OPINION
FRANK G. CLEMENT, JR., J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court,
in which PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, P.J., M.S., and ANDY D. BENNETT, J., joined.
This post divorce appeal arises from the lack of symmetry between the parties’ 1995 Final Divorce Decree and a 1996 Qualified Domestic Relations Order that was not entered into contemporaneously with the Divorce Decree. The ex-husband, a General Motors retiree, contends the trial court erred in finding that his ex-wife was entitled to the marital portion of his early retirement supplements of his pension and in finding that her benefits are based on post-divorce increases to his pension benefits. For her issue, the ex-wife contends the trial court erred in failing to grant her survivorship rights in the ex-husband’s retirement benefits. We affirm the trial court in all respects.
The marriage of Anthony F. Stiel, Jr. (“Husband”) and Susan M. Stiel (“Wife”), which lasted fourteen years, ended in divorce in June 1995. The Final Decree of Divorce included a settlement agreement, which provided that Wife was to receive one-half of the value of Husband’s General Motors Retirement Plan earned during the marriage. The provision, as stated in the Final Decree of Divorce, reads: “That the Husband’s Saturn 401k plan and the Saturn individual retirement account be divided equally between the parties and the General Motors retirement plan value earned during the marriage be divided equally between the parties.” The Final Decree of Divorce was entered by the Clerk & Master on June 23,1995.
In August of 1996, fourteen months after the entry of the Final Decree of Divorce, a Qualified Domestic Relations Or
der (“QDRO”)
was agreed to by the parties, approved and entered by the trial court, and submitted to the General Motors Plan Administrator. The August 1996 QDRO was rejected by the Plan Administrator. An Amended QDRO, dated December 5, 1996, was mailed to the Plan Administrator at General Motors on December 12, 1996. By letter dated February 28, 1997, the General Motors Pension Administration Center notified Wife, Husband, and Husband’s attorney that the Amended QDRO was accepted. The letter from the Plan Administrator summarized the substantive portions of the QDRO, stating that Wife was entitled to a share of the early retirement and post-retirement benefits and that Wife would be designated as a surviving spouse, which would entitle her to a marital portion of the surviving spouse benefits. The letter also stated that if the information did not “accurately reflect the intent of the parties, the Order should be amended accordingly.” The record reveals that the order was not amended following the receipt of the letter from the General Motors Pension Administrator.
Husband retired from General Motors with thirty years and six months of credited service in August of 2009. A few days thereafter, on August 31, 2009, Husband filed a “Verified Petition to Re-open Case and Amend QDRO,” claiming that the QDRO granted Wife benefits that were not provided in the 1995 Final Decree of Divorce. Specifically, Husband contended that Wife was not entitled to any early retirement supplements or post-retirement increases, and that Wife was not entitled to survivorship rights in the event he predeceased her. Wife filed an answer joining the issues raised by Husband.
Thereafter, Husband filed an Amended Petition seeking restitution damages in the event that Wife was receiving benefits to which she was not entitled to receive.
After discovery and the taking of at least one deposition, cross-motions for summary judgment were filed by the parties. Following a hearing, the trial court entered an order partially granting and denying the respective motions and expressly stating that it took “particular note” of two opinions,
Cohen v. Cohen,
937 S.W.2d 823 (Tenn.1996), and
Croley v. Tiede,
No. M1999-00649-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 1473854 (Tenn.Ct.App. Oct.5, 2000), in reaching its decision. In its order, the trial court granted summary judgment to Wife on two issues, finding that the post-dissolution early retirement supplement and the post-retirement increases were included in the award based upon the language in the Final Decree of Divorce. As for the survivorship rights, the trial court found that survivorship rights were not included based on the language stated in the Final Decree of Divorce and, thus, the court ruled in Husband’s favor on this issue. The trial court also required a second amended QDRO, which was entered on May 29, 2010. This appeal followed.
Standard op Review
This appeal arises from the grant of summary judgment. Summary judgment is appropriate when a party establishes that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that a judgment may be rendered as a matter of law. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04;
Stovall v. Clarke,
113 S.W.3d 715, 721 (Tenn.2003). It is appro
priate in virtually all civil cases that can be resolved on the basis of legal issues alone.
