NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUL 31 2020 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
STEPHANIE CLIFFORD, AKA Stormy No. 18-56351 Daniels, D.C. No. Plaintiff-Appellant, 2:18-cv-06893-SJO-FFM
v. MEMORANDUM* DONALD J. TRUMP,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California S. James Otero, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 4, 2020 Pasadena, California
Before: THOMAS, Chief Judge, and WARDLAW and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges.
Stephanie Clifford appeals the district court’s dismissal of her defamation
action against President Donald J. Trump.1 We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1291. Reviewing de novo, we affirm.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. 1 Because the operative complaint names President Trump in his personal capacity, the remainder of this disposition refers to the parties as Ms. Clifford and Mr. Trump. 1. The district court correctly concluded under the Erie doctrine that the
motion to dismiss procedures of the Texas Citizens Participation Act (TCPA)—
Texas’s version of an anti-SLAPP law—apply in federal court. We have long held
that analogous procedures in California’s anti-SLAPP law apply in federal court,
United States ex rel. Newsham v. Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., 190 F.3d 963,
973 (9th Cir. 1999), and the TCPA is indistinguishable from California’s law in all
material respects, compare S & S Emergency Training Sols., Inc. v. Elliott, 564
S.W.3d 843, 847 (Tex. 2018) (describing the TCPA analysis), with Oasis W.
Realty, LLC v. Goldman, 51 Cal. 4th 811, 820 (2011) (describing California’s anti-
SLAPP analysis).
Though we recognize the Fifth Circuit recently held that the TCPA does not
apply in federal court, Klocke v. Watson, 936 F.3d 240, 244–47 (5th Cir. 2019), the
reasoning of the Fifth Circuit’s opinion cannot be reconciled with our circuit’s
anti-SLAPP precedent, compare Newsham, 190 F.3d at 972 (“[T]here is no
indication that [Federal Rules of Civil Procedure] 8, 12, and 56 were intended to
‘occupy the field’ with respect to pretrial procedures aimed at weeding out
meritless claims.”), with Klocke, 936 F.3d at 247 (“Rules 8, 12, and 56 provide a
comprehensive framework governing pretrial dismissal and judgment.” (cleaned
up)). We are bound to follow our own precedent, which requires us to apply the
2 TCPA.2 Miller v. Gammie, 335 F.3d 889, 892–93, 900 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc).
Because the TCPA motion in this case challenged the legal sufficiency of
the allegations in the complaint, we “apply the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(b)(6) standard and consider whether a claim is properly stated.” Planned
Parenthood Fed’n of Am., Inc. v. Ctr. for Med. Progress, 890 F.3d 828, 834 (9th
Cir. 2018).
2. The elements of a defamation claim under Texas law are (1) “the
publication of a false statement of fact to a third party,” (2) “that was defamatory
concerning the plaintiff,” (3) made with actual malice,3 and (4) damages, in some
cases. In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d 579, 593 (Tex. 2015). We conclude, like the
district court, that the complaint failed to plausibly allege an actionable false
statement of fact, though for slightly different reasons.
As alleged in the complaint, Ms. Clifford began an intimate relationship with
Mr. Trump in 2006. Five years later, in 2011, Ms. Clifford agreed to cooperate
with a magazine that intended to publish a story about the relationship. Ms.
2 We do not consider Ms. Clifford’s argument, raised for the first time in her reply brief on appeal, that applying the TCPA would violate the Seventh Amendment. Brown v. Rawson-Neal Psych. Hosp., 840 F.3d 1146, 1148 (9th Cir. 2016) (“We generally do not consider issues that are not raised in the appellant’s opening brief.”). 3 Actual malice is required because Ms. Clifford has not disputed that she is a public figure. In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d 579, 593 (Tex. 2015).
3 Clifford alleges that a few weeks after she agreed to assist with the magazine story,
she was approached by an unknown man in a Las Vegas parking lot who told her
“Leave Trump alone. Forget the story,” and threatened that harm would come to
her if she continued to cooperate with the magazine. Ultimately, the story was not
published.
In 2018, after Mr. Trump became President, Ms. Clifford went public with
her account of this incident. With the assistance of a sketch artist, she prepared a
composite sketch of the man from the parking lot, which was disseminated
publicly.
