Stephen L. Rogers v. United States
Opinion
NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit Chicago, Illinois 60604
Argued December 16, 2014 Decided December 22, 2014
Before
DIANE P. WOOD, Chief Judge
ILANA DIAMOND ROVNER, Circuit Judge
JOHN DANIEL TINDER, Circuit Judge
No. 14‐1993
STEPHEN L. ROGERS, Appeal from the United States District Petitioner‐Appellant, Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
v.
No. 13 c 6992
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Defendant‐Appellee. Matthew F. Kennelly, Judge.
O R D E R
Stephen Rogers was convicted of knowingly transferring obscene matter to a minor, 18 U.S.C. § 1470; knowingly receiving child pornography, id. § 2252A(a)(2)(A); and enticing a minor to engage in sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of producing a visual depiction of that conduct, id. § 2251(a). After we affirmed his convictions under § 1470 and § 2251(a), United States v. Rogers, 474 F. App’x 463, 464–65 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 133 S. Ct. 358 (2012), Rogers moved to vacate his § 2251(a) conviction, see 28 U.S.C. § 2255, contending that his appellate counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence underlying that count. The district court denied the motion, but certified for appeal Rogers’s challenge to his counsel’s performance concerning the sufficiency of the evidence.
No. 14‐1993 Page 2
Because we decided in Rogers’s direct appeal that the evidence was sufficient to persuade a reasonable jury of his guilt and because he does not show that he was prejudiced by counsel’s failure to explicitly raise this challenge, we affirm the judgment.
This case involves Rogers’s online interactions with a fourteen‐year‐old girl named Andrea and an undercover law‐enforcement officer posing as a thirteen‐year‐old girl named “Emily.” 1 See Rogers, 474 F. App’x at 465–66. In 2005 Rogers began e‐mailing and chatting online with Andrea; in June 2005 Andrea e‐mailed him a photograph of her vagina and a photograph of her naked breasts. See id. at 465. The following year Rogers began conversing online with Emily; Rogers told Emily that he wanted to have sex with her and in June 2006 e‐mailed her a picture of an erect penis protruding out of a pair of unzipped pants being held by a hand. Id. at 465–66.
Based on his exchanges with Emily, Rogers was charged with “knowingly persuad[ing], induc[ing], entic[ing], or coerc[ing] [a minor], to engage in prostitution or any sexual activity” (“Count 1”), 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b), and knowingly transferring obscene matter to a minor (“Count 2”), id. § 1470; see Rogers, 474 F. App’x at 466. Rogers’s interactions with Andrea resulted in charges that he knowingly received child pornography (“Count 3”), 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(2)(A), and enticed a minor to engage in sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of producing a visual depiction of that conduct (“Count 4”), id. § 2251(a); see Rogers, 474 F. App’x at 465–66. Rogers moved to sever the counts pertaining to Emily from the counts relating to Andrea, but the district court denied the motion and permitted trial to proceed on all counts. Rogers, 474 F. App’x at 466–67.
At trial Andrea testified about her interactions with Rogers. She said that they met in a chatroom and that he used the screenname “Hotthockey27” and the email address “food773@yahoo.com.” Andrea testified that after Rogers e‐mailed her a request for pictures of herself and she e‐mailed him pictures of her face, “Hotthockey started asking me for pictures of my breasts and my vagina.” Andrea testified that she had not wanted to take nude photographs, but eventually acquiesced—taking photographs of her vagina and naked breasts and e‐mailing them to Rogers—so that Hotthockey27 would stop “nagging” her to take them. The government introduced into evidence several of Andrea’s e‐mail exchanges with food773@yahoo.com—none of which contain a request for any “particular kind of picture”—but not her chats with Hotthockey27 because she had not saved those messages.
1 We limit our discussion of the procedural history to the facts that are important to the
present case. A more detailed account is found in our decisions in Rogers, 474 F. App’x 463 and United States v. Rogers, 587 F.3d 816 (7th Cir. 2009).
No. 14‐1993 Page 3
A government investigator also testified at trial. The investigator said that he had questioned Andrea about the nude photographs in an August 2007 interview, during which Andrea mentioned food773@yahoo.com but said that she did not know why she had taken the photographs. Only later, in an interview in January 2008, the investigator testified, did Andrea mention Hotthockey27. Andrea testified, however, that she had told government investigators about Hotthockey27 during the August 2007 interview.
A jury found Rogers guilty of Counts 2, 3, and 4 and not guilty of Count 1.
Rogers, 474 F. App’x at 467. He filed a direct appeal challenging his convictions on Counts 3 and 4 (concerning Andrea), arguing that he was prejudiced by the district court’s refusal to sever those counts from Counts 1 and 2 (concerning Emily). He noted that the government had not corroborated Andrea’s testimony that he requested nude pictures. Thus, Rogers argued, the evidence supporting Counts 3 and 4 was so weak that the jury must have found him guilty of those counts based on evidence of his sexual conversations with Emily.
We rejected Rogers’s challenge, ruling that Rogers had waived his motion to sever by failing to renew it at the close of evidence. See Rogers, 474 F. App’x at 471–72. “Assuming arguendo” that Rogers had not waived that motion, we concluded that he did not prove that he was prejudiced by the refusal to sever. Id. at 472–74. Although the record was “unclear” as to whether Rogers had “expressly asked” Andrea to send additional pictures of herself and “physical documentation . . . that he specifically requested nude pictures of her would have made her testimony all the more incriminating,” we nevertheless concluded that “a reasonable jury could have been persuaded of his guilt by her testimony.” Id. at 465, 472–74.
Rogers then brought a collateral attack under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, arguing that appellate counsel had provided ineffective assistance by failing to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction on Count 4. The government, he asserted, did not present any evidence showing that he had enticed Andrea to produce— rather than simply send—nude photographs. See 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a); United States v. Broxmeyer, 616 F.3d 120, 125–27 (2d Cir. 2010). Furthermore, Rogers contended, “Andrea’s testimony was so unclear, impeached, and unsatisfactory” that it was “insufficiently credible” to persuade a rational trier of fact of his guilt: None of his e‐mails to Andrea corroborated her testimony that he had asked her for nude photographs, a government investigator contradicted Andrea’s testimony that she had told investigators about Hotthockey27 in August 2007, and Andrea initially told an investigator that she did not know why she had taken the nude photographs. The government responded that Andrea’s testimony was sufficient to support Rogers’s § 2251(a) conviction and that this court had already concluded that in his direct appeal.
The district court denied Rogers’s § 2255 motion. The court found that Andrea’s testimony—that Hotthockey27 asked her to take nude photographs and she took the photographs at his behest—showed that Rogers had “urged her to produce, and not just send, sexually explicit photos of herself.” Moreover, the court concluded, Andrea’s testimony was not so improbable that no reasonable trier of fact could have credited it. Thus, the court determined, counsel was not ineffective for forgoing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. Although the court denied relief, it granted Rogers a certificate of appealability.
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