See Byrd v. Hall,
847 S.W.2d 208, 210 (Tenn.1993);
Pendleton v. Mills,
73 S.W.3d 115, 121 (Tenn.Ct.App.2001). It is not appropriate when genuine disputes regarding material facts exist.
See
Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04. In this action, neither party disputes any material facts; therefore, summary judgment is appropriate. Because the resolution of a motion for summary judgment is a matter of law, we review the trial court’s judgment de novo with no presumption of correctness.
Martin v. Norfolk Southern Ry. Co.,
271 S.W.3d 76, 84 (Tenn.2008).
Analysis
I.
The 1995 Final Decree of Divorce and the 1996 QDRO
The only provision in the 1995 Final Decree of Divorce that pertains to Husband’s General Motors pension or retirement benefits and Wife’s entitlement to some of those benefits is stated in one sentence, which reads:
That the Husband’s Saturn 401k plan and the Saturn individual retirement account be divided equally between the parties and the General Motors retirement plan value earned-during the marriage be divided equally between the parties.
Fourteen months after the entry of the Final Decree of Divorce, the parties agreed to a Qualified Domestic Relations Order (“QDRO”), which was approved by the trial court, entered by the Clerk & Master, and mailed to the GM Pension Plan Administrator. The initial QDRO was rejected by the Plan Administrator and the parties subsequently agreed to and submitted an amended QDRO, which was accepted by the Plan Administrator as evidenced by the February 28, 1997 letter.
Pursuant to the Amended QDRO, Wife, as the Alternate Payee, is entitled to “50% of the Marital Portion (as defined below) of [Husband’s] accrued benefit under the Plan as of the Participant’s benefit commencement date or the Alternate Payee’s benefit commencement date, if earlier.” The QDRO stated that the “Marital Portion” was determined:
[B]y multiplying the Participant’s Accrued Benefit by a fraction, the numerator of which is the 169 months of the Participant’s participation under the Plan while married to the Alternate Payee (from May 15, 1981 to June 23, 1995), and the denominator of which is the Participant’s total number of months of participation under the Plan until the earliest of the Participation’s cessation of benefit accruals, retirement, termination, disability, death or the date that the Alternate Payee commences her benefits under the Plan.
The QDRO further provided:
The Alternate Payee shall also be entitled to a pro-rata share of any early retirement subsidy or payment provided to the Participant. Such pro-rata share shall be based on the proportion that the Alternate Payee’s Benefit holds to the Participant’s final accrued benefits. The amount payable to the Alternate Payee shall accordingly be increased in accordance with the Plan Administrator’s practices and the Plan’s actuarial principles. Should the Participant’s benefit change due to a return to employment, the Alternate Payee’s monthly benefit amount will be revised correspondingly.
In addition to the above, the Alternate Payee shall receive a pro-rata share of
any cost-of-living adjustments or other economic improvements made to the Participant’s benefits on or after the date of his retirement, in the same proportion that the Alternate Payee’s Benefit holds to the Participant’s final accrued benefits.
II.
Husband’s Retirement Benefit
Husband continued to work for GM after the divorce; retiring from GM in August of 2009 when he was 50 years old. When he retired, Husband had accrued thirty years and six months credited service at GM, representing a total of 366 months. The parties were married for 169 months of the 366 months of Husband’s credited service.
The deposition of the General Motors Pension Plan Administrator, Preston Cra-bill, provided substantial information and a very detailed analysis explaining how Husband’s accrued final benefit was calculated.
The formula to calculate benefits for one who retires at the age of fifty, which contains general principles, exceptions, deductions, credits, and supplements, is so convoluted it is almost impossible to explain, at least that is the admission of the author of this opinion. Nevertheless, Mr. Crabill provided a thorough and very detailed explanation, which started with a statement that the main criteria for determining Husband’s benefit was the years of credited service and a collective bargaining agreement between General Motors and the United Auto Workers (UAW). Mr. Crabill explained, by applying the above formula, any hourly wage employee retiring on August 1, 2009 with thirty years of credited service would be entitled to a benefit of $3,150 per month.