Ms. Clifford’s defamation claim is based on a tweet Mr. Trump published
about the composite sketch. Shortly after the sketch was released, a Twitter user
unrelated to the parties here tweeted the sketch juxtaposed with a photograph of
Ms. Clifford’s ex-husband, with a mocking message suggesting that the two men
resembled one another. Mr. Trump retweeted this tweet, adding his own message:
“A sketch years later about a nonexistent man. A total con job, playing the Fake
News Media for Fools (but they know it)!”
4 The two tweets appeared together as depicted below: 4
Ms. Clifford responded by filing this suit, alleging that Mr. Trump’s tweet is
defamatory.
Under Texas law, as informed by the Supreme Court’s First Amendment
jurisprudence, “statements that are not verifiable as false are not defamatory. And
even when a statement is verifiable, it cannot give rise to liability if the entire
4 Mr. Trump’s unopposed request that we consider the screenshot of the tweet is granted. The screenshot is properly before us because the tweet is described in the complaint and forms the basis of the defamation claim. See Khoja v. Orexigen Therapeutics, Inc., 899 F.3d 988, 1002 (9th Cir. 2018).
5 context in which it was made discloses that it was not intended to assert a fact.”
Dallas Morning News, Inc. v. Tatum, 554 S.W.3d 614, 638 (Tex. 2018) (cleaned
up). Texas law refers to statements that fail either test—“verifiability or
context”—as “opinion[s].” Id. The determination of whether a statement is
“reasonably capable of a defamatory meaning” focuses on how the statement
would be interpreted by an “objectively reasonable reader.” Id. at 624, 631.
Ms. Clifford advances two arguments for why the tweet at issue is
defamatory. First, citing the Black’s Law Dictionary definition of “confidence
man,” she argues that the use of the term “con job” implied that she had literally
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUL 31 2020 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
STEPHANIE CLIFFORD, AKA Stormy No. 18-56351 Daniels, D.C. No. Plaintiff-Appellant, 2:18-cv-06893-SJO-FFM
v. MEMORANDUM* DONALD J. TRUMP,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California S. James Otero, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 4, 2020 Pasadena, California
Before: THOMAS, Chief Judge, and WARDLAW and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges.
Stephanie Clifford appeals the district court’s dismissal of her defamation
action against President Donald J. Trump.1 We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1291. Reviewing de novo, we affirm.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. 1 Because the operative complaint names President Trump in his personal capacity, the remainder of this disposition refers to the parties as Ms. Clifford and Mr. Trump. 1. The district court correctly concluded under the Erie doctrine that the
motion to dismiss procedures of the Texas Citizens Participation Act (TCPA)—
Texas’s version of an anti-SLAPP law—apply in federal court. We have long held
that analogous procedures in California’s anti-SLAPP law apply in federal court,
United States ex rel. Newsham v. Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., 190 F.3d 963,
973 (9th Cir. 1999), and the TCPA is indistinguishable from California’s law in all
material respects, compare S & S Emergency Training Sols., Inc. v. Elliott, 564
S.W.3d 843, 847 (Tex. 2018) (describing the TCPA analysis), with Oasis W.
Realty, LLC v. Goldman, 51 Cal. 4th 811, 820 (2011) (describing California’s anti-
SLAPP analysis).
Though we recognize the Fifth Circuit recently held that the TCPA does not
apply in federal court, Klocke v. Watson, 936 F.3d 240, 244–47 (5th Cir. 2019), the
reasoning of the Fifth Circuit’s opinion cannot be reconciled with our circuit’s
anti-SLAPP precedent, compare Newsham, 190 F.3d at 972 (“[T]here is no
indication that [Federal Rules of Civil Procedure] 8, 12, and 56 were intended to
‘occupy the field’ with respect to pretrial procedures aimed at weeding out
meritless claims.”), with Klocke, 936 F.3d at 247 (“Rules 8, 12, and 56 provide a
comprehensive framework governing pretrial dismissal and judgment.” (cleaned
up)). We are bound to follow our own precedent, which requires us to apply the
2 TCPA.2 Miller v. Gammie, 335 F.3d 889, 892–93, 900 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc).
Because the TCPA motion in this case challenged the legal sufficiency of
the allegations in the complaint, we “apply the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(b)(6) standard and consider whether a claim is properly stated.” Planned
Parenthood Fed’n of Am., Inc. v. Ctr. for Med. Progress, 890 F.3d 828, 834 (9th
Cir. 2018).
