Evans, J.
The defendant purchased at an auction sale a certain three year old colt, the property of the plaintiff, for $102. As indicated by the record, the auction sale was one of a series conducted at Sac City by an auctioneer, Lookingbill, whereby he offered and put up for sale the property of various owners who chose to employ his facilities for that purpose. ' It is the contention of the defendant that the auctioneer warranted the horse as follows: ‘ ‘ The said auctioneer, in the presence and hearing of the said plaintiff, represented, warranted, and declared that the said horse was merchantable and sound in every respect; that he was tractable, docile, kind, free from vice, well broken to hitch, and drive in both single and double harness, and that he was not afraid of and would not shy at automobiles; that defendant relied upon the representation and declarations as being true, and, believing them to be true, made his bid of $102 as' stated and received the horse on such conditions.” He pleaded also breach of such warranty and averred also that, because of such breach, he immediately returned the horse to the place where he received him and notified the auctioneer and the plaintiff of his refusal to keep him. The plaintiff denied the alleged warranty. The principal emphasis of the defendant’s complaint as made upon the trial was that the horse was vicious and would not drive single. The ease is submitted here on four exceptions.
1. Instructions: submission of issues: adoption of pleadings: prejudice. I. Appellant’s first complaint is that the trial court failed to submit the issues to the jury in a concise form, and that its. statement of the issues was in substance a copy of the pleadings. This complaint has reference only to the allegations of the defendant’s answer, alleging warranty and breach thereof. There was no controversy over the allegations of the petition nor any denial thereof. It is true that, in stating the contention of the defendant by way of affirmative defense, the trial court followed quite closely the allegations of his answer. We have heretofore held that it is improper to refer the jury to the pleadings to ascertain [623]*623the issues. Lindsay v. Des Moines, 68 Iowa, 368. We have also criticised the practice of copying the pleadings into the instructions with unnecessary fullness. We have held also that where the pleadings themselves are concise, as they ought to be, the language thereof may be followed in the instructions. McDivitt v. Railway Co., 141 Iowa, 696; Canfield v. Railway Co., 142 Iowa, 658. This latter holding is peculiarly appropriate where the pleadings adopted in the instruction are those of the complaining appellant. We shall be slow to hold in favor of an appellant that his own pleadings were too prolix and involved to be fairly adopted in the instruction of the court. The error, if any, at such point should ordinarily be deemed as prejudicial to the opposing party and not to the party whose pleadings were adopted. In the case before us the allegations of the answer appear to be reasonably concise. Indeed, the appellant does not contend otherwise. The purport of his argument is that, because the court adopted his exact language, a rule was thereby .violated which entitled him to a new trial. It is the duty of the trial court to make the issue as plain to the jury as practicable, regardless of whether the language of the pleadings does so or not. If the pleadings themselves do this in a concise way, there is no reason why the court should avoid them.
2. Same: misleading instructions. II. The trial court instructed the jury that the burden was upon the defendant to prove that the horse was “warranted substantially as stated in defendant’s answer.” The expression here quoted was also used in other instructions. Appellant contends that the effect of the instruction in this form was to refer the jury to the pleadings in violation of the rule already referred to. It must be borne in mind, however, that the trial court had in a previous instruction advised the jury as to what the claim of the defendant’s answer was. We think the jury could not fail to understand that the expression complained of had reference to the allegation of the answer as previously set forth by the court in its instructions.
[624]*6243. Sales: breach of warranty: evidence. III. It will be noted that the answer of the defendant pleaded that the horse was warranted by the auctioneer to be “merchantable and sound in every respect.” The defendant, as a witness, did not testify in support of this allegation. The testimony of the defendant in support of the alleged warranty was as follows : “I says, ‘Is this horse broke?’ to Mr. Lookingbill, and he says, ‘Yes, he is broke single and double and guaranteed to go and he would not be afraid of automobiles. ’ ’ ’ Because of this testimony of the defendant, it is now contended that the court erred in submitting to the jury the issue of an alleged warranty that the horse was “merchantable and sound.” Whether the horse was “merchantable” or not was a question which inhered somewhat in his character as to docility or viciousness. If he was as vicious as the defendant contends, then the defendant might also contend that he was not “merchantable” on that account.