The foregoing notwithstanding, because Husband retired at the age of 50, it was necessary for Mr. Crabill to make detailed calculations to apply numerous deductions, credits, and supplements. These variables, which may be important to GM and the UAW, appear to be of little consequence to Husband’s retirement benefit because after calculating all of the variables, Husband is still entitled to a retirement benefit of $3,150. Nevertheless, as Mr. Crabill explained, to make a determination of Husband’s retirement benefit, it was necessary to employ the following machinations. First, it was necessary to determine Husband’s “basic benefit” at the time of his retirement, which was $53.60
for each year of creditable service. Then, he multiplied $53.60 by 30.6 years of service, which produces the sum of $1,640.16. This is the “accrued benefit” that would be payable upon the participant reaching age 62. Pursuant to the pension plan, however, the “accrued benefit” is to be reduced based upon age for an hourly worker who retires before the age of 62 years and one month. According to this seg
ment of the calculations, Husband’s benefit would be reduced by 60.6%; this is because he retired at the age of 50. Then, this sum, the so-called “age-reduced basic benefit,” is increased by the addition of an “early retirement supplement” to bring the benefit back up to $3,150.00. This supplement would continue until Husband reached the age of 62 and one month, at which time the basic benefit amount would be redetermined. The “early retirement supplement” is determined based upon negotiated levels with the UAW under the collective bargaining agreement and is determined by a person’s credited years of service. Mr. Crabill then explained that any hourly rate employee with 30 plus years of credited service who retired in August of 2009 was entitled to receive the $3,150.00 per month under the GM Pension Plan, the same figure stated in a preceding paragraph.
However, Husband’s benefit rate was reduced by $82.01 a month, a cost related to the survivor annuity and an additional deduction related to his Saturn pension.
After deducting the Saturn deduction and the cost of the survivor annuity, $82.01, from Husband’s retirement benefit of $3,150.00— the amount that Mr. Crabill explained Husband was entitled to receive because he had 30 years of credited service and retired in August of 2009 — as of the date of his retirement in August of 2009, Husband received a net benefit of $3,037.24 per month.
III.
Wife’s Marital Portion of Husband’s Retirement Benefit
Wife contends that she is entitled to the marital portion of Husband’s monthly retirement benefit of $3,037.24, which includes the early retirement supplements and post-retirement increases.
Husband does not dispute the fact that Wife is entitled to receive a marital portion of his retirement benefit; however, he insists that Wife’s benefit should be based upon the “reduced basic benefit,” which is only $564.21, not his full benefit of $3,037.24. Thus, Husband contends that his wife of fourteen years is entitled to receive only $121.65 per month, the marital portion of $564.21. The trial court found that Wife was correct, not Husband. On appeal, Husband asserts that the trial court erred in finding that the early retirement supple
ment and post-retirement increases are included in the marital property award to Wife by the language of the Final Decree of Divorce. We are in agreement with the trial court on this issue.
A.
Early Retirement Supplements and Post-Retirement Increases
It is well settled in Tennessee that a settlement agreement, now known as a marital dissolution agreement, in a final decree of divorce is a contract which is binding on the parties and as such it is “subject to the rules governing construction of contracts.”
Forbes v. Forbes,
No. W2005-00694-COA-R3CV, 2005 WL 2416660, at *5 (Tenn.Ct.App. Sept.30, 2005) (quoting
Johnson v. Johnson,
37 S.W.3d 892, 896 (Tenn.2001)). It is also well settled that judgments are to be construed like other written instruments.
Id.
(citing
Gray v. Estate of Gray,
993 S.W.2d 59, 63-64 (Tenn.Ct.App.1998) (citing
Livingston v. Livingston,
58 Tenn.App. 271, 429 S.W.2d 452, 456 (1967))). The interpretation of a contract is a matter of law; therefore, our review is “de novo on the record with no presumption of correctness in the trial court’s conclusions of law.”