2. The elements of a defamation claim under Texas law are (1) “the
publication of a false statement of fact to a third party,” (2) “that was defamatory
concerning the plaintiff,” (3) made with actual malice,3 and (4) damages, in some
cases. In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d 579, 593 (Tex. 2015). We conclude, like the
district court, that the complaint failed to plausibly allege an actionable false
statement of fact, though for slightly different reasons.
As alleged in the complaint, Ms. Clifford began an intimate relationship with
Mr. Trump in 2006. Five years later, in 2011, Ms. Clifford agreed to cooperate
with a magazine that intended to publish a story about the relationship. Ms.
2 We do not consider Ms. Clifford’s argument, raised for the first time in her reply brief on appeal, that applying the TCPA would violate the Seventh Amendment. Brown v. Rawson-Neal Psych. Hosp., 840 F.3d 1146, 1148 (9th Cir. 2016) (“We generally do not consider issues that are not raised in the appellant’s opening brief.”). 3 Actual malice is required because Ms. Clifford has not disputed that she is a public figure. In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d 579, 593 (Tex. 2015).
3 Clifford alleges that a few weeks after she agreed to assist with the magazine story,
she was approached by an unknown man in a Las Vegas parking lot who told her
“Leave Trump alone. Forget the story,” and threatened that harm would come to
her if she continued to cooperate with the magazine. Ultimately, the story was not
published.
In 2018, after Mr. Trump became President, Ms. Clifford went public with
her account of this incident. With the assistance of a sketch artist, she prepared a
composite sketch of the man from the parking lot, which was disseminated
publicly.
Ms. Clifford’s defamation claim is based on a tweet Mr. Trump published
about the composite sketch. Shortly after the sketch was released, a Twitter user
unrelated to the parties here tweeted the sketch juxtaposed with a photograph of
Ms. Clifford’s ex-husband, with a mocking message suggesting that the two men
resembled one another. Mr. Trump retweeted this tweet, adding his own message:
“A sketch years later about a nonexistent man. A total con job, playing the Fake
News Media for Fools (but they know it)!”
4 The two tweets appeared together as depicted below: 4
Ms. Clifford responded by filing this suit, alleging that Mr. Trump’s tweet is
defamatory.
Under Texas law, as informed by the Supreme Court’s First Amendment
jurisprudence, “statements that are not verifiable as false are not defamatory. And
even when a statement is verifiable, it cannot give rise to liability if the entire
4 Mr. Trump’s unopposed request that we consider the screenshot of the tweet is granted. The screenshot is properly before us because the tweet is described in the complaint and forms the basis of the defamation claim. See Khoja v. Orexigen Therapeutics, Inc., 899 F.3d 988, 1002 (9th Cir. 2018).
5 context in which it was made discloses that it was not intended to assert a fact.”
Dallas Morning News, Inc. v. Tatum, 554 S.W.3d 614, 638 (Tex. 2018) (cleaned
up). Texas law refers to statements that fail either test—“verifiability or
context”—as “opinion[s].” Id. The determination of whether a statement is
“reasonably capable of a defamatory meaning” focuses on how the statement
would be interpreted by an “objectively reasonable reader.” Id. at 624, 631.
Ms. Clifford advances two arguments for why the tweet at issue is
defamatory. First, citing the Black’s Law Dictionary definition of “confidence
man,” she argues that the use of the term “con job” implied that she had literally
committed the crime of fraud. But it would be clear to a reasonable reader that the
tweet was not accusing Clifford of actually committing criminal activity. See id. at
638. Instead, as used in this context, the term “con job” could not be interpreted as
anything more than a colorful expression of rhetorical hyperbole. Greenbelt Coop.
Publ’g Ass’n v. Bresler, 398 U.S. 6, 13–14 (1970) (description of the plaintiff’s
negotiating position as “blackmail” could not reasonably be interpreted as having
accused him of committing the crime of blackmail); see also Milkovich v. Lorain J.
