied on the ground that its introduction was a matter for the prosecuting attorney to decide.
Later the same matter arose. Appellant was being cross-examined by the prosecuting attorney. He challenged the truth of appellant’s contention that appellant received a report by telephone that Jones was still at the house, drunk and belligerent. The prosecutor asked: “How does it happen in your [written] statement that there is no mention of it?” At that point appellant’s counsel objected to the prosecutor picking out parts of a statement and withholding the rest; he suggested that the proper procedure would be to introduce the statement. The court overruled the objection. The prosecutor continued to ask the witness questions concerning the contents of the written statement, the clear insinuation being that accused told the truth when he gave the statement but not so when he was testifying.
The prosecutor used the written statement as a tool to impress upon the jury his contention that inconsistencies existed between that statement and the testimony of the accused. With the credibility of the witness being so placed in jeopardy, we think the request by the accused that the jury be permitted to evaluate the contents of the statement should have been granted. The prosecutor accused Stout of denying portions of his written statement. How could the jury determine the accuracy of that accusation unless they were permitted to examine the statement? By introducing the statement on appellant’s motion the State would not necessarily be bound by its contents. It could also be introduced for the limited purpose of determining if any inconsistencies existed between its contents and Stout’s testimony. Stout had in fact testified; that the two were the same except for details. The prosecuting attorney’s attempt to establish inconsistencies was in effect an effort to impress portions of the written statement in the minds of the jurors. In Adkins v. Hershy, 14 Ark. 442 (1854), the court said:
“The admission must be taken as a whole, and if the plaintiff proves only a part, the defendant may call for the entire conversation on cross-examination. The rule is, not that the plaintiff is concluded by the entire admission, but that it is competent evidence for the defendant to go to the jury, who are the proper judges of its credibility, and may reject such portions if any, as appear to be inconsistent, improbable or rebutted by other circumstances in evidence. ’ ’
It is true the> State did not formally introduce parts of the written statement but the effect was the same. We therefore hold that the same rule should apply, namely J that the defendant should be permitted to prove other relevant portions. Whitten v. State, 222 Ark. 426, 261 S. W. 2d 1 (1953).
It was Pot error to permit the sheriff to testify as to the oral statements made to him by the accused. The written statement was taken by the prosecuting attorney and not by the sheriff. Those were tVo different statements. Finn v. State, 127 Ark. 204, 191 S. W. 899 (1917).
Point II. The court erred in refusing to suppress< oral statements made by the defendant at his home and before he was advised of his constitutional rights. Officer Hamlet, with whom Stout had previously conferred on the telephone, was the first officer to arrive after the shooting. He could see the deceased lying on the floor. He inquired of appellant as to the whereabouts of the weapon. Appellant’s wife located it and brought it to the officer. Hamlet then inquired of the accused if that gun was used in the shooting; to which the latter replied in the affirmative. That was the sum total of their conversation.
Shortly thereafter the sheriff arrived. The only conversation between the sheriff and the accused was summarized by appellant: “He asked me what was going on and a few simple questions.” At that point the sheriff told Stout he would have to go to town with him.
Appellant relies on Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U. S. 436 (1966), contending he was not given the required warnings prior to the two recited interviews. Mircmda does not apply here. The police were responding to a call from the defendant and found a dead body. The officers ’ investigation had not reached an accusatory stage. Mircmda warnings are required when the investigation reaches custodial interrogation of a suspect. The officers testified that immediately on reaching headquarters, and prior to that interrogation, defendant was fully advised of his'rights.
Points III and VI. It was error to refuse appellant’s requested Instructions 1 and 2. Both instructions embodied the theory of justifiable homicide by killing in self-defense. Stout’s version of the cause for the killing was that he went in the house with the gun with the intention of scaring Jones from the home. Stout testified tha,t he meant simply to shoot over Jones “and kind of bluff him and shoo him on out of the house.” He said he didn’t intend to shoot Jones; he only wanted to frighten him; Stout asserted he never intentionally hurt anyone in his life.