Witham v. Witham,
No. W2000-00732-COA-R3-CV, 2001 WL 846067, at *3 (Tenn.Ct.App. July 24, 2001) (citing
Union Planters Nat’l Bank v. Am. Home Assurance Co.,
865 S.W.2d 907, 912 (Tenn.Ct. App.1993)).
The foregoing legal principles are important to this case because the 1995 Final Decree of Divorce, which contains the parties’ settlement agreement, became a final, non-appealable judgment long before either of the 1996 QDROs were entered into by the parties and approved by the court. Therefore, we first look to the settlement agreement in the Final Decree of Divorce. The pertinent part of the Final Decree of Divorce states:
That the Husband’s Saturn 401k plan and the Saturn individual retirement account be divided equally between the parties and
the General Motors retirement plan value earned during the marriage be divided equally between the parties.
(Emphasis added).
Based upon the above, we must now determine whether Husband’s early retirement benefits and the post-retirement increases are, or are not, included in the above language. The trial court held that they were included and relied upon the reasoning in two cases to reach that decision,
Cohen v. Cohen,
937 S.W.2d 823 (Tenn.1996), and
Croley v. Tiede,
No. M1999-00649-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 1473854 (Tenn.Ct.App. Oct.5, 2000). We will therefore examine these and other relevant cases.
In
Cohen v. Cohen,
our Supreme Court held that unvested retirement benefits that accrued during the marriage were marital property under the Tennessee statutory scheme and thus subject to division.
Cohen,
937 S.W.2d at 830. The value of the unvested retirement benefits must be determined at a date as near as possible to the date of divorce.
Id.
The court went on to recognize that there might be difficulty in determining the value of such benefits, but such difficulty could be alleviated by “the use of elastic, equitable approaches.”
Id.
at 830-31 (citing 24 Am.Jur.2d
Divorce and Separation
§§ 948, 949 (1983)). The court then examined the two equitable techniques that courts could use: the “present cash value method” and the “deferred distribution method.”
Id.
at 831.
The deferred distribution method, the method at issue in this action, was found to
be preferable “when the vesting or maturation is uncertain or in which the retirement benefit is the parties’ greatest or only economic asset.”
Id.
(citing
Kendrick v. Kendrick,
902 S.W.2d 918, 927 (Tenn.Ct.App.1994)). Under this method, the court determines the formula for dividing the monthly benefit at the time of the decree, although the benefit distribution does not occur until the benefits become payable.
Id.
(citing
In re Marriage of Brown,
15 Cal.3d 838, 126 Cal.Rptr. 633, 544 P.2d 561, 567 (1976);
In re Marriage of Gallo,
752 P.2d 47, 55 (Colo.1988);
Janssen v. Janssen,
331 N.W.2d 752, 753 (Minn.1983);
Deering v. Deering,
292 Md. 115, 437 A.2d 883, 891 (1981)). The
Cohen
court explained further:
The marital property interest is often expressed as a fraction or a percentage of the employee spouse’s monthly benefit. The percentage may be derived by dividing the number of months of the marriage during which the benefits accrued by the total number of months during which the retirement benefits accumulate before being paid.
Id.
(citing
Kendrick,
902 S.W.2d at 927 n. 17).
One advantage to the deferred distribution method is that it allows an equitable division without requiring present payment for a benefit not realized and potentially never obtained.
In re Marriage of Gallo,
752 P.2d at 55. Another advantage to the approach is that it equally apportions any risk of forfeiture. While a disadvantage may be that the approach requires a trial court to retain jurisdiction to oversee the payment, the entry of an order awarding a certain percentage of the benefits at the time of payment should lessen the administrative burden of the court. Courts routinely retain jurisdiction to supervise payments of alimony and child support and have, in the past, successfully divided vested pension rights by awarding each spouse a share. An administrative burden should not excuse an inequitable distribution of marital property.
Cohen,
937 S.W.2d at 831.
In
Croley v. Tiede,
No. M1999-00649-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 1473854 (Tenn.Ct. App. Oct. 5, 2000), the parties’ marital dissolution agreement stated that the deferred distribution method would be used to divide the unvested retirement benefits.
Id.
at *1. The parties did not dispute the fraction that was to be applied; the issue was to which portion of the retirement benefits the fraction would be applied.