4. Same: submission of issues. Whether the horse was “sound,” or was warranted as sound, was a somewhat different proposition. The defendant himself could have withdrawn the allegation, and ought to have done so if he thought that its submission would be prejudicial to him. In view of the defendant’s testimony, the trial court could have withdrawn the issue from the jury and perhaps ought to have done so in protection of the right of the plaintiff. But the defendant, by the introduction of other testimony, made a confusing record at this point. Tie called the auctioneer, Lookingbill, as a witness, who testified as follows: “When we have these sales we have anybody bring stock there that wants to. When we are selling out our own property, we stand back of our guaranty, and we always make that statement. But when other people’s property is led into the ring, they must stand back of their own guaranty, and that all property must be settled for before removal from the premises, and that all animals must be tried before they leave the premises, if the purchaser wants a trial, where they are hitched, especially horses, and they must be as represented, and they must be [625]*625tried on the farm. On the 29th of September, 1911, Mr. Stephens brought a bay three year old colt and we put him on the block and sold him. Mr. Brill was the last man and he bid $102 and was sold for that. I think I called Mr. Stephens off. We got up and around $90. I think he stopped at $90 or $95, and I says, ‘Mr. Stephens, what is wrong with ibis colt? Isn’t he sound, is he well broke, or what is the matter with him ? ’ He says then, ‘ This colt has been hitched' two or three times double and once or twice single and is well broke to work on the plow. I have worked him on the disc and on the plow on the farm,’ and those are exactly the statements of Mr. Stephens. I did not say that ‘ I guaranteed the colt to drive single or double. ’ I think Mr. Stephens said that he would guarantee that the colt had' been driven single two or three times and that he was not afraid of automobiles. I only said that he had been hitched single two or three times.” The witness Mason testified: “I remember what they said when the horse was sold.
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Evans, J.
The defendant purchased at an auction sale a certain three year old colt, the property of the plaintiff, for $102. As indicated by the record, the auction sale was one of a series conducted at Sac City by an auctioneer, Lookingbill, whereby he offered and put up for sale the property of various owners who chose to employ his facilities for that purpose. ' It is the contention of the defendant that the auctioneer warranted the horse as follows: ‘ ‘ The said auctioneer, in the presence and hearing of the said plaintiff, represented, warranted, and declared that the said horse was merchantable and sound in every respect; that he was tractable, docile, kind, free from vice, well broken to hitch, and drive in both single and double harness, and that he was not afraid of and would not shy at automobiles; that defendant relied upon the representation and declarations as being true, and, believing them to be true, made his bid of $102 as' stated and received the horse on such conditions.” He pleaded also breach of such warranty and averred also that, because of such breach, he immediately returned the horse to the place where he received him and notified the auctioneer and the plaintiff of his refusal to keep him. The plaintiff denied the alleged warranty. The principal emphasis of the defendant’s complaint as made upon the trial was that the horse was vicious and would not drive single. The ease is submitted here on four exceptions.
1. Instructions: submission of issues: adoption of pleadings: prejudice. I. Appellant’s first complaint is that the trial court failed to submit the issues to the jury in a concise form, and that its. statement of the issues was in substance a copy of the pleadings. This complaint has reference only to the allegations of the defendant’s answer, alleging warranty and breach thereof. There was no controversy over the allegations of the petition nor any denial thereof. It is true that, in stating the contention of the defendant by way of affirmative defense, the trial court followed quite closely the allegations of his answer. We have heretofore held that it is improper to refer the jury to the pleadings to ascertain [623]*623the issues. Lindsay v. Des Moines, 68 Iowa, 368. We have also criticised the practice of copying the pleadings into the instructions with unnecessary fullness. We have held also that where the pleadings themselves are concise, as they ought to be, the language thereof may be followed in the instructions. McDivitt v. Railway Co., 141 Iowa, 696; Canfield v. Railway Co., 142 Iowa, 658. This latter holding is peculiarly appropriate where the pleadings adopted in the instruction are those of the complaining appellant. We shall be slow to hold in favor of an appellant that his own pleadings were too prolix and involved to be fairly adopted in the instruction of the court. The error, if any, at such point should ordinarily be deemed as prejudicial to the opposing party and not to the party whose pleadings were adopted. In the case before us the allegations of the answer appear to be reasonably concise. Indeed, the appellant does not contend otherwise. The purport of his argument is that, because the court adopted his exact language, a rule was thereby .violated which entitled him to a new trial. It is the duty of the trial court to make the issue as plain to the jury as practicable, regardless of whether the language of the pleadings does so or not. If the pleadings themselves do this in a concise way, there is no reason why the court should avoid them.
2. Same: misleading instructions. II. The trial court instructed the jury that the burden was upon the defendant to prove that the horse was “warranted substantially as stated in defendant’s answer.” The expression here quoted was also used in other instructions. Appellant contends that the effect of the instruction in this form was to refer the jury to the pleadings in violation of the rule already referred to. It must be borne in mind, however, that the trial court had in a previous instruction advised the jury as to what the claim of the defendant’s answer was. We think the jury could not fail to understand that the expression complained of had reference to the allegation of the answer as previously set forth by the court in its instructions.