Justifiable homicide embodies an intent to kill but under circumstances which render the act proper. “. . . excusable homicide is that which takes place under such circumstances that the party can not strictly be said to have committed the act willfully and intentionally, and whereby he is relieved from the penalty annexed to the commission of a felonious homicide.” Warren on Homicide, V. 1, p. 616 (1938). Killing in necessary self-defense is our statutory definition of. justifiable homicide. Ark. Stat. Ann. § 41-2231 (Repl. 1964).
Since Stout’s defense was not based on a willful and intentional killing in self-defense, he was not entitled to the proffered stock instructions on self-defense. His assertion that the killing was unintentional is inconsistent with the concept of self-defense. State v. Hale, 371 S. W. 2d 249 (Mo. 1963). The law of self-defense is not involved, only the right of self-defense. Curry v. State, 97 S. E. 529 (Ga. 1918). Consonant with his right of self-defense, he would have been entitled to an instruction covering excusable homicide. A suggested instruction under very similar circumstances is summarized in Curry, supra. It involves the law of excusable homicide as applied to the evidence in the particular case, which narrows down to accidental homicide.
This court recognized the rule in the Curry case in Jordan v. State, 238 Ark. 398, 382 S. W. 2d 185 (1964). However, in that case the rule was held not applicable because it was Jordan’s intention, according to his testimony, to shoot his assailant to save himself from being shot. Jordan was therefore entitled to an instruction on self-defense.-
Point IV. The covert erred in permitting the widow of the deceased to testify because she was permitted to remain in the courtroom, notwithstanding the Rule had been invoiced, and because her name had not been furnished as a witness for the prosecution. In chambers, and before the beginning of the trial, appellant’s counsel reminded the court that Mrs. Jones had been called as a witness and he asked that she be excluded from the courtroom. His motion was overruled. When the trial shortly began, Mrs. Jones was called as the first witness. At that point, the only motion made by appellant’s counsel was that Mrs. Jones not be permitted to testify because her name was not on the list of witnesses. Specifically, he did not renew his objection to her testifying on the ground that she should have been placed under the Buie. The failure to so object constituted waiver. Mrs. Jones was the first witness called and she was never recalled to the stand, so she heard no testimony from other witnesses. If the court committed error, it was clearly not prejudicial. Williams v. State, 237 Ark. 569, 375 S. W. 2d 375 (1964). Furthermore, she testified only to the age, height, and weight of the deceased, the number of children in the family, and the fact that the Joneses often visited in the Stout home. In other words, she testified to no facts really material to the case.
As to the second objection, the requirement of endorsing the witnesses has long been held merely directory, assuming it applies to prosecution by the filing of an information. It should also be said that the prosecutor advised appellant’s counsel on the morning of the trial that he intended to call Mrs. Jones to testify to matters which were not material.
Point V. The court erred in instructing the jury on first degree murder. A discussion of this point is unnecessary because Stout cannot again be tried for a crime greater than manslaughter.
Point VII. The prosecuting attorney was permitted to improperly cross-examine the defendant and his witness, Ed Baker. The prosecutor inquired of Stout concerning several alleged misdemeanors. On more than one occasion Stout denied having been convicted. Since those were collateral matters, each denial should have concluded that inquiry; however, the prosecutor would not accept the denial but would proceed to press the matter further. That practice should be avoided on retrial; nor should such questions be propounded in argumentative and accusatory form.
Point VIII. The court erred in refusing to permit Witness Ed Baker to testify as to the past actions of Winfred Lee Jones when the latter was drinking. Ed Baker was foreman at a plant where Jones was at one time employed. If permitted, he would have testified that Jones was discharged by Baker because he was intoxicated on the job, was “loud and belligerent, rude and very disrespectful.” There was evidence to the effect that decedent was intoxicated when he was shot and that he was belligerent. Appellant contends that Jones’ acts of belligerency at the time he was discharged would tend to show that drunkenness always brought on belligerency on the part of Jones. To establish such a pattern of conduct by a single prior act is too illogical to require comment.
Reversed.
FoglemaN, J., dissents.