Id.
The husband’s pension benefit was determined by his annual income during his three highest paid years of employment, which occurred after the divorce.
Id.
Not surprisingly, the husband argued that the wife was only entitled to a percentage of his retirement benefit based upon income earned during the marriage.
Id.
The court framed the issue as: “Whether the Wife can receive a portion of the Husband’s retirement based upon the increased salary the Husband was receiving at the time of retirement as opposed to the lesser salary he was receiving at the time of divorce?”
Id.
at *3.
To answer the above question, the court looked to
In re Marriage of Hunt,
909 P.2d 525, 532 (Colo.1995), which held that “the application of the ‘time rule’ formula
necessarily includes post-dissolution pension enhancements.”
Id.
at *4 (quoting
Hunt,
909 P.2d at 532). The court then reasoned:
[P]ost-dissolution increases in pension benefits are marital property when the trial court, in the sound exercise of its discretion, divides the pension under either the deferred distribution or reserve jurisdiction method. The “economic partnership” in the pension necessarily continues between the parties and post-dissolution increases (or decreases) of the pension are marital property unless the nonemployee spouse is paid the net present value of his or her share of the pension at the time of dissolution.
Id.
(quoting
Hunt,
909 P.2d at 532). As the court explained, its reasoning was based on the “marital foundation theory,” stating:
Typically, there is commingling of effort undertaken during the marriage and after the marriage which together enhance the value of the future benefit. The employee spouse’s ability to enhance the future benefit after the marriage frequently builds on foundation work and efforts undertaken during the marriage. Hence, the theory underlying the “time rule” formula is called the “marital foundation” theory.
Id.
(quoting
Hunt,
909 P.2d at 534). The court further noted that, when using the deferred distribution method, the marital foundation theory was preferable to the so-called “bright line” rule, which equates post-dissolution pension benefits with post-dissolution earnings. As the court further explained:
[T]he “bright line” rule would require courts to attempt to parse out the “marital” portion of the post-dissolution enhancement from the “separate” portion,
i.e.,
that portion attributable solely to the efforts of the employee spouse and not related to the marriage whatsoever.
Implementation of the “time rule" formula, in the first instance, accomplishes that goal and removes courts from the complicated, time-consuming, inefficient, and hopelessly flawed task of evaluating the enhancement and denominating the enhancement as either marital, separate, passive, or some combination
thereof.... It is not appropriate for courts to delve into this sort of analysis for a number of reasons. Such inquiry would lead to widely divergent and inconsistent results, inject an element of fault into the property division,
and enmesh the courts in the parties’ lives for many years.
Croley, 2000 WL
1473854, at *4-5 (emphasis added).
Applying the reasoning in
Hunt
and another Colorado decision,
In re Marriage of Kelm,
912 P.2d 545 (Colo.1996), it was determined that:
[P]ost-dissolution increases in pension benefits are to be used in calculating the benefits payable to the non-employee spouse at the time of the retirement of the employee spouse when the trial court, in its discretion, employs the retained jurisdiction or deferred distribution method to value and distribute pensions.
Croley,
2000 WL 1473854, at *6-7. The court went on to reason that under the deferred distribution method the non-employee spouse should receive a portion of the employee spouse’s
actual monthly retirement benefit,
noting that this conclusion was supported by
Kendrick
and
Cohen. Id.
at *7 (citing
Cohen,
937 S.W.2d at 831;
Kendrick,
902 S.W.2d at 930 n. 25) (“Indeed in
Cohen,
wherein the Tennessee Supreme Court adopted much of
Kendrick’s
holding that non-vested retirement benefits are marital property, the court’s language indicated that the non-employee spouse should receive a portion of actual retirement payments.”).
We find, based upon the reasoning in
Croley
and
Cohen,
the trial court correctly found that the post-dissolution increases in Husband’s pension benefits are included in Wife’s award pursuant to the Final Divorce Decree. Additionally, the trial court correctly found that the “early retirement supplement” to Husband’s pension is included in the award to Wife as she is entitled to a portion of Husband’s
actual retirement payment.