Co., 497 U.S. 1, 16–17 (1990). Because the tweet could not reasonably be read as
asserting that Ms. Clifford committed a crime, this theory of defamation is not
viable. Tatum, 554 S.W.3d at 638; see also Bresler, 398 U.S. at 13–14.
Next, Ms. Clifford argues that the tweet is defamatory because it accused her
6 of lying about having been threatened because of her participation in a magazine
story about her relationship with Mr. Trump. We agree that this is a reasonable
interpretation of the tweet, but conclude that it is not actionable.
Under Texas law, a statement that merely interprets disclosed facts is an
opinion, and, as noted, statements of opinion cannot form the basis of a defamation
claim. Tatum, 554 S.W.3d at 639–40. Viewed through the eyes of an objectively
reasonable reader, the tweet here reflects Mr. Trump’s opinion about the
implications of the allegedly similar appearances of Ms. Clifford’s ex-husband and
the man in the sketch. Mr. Trump’s reference to a “sketch years later of a
nonexistent man” signals that the allegedly defamatory conclusion that followed—
that Ms. Clifford was pulling a “con job” and “playing the Fake News Media for
Fools”—plainly concerns the similarities between the sketch and the photograph of
Ms. Clifford’s ex-husband. Because the tweet juxtaposing the two images was
displayed immediately below Mr. Trump’s tweet, the reader was provided with the
information underlying the allegedly defamatory statement and was free to draw
his or her own conclusions. Moreover, the tweet does not imply any undisclosed
facts. Accordingly, the tweet, read in context, was a non-actionable statement of
opinion. Id.; Fox Ent. Grp., Inc. v. Abdel-Hafiz, 240 S.W.3d 524, 560 (Tex. App.
2007) (“[T]here is no defamation liability for a statement of opinion when a report
sets out the underlying facts in the publication itself, thereby allowing the listener
7 to evaluate the facts and either accept or reject the opinion.” (citing Brewer v.
Capital Cities/ABC, Inc., 986 S.W.2d 636, 643 (Tex. App. 1998)).
Resisting this conclusion, Ms. Clifford argues that the tweet is reasonably
construed as disputing not only her account of having been threatened over her
cooperation with the magazine but also her broader allegation that she had an
intimate relationship with Mr. Trump. Construed this way, Ms. Clifford contends
that the tweet is actionable because a reasonable reader would appreciate that Mr.
Trump had personal knowledge about whether there had in fact been a relationship,
such that the tweet would be understood as a statement, based on undisclosed facts,
that Ms. Clifford had fabricated her account of the relationship. We find this
argument unpersuasive.
As an initial matter, in evaluating whether Ms. Clifford adequately pleaded a
defamation claim, we are limited to the allegations in the complaint. Koala v.
Khosla, 931 F.3d 887, 894 (9th Cir. 2019). The operative complaint specifically
alleges that Mr. Trump’s tweet was defamatory because it “falsely attack[ed] the
veracity of Ms. Clifford’s account of the threatening incident that took place in
2011.” Nowhere does the complaint allege that the tweet was instead addressing
Ms. Clifford’s allegations about her relationship with Mr. Trump. This theory is
therefore not before us.
More importantly, even if this theory had been properly presented, we do not
8 believe the tweet could be reasonably read as addressing Ms. Clifford’s account of
her relationship with Mr. Trump. The tweet did not reference the alleged
relationship and instead focused on the sketch of the ostensibly “nonexistent man.”
This was plainly a reference to Ms. Clifford’s account of having been threatened
by a man in a Las Vegas parking lot. It follows that the statement in the following
sentence that Ms. Clifford was pulling a “con job” and “playing the Fake News
Media for Fools” was referring to her account of that same incident, not more
broadly to other, unreferenced, statements by Ms. Clifford about the alleged
relationship.
Because the complaint failed to plead an actionable false statement, the
district court correctly granted the motion to dismiss.5
3. The district court did not abuse its discretion by denying leave to
amend the complaint. See Parents for Privacy v. Barr, 949 F.3d 1210, 1221 (9th
Cir. 2020). Amendment would have been futile because the tweet is not
defamatory as a matter of law. See id. at 1239.
AFFIRMED.
5 In light of our conclusion, we do not address whether the complaint adequately pleaded actual malice. We also need not, and do not, address the district court’s conclusion that Ms. Clifford presented herself as a “political adversary” of Mr. Trump.