[624]*6243. Sales: breach of warranty: evidence. III. It will be noted that the answer of the defendant pleaded that the horse was warranted by the auctioneer to be “merchantable and sound in every respect.” The defendant, as a witness, did not testify in support of this allegation. The testimony of the defendant in support of the alleged warranty was as follows : “I says, ‘Is this horse broke?’ to Mr. Lookingbill, and he says, ‘Yes, he is broke single and double and guaranteed to go and he would not be afraid of automobiles. ’ ’ ’ Because of this testimony of the defendant, it is now contended that the court erred in submitting to the jury the issue of an alleged warranty that the horse was “merchantable and sound.” Whether the horse was “merchantable” or not was a question which inhered somewhat in his character as to docility or viciousness. If he was as vicious as the defendant contends, then the defendant might also contend that he was not “merchantable” on that account.
4. Same: submission of issues. Whether the horse was “sound,” or was warranted as sound, was a somewhat different proposition. The defendant himself could have withdrawn the allegation, and ought to have done so if he thought that its submission would be prejudicial to him. In view of the defendant’s testimony, the trial court could have withdrawn the issue from the jury and perhaps ought to have done so in protection of the right of the plaintiff. But the defendant, by the introduction of other testimony, made a confusing record at this point. Tie called the auctioneer, Lookingbill, as a witness, who testified as follows: “When we have these sales we have anybody bring stock there that wants to. When we are selling out our own property, we stand back of our guaranty, and we always make that statement. But when other people’s property is led into the ring, they must stand back of their own guaranty, and that all property must be settled for before removal from the premises, and that all animals must be tried before they leave the premises, if the purchaser wants a trial, where they are hitched, especially horses, and they must be as represented, and they must be [625]*625tried on the farm. On the 29th of September, 1911, Mr. Stephens brought a bay three year old colt and we put him on the block and sold him. Mr. Brill was the last man and he bid $102 and was sold for that. I think I called Mr. Stephens off. We got up and around $90. I think he stopped at $90 or $95, and I says, ‘Mr. Stephens, what is wrong with ibis colt? Isn’t he sound, is he well broke, or what is the matter with him ? ’ He says then, ‘ This colt has been hitched' two or three times double and once or twice single and is well broke to work on the plow. I have worked him on the disc and on the plow on the farm,’ and those are exactly the statements of Mr. Stephens. I did not say that ‘ I guaranteed the colt to drive single or double. ’ I think Mr. Stephens said that he would guarantee that the colt had' been driven single two or three times and that he was not afraid of automobiles. I only said that he had been hitched single two or three times.” The witness Mason testified: “I remember what they said when the horse was sold. They said he was serviceably sound and they would guarantee him to drive single and double.” Another witness for the defendant testified that the horse had a ‘ ‘wire cut’ ’ in his foot and another that he was ‘ ‘blemished. ’ ’ This testimony had some tendency to support the allegation of warranty of soundness, even though the defendant himself did not as a witness testify to it. The defendant had it at all times within his power to withdraw it from the jury by a simple request to that effect, and he is in no position to complain because the trial court solved the doubt in favor of his pleading and submitted the issue as he made it.
5. Same: instructions: burden of proof: prejudice. IV. The trial court instructed the jury that if “it was announced by the auctioneer that all horses sold at said sale must be tried upon the premises before being, taken away, and that there were no words of warranty used either by the owner of the horse or the auctioneer making the sale, and that the horse was not so tried, then you should find for the plaintiff.” Complaint is directed to the first part of this [626]*626quoted instruction, because it submitted an issue to the jury which was not made by the pleadings. This part of the instruction, as will be noted, was based upon testimony of the auctioneer, which we have already quoted. Appellant’s contention is doubtless correct that the pleadings tendered no issue at this point and that the statement of the auctioneer as a witness should not have been submitted as an issue. It will be noted, however, that this statement of the issue was coupled with another, and that it was prejudicial only to the plaintiff and could not be prejudicial to the defendant. This instruction laid upon the plaintiff the burden of showing not only “that there were no words of warranty used,” but also that it was announced that “all horses sold in said sale must be tried upon the premises before being taken away.” It is clear that, if no words of warranty were used, the plaintiff was entitled to a verdict regardless of whether a trial must be had upon the premises or not. In order to find for the plaintiff upon this instruction, the jury necessarily found that no words of warranty were used, and, if they found more, it was quite immaterial, and the defendant could not be prejudiced. If the issue thus erroneously submitted had been of a nature calculated to prejudice the jury in that it was inflammable or scandalous, a different question would be presented. The same would perhaps be true if such false issue fairly tended to divert the attention of the jury from the real issue and controversy. The evidence upon which the instruction was based was introduced by the defendant himself, and this fact is not lost sight of in holding the same to be nonprejudieial.
The foregoing comprise the principal questions presented for our consideration. A motion for a new trial was filed and overruled. In support of such motion, it is argued that the merits of the case were clearly with the defendant. From reading the entire evidence, we are impressed that the general merits of the case were with the plaintiff.
The judgment below must therefore be Affirmed.