The inclusion of these benefits is entirely consistent with the language of the Final Decree of Divorce, as the amount was determined by Husband’s 30.6 years of credited service and, thus, was
value earned during the marriage.
We are mindful of Husband’s assertion that the language of the Final Decree of Divorce is unambiguous, and since the post-dissolution increases and early retirement supplements were not specifically granted to Wife in the decree, then she is not entitled to them. In making this argument, Husband relies on our decision in
Pruitt v. Pruitt,
293 S.W.3d 537 (Tenn.Ct. App.2008), which he insists controls as it involves a General Motors pension plan.
In
Pnitt,
the husband appealed the finding that he was in willful contempt of the final decree of divorce, and the parties’ QDRO, which was entered into at the time of the parties’ divorce in 1997.
Id.
at 539. The initial QDRO of the parties was rejected by the administrator of husband’s pension plan upon its submission at the time of husband’s retirement in 2004.
Id.
The parties submitted a second QDRO in 2006, however, this QDRO “materially and substantively changed the division of marital property in the Final Decree.”
Id.
The parties’ marital dissolution agreement in the final divorce decree stated that the wife was entitled to forty percent of:
Id.
at 540. Additionally, the Pruitts’ marital dissolution agreement and the 1997 QDRO, which was entered into contemporaneously with the divorce decree, stated that the wife was entitled to a surviving spouse benefit.
Id.
The 2004 QDRO, however, provided that the wife was not entitled to any portion of “the early retirement supplement, interim supplement, or temporary benefit.”
Id.
at 541. The 2004 QDRO was also rejected by the plan administrator. Thereafter, the wife filed a petition for contempt against the husband for failing to secure her share of the retirement benefits.
Id.
The trial court found that she was entitled to a percentage of her ex-husband’s “gross retirement payments, notwithstanding the fact that he opted for early retirement because [t]he original 1997 QDRO specifically addressed the division of any early retirement benefits.”
Id.
The total of all [pension and retirement benefits] accrued up to the date of execution of this Agreement that are not awarded elsewhere herein,” and this was reflected by the 1997 QDRO prepared by the parties, which stated that wife was entitled to a “pro-rata share of any employer-provided early retirement subsidy provided to the Participant [Husband] on the date of his retirement.
We held in
Pruitt
that the 1997 QDRO was “expressly incorporated into the MDA, and thus the Final Decree of Divorce, and was contemporaneously executed and entered therewith,” and therefore “the QDRO must be treated as part of the parties agreement to divide the marital property.”
Id.
at 543 (citing
Thornton v. Thornton,
277 Mich.App. 453, 746 N.W.2d 627, 629-30 (2007)). The 1997 QDRO provided that the wife was entitled to a pro-rata share of any employment-provided early retirement subsidy provided the husband, and because the 1997 QDRO was “part of a judgment that had become final and non-appealable, the revisions could not materially or substantially modify the division of marital property as set forth in the Final Decree of Divorce.”
Id.
Thus, we held that any subsequent QDRO was “unenforceable to the extent it materially and substantively modifies the division of marital property as expressed in the Final Decree of Divorce.”
Id.
at 544.
Our holding in this action is not inconsistent with
Pruitt.
Here, the 1995 Final Decree of Divorce simply stated that Wife was entitled to a percentage of the value of Husband’s pension plan earned during the marriage. The parties’ 1996 QDRO simply provided the means of determining the value of the award to Wife of Husband’s pension plan earned during the marriage in a manner entirely consistent with the case law previously discussed in
Cohen
and
Croley.
The deposition of Mr. Crabill clearly demonstrates that the “early retirement supplement” and the “post-retirement increases”
are not benefits that Husband earned after the marriage.
Instead,
Mr. Crabill emphasized the fact that
these benefits were guaranteed to any GM hourly wage earner retiring with 30.6 years of credited service.
Without the fourteen years of service during the parties’ marriage, the period of coverture, Husband would not have earned thirty years of credited service when he retired at the age of fifty. He would only have earned sixteen years of credited service. Therefore, Husband would not have been eligible, at the age of fifty, to receive the benefits he is now receiving from GM if the coverture period is not included.
We, therefore, affirm the trial court’s findings that the early retirement supplements and post-retirement increases are included in the marital property award to Wife pursuant to the language in the Final Decree of Divorce.
B.
Survivor Benefit
For her issue, Wife contends the trial court erred in finding that a survivor benefit was not automatically included in the award of Husband’s pension plan based upon the language of the Final Decree of Divorce. We find no error with this decision.
The Final Decree states that Husband’s “GM retirement plan value earned during the marriage be divided equally between the parties.” In the subsequent QDRO, Wife was designated as the surviving spouse for purposes of establishing her entitlement to the Qualified Preretirement Survivor Annuity (QPSA). Mr. Crabill, the Plan Administrator, testified that the declaration in the QDRO had the effect of designating Wife to receive 65 percent of an “unreduced for age basic benefit if [Husband] were to pass away.”
However, the trial court, relying on the language in the Final Decree of Divorce, instead of the subsequent QDRO, found that the sur-vivorship option was not automatically included, that it was a “completely separate aspect of the calculation of [Husband’s] retirement benefit,” that the survivorship option did not “naturally” flow from the use of the time rule formula, and that it was not negotiated for or bargained for by the parties.
Wife asserts that the trial court failed to recognize that she has a federally protected right to the survivor benefit, one that is protected unless she expressly waives it in writing. In this regard she relies on 29 U.S.C. § 1055, which states that a non-employee spouse is automatically entitled to the right to a survivor annuity unless it is specifically waived by the non-employee spouse. We have determined that 29 U.S.C. § 1055 does not apply to the facts of this case. The federal statute does provide that the non-employee spouse is automatically entitled to this benefit; however, the statute is inapplicable here because she is not the spouse, she is the ex-spouse, and therefore she does not retain protection under § 1055 after the dissolution of the marriage.
See Potts v. Potts,
142 Md.App. 448, 790 A.2d 703, 708 (Md.Ct.Spec.App.2002) (citing Joan M. Krauskopf & Sharon Burgees Selling,
A Pilot Study on Marital Power as an Influence in Division of Pension Benefits at Divorce of Long Term Marriages,
1996 J. Disp. Resol. 169, 173 (1996));
see also
Albert Feuer,
Who is Entitled to Survivor Benefits from ERISA Plans?,
40 J. Mar
shall L.Rev. 919 (2007).
We, therefore, find that Wife’s reliance on 29 U.S.C. § 1055 is misplaced.
The question here is whether the surviv- or benefit was included, based upon the language in the Final Decree, in the award of benefits to Wife. Stated another way, was the survivor benefit marital property separate and apart from the pension plan, or was it an indivisible part of a benefit earned during the marriage.
Husband contends the trial court correctly found that Wife is not entitled to the survivor benefit because the Final Decree of Divorce did not expressly award that benefit to her. Husband cites Michigan case law in support of this argument.
See Roth,
506 N.W.2d 900;
Quade,
604 N.W.2d 778 (both holding that the right of surviv-orship in pension benefits will not be awarded to a divorced spouse unless specifically identified as part of the pension award in a final judgment of divorce).
Based upon our research, this issue has not been specifically addressed in Tennessee. Thus, we look to other jurisdictions for guidance. The Court of Special Appeals of Maryland addressed this very issue in
Potts v. Potts,
142 Md.App. 448, 790 A.2d 708 (Md.Ct.Spec.App.2002), and concluded that survivor benefits are separate and distinct from pension plan benefits.
Potts,
790 A.2d at 714. The Maryland court noted that several other states agreed:
A number of courts in other states have also found that survivor benefits are marital property separate and apart from the pension plans to which they are attached.
Fielitz v. Fielitz,
1998 WL 918815 at *2, 1998 Del.Fam.Ct. LEXIS 182 at *4 (Dd.Fam.Ct.1998) (“The Court, however, views survivor annuities as a unique form of marital asset.”) (citing
Caldwell [v.
Caldwell],
supra
[103 Md.App. 452, 653 A.2d 994 (1995)]);
Smithberg v. Illinois Mun. Retirement Fund,
192 Ill.2d 291, 302, 248 Ill.Dec. 909, 735 N.E.2d 560, 567 (2000) (the “survivor benefit ... has been held to be a ‘distinct property interest’ ”);
Workman v. Workman,
106 N.C.App. 562, 564, 418 S.E.2d 269, 270 (1992) (mentioning pension and survivor benefits as separate marital property);
Rowlan v. Rowlan,
1991 OK CIV APP 88, 817 P.2d 1285, 1286 (Okla.Ct.App.1991) (referring to a disability pension and survivor benefits as distinct pieces of marital property);
Nemeth v. Nemeth,
325 S.C. 480, 488-89, 481 S.E.2d 181, 186 (S.C.Ct.App. 1997);
Dugan v. Childers,
261 Va. 3, 8, 539 S.E.2d 723, 725 (2001) (citing
King v. King,
225 Ga.App. 298, 300, 483 S.E.2d 379, 382 (1997), for the proposition that a military Survivor Benefit Plan is a distinct piece of marital property); and
Smith v. Smith,
190 W.Va. 402, 404, 438 S.E.2d 582, 584 (1993) (same).
Id.
at 714.
We are persuaded by the reasoning and holding in Maryland, which is followed by several other jurisdictions, that the surviv-
or annuity is a separate and distinct benefit from the pension plan benefits. The time rule formula used in the deferred distribution method is incompatible with the survivor annuity. As would be the case here, awarding Wife the survivor annuity has the effect of reducing Husband’s pension benefit.
Further, because this is considered a separate benefit from a pension benefit, it would be ill-advised to allow a mere implication to serve as the justification to award this separate benefit to Wife, especially because, under federal law, it has the irrevocable effect of disqualifying a subsequent spouse, who may be the ultimate surviving spouse, from being eligible for any portion of this benefit.
See
Albert Feuer,
Who is Entitled to Survivor Benefits from ERISA Plans?,
40 J. Marshall L.Rev. 919 (2007).
Based upon the above reasoning and the absence of any reference to the survivor benefit in the Final Decree of Divorce, we find, as the trial court did, that Wife was not awarded the survivor benefit, the non-contemporaneous QDRO notwithstanding.
IV.
The Cost of Postponing the Inevitable — The QDRO
Many of the issues that arose in this case, and in other similar cases, are due to the lack of symmetry between the Final Decree of Divorce and a subsequent, non-contemporaneous QDRO. As duly noted in
Potts:
Notwithstanding their importance, issues and practice surrounding QDROs can give rise to contentious proceedings after a judgment of absolute divorce has been granted, because “ERISA does not necessarily require that a QDRO be part of the actual judgment in a case.”
Hogle v. Hogle,
732 N.E.2d 1278, 1281 (Ind. Ct.App.2000),
transfer denied,
753 N.E.2d 9 (Ind.2001) (citing
In re Marriage of Bruns,
535 N.W.2d 157, 162 (Iowa Ct.App.1995)).
See also Rohrbeck [v.
Rohrbeck], 318 Md. [28] at 42-43, 566 A.2d 767 [ (1989) ], and Elizabeth M. Wells,
Step One: Draft the QDRO,
24 Fam.Adv. 20 (Fall, 2001)....
Whatever the reason, this delay unfortunately creates a false sense of finality and generates questions regarding the appealability of divorce judgments involving pension issues. In the opinion of one commentator, “[drafting a qualified domestic relations order (QDRO) concurrently with the divorce is essential.” Gary Shulman,
QDROs-The Ticking Time Bomb,
23 Fam. Adv. 26, 26 (Spring, 2001). We agree that this would appear to be the better practice.
Potts,
790 A.2d at 709-10 (emphasis added). We are in full agreement with the above reasoning. Thus, we urge attorneys
drafting Final Decrees of Divorce in which pension benefits and survivor benefits are at issue, to heed the above recommendation and draft the QDRO contemporaneously with, and to read symmetrically with, the pertinent language in the Final Decree of Divorce so that issues such as these do not arise.
In Conclusion
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed in all respects, and this matter is remanded with costs of appeal assessed against both parties equally,