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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. NO. A-1-CA-34928
5 JEROME YAZZIE,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SAN JUAN COUNTY 8 Karen L. Townsend, District Judge
9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General 10 Maha Khoury, Assistant Attorney General 11 Santa Fe, NM
12 for Appellee
13 Bennett J. Baur, Chief Public Defender 14 Tania Shahani, Assistant Appellate Defender 15 Santa Fe, NM
16 for Appellant
17 MEMORANDUM OPINION
18 HANISEE, Judge.
19 {1} Defendant Jerome Yazzie appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to
20 dismiss probation revocation proceedings. Following the denial of that motion, 1 Defendant conditionally admitted to the probation violation in order to pursue this
2 appeal. On appeal, Defendant makes two arguments, asserting that the State failed to
3 prove he had notice of the relevant conditions of probation and also that his right to
4 due process was violated by the district court’s failure to conduct hearings concerning
5 the terms and conditions of his probation, pursuant to NMSA 1978, Section 31-20-
6 5.2(A), (B) (2003). Having reviewed the proceedings below, we hold that Defendant
7 waived his opportunity to contend he was unaware of the terms and conditions of his
8 supervised probation. We also hold that Defendant’s right to due process was not
9 violated because Defendant failed to establish that he suffered prejudice as a result of
10 the deprivation of his statutory right to hearings. We therefore affirm revocation of
11 Defendant’s probation.
12 BACKGROUND
13 {2} Defendant was convicted, pursuant to an Alford plea, of criminal sexual contact
14 with a six-year-old minor in 2008. When sentenced, all but five years of Defendant’s
15 fifteen-year term of imprisonment was suspended. Defendant’s sentence included a
16 probationary term of between five and twenty years, as required by Section 31-20-
17 5.2(A). Defendant was released from incarceration and into supervised probation in
18 2012. Although Section 31-20-5.2(A) requires that “[p]rior to placing a sex offender
19 on probation, the district court shall conduct a hearing to determine the terms and
2 1 conditions of supervised probation for the sex offender[,]” no such hearing was
2 conducted upon Defendant’s release. Further, although Section 31-20-5.2(B) requires
3 review hearings concerning “conditions of a sex offender’s supervised probation at
4 two and one-half year intervals[,]” no such hearing was conducted once Defendant
5 had been on supervised probation for two and one-half years.
6 {3} In March 2015 the State filed a motion to revoke Defendant’s probation for
7 violating three conditions, set forth within a sex offender supervision behavioral
8 contract signed by Defendant upon his release from incarceration. The behavioral
9 contract prohibited Defendant’s engagement in numerous specified activities. In its
10 motion to revoke, the State alleged that Defendant: (1) contacted his then fourteen-
11 year-old victim, (2) accessed pornography on his phone, and (3) deleted his phone’s
12 web browser history. Each alleged act violated specific prohibitions contained within
13 the signed behavioral contract. Defendant moved to dismiss the State’s motion to
14 revoke, complaining that the court failed to conduct the hearings required by Section
15 31-20-5.2 and asserting that revocation of his probation was wrongly based on
16 “violations of conditions that were never properly imposed in the first place.” Notably,
17 Defendant did not contend that he was unaware of the behavioral contract’s applicable
18 terms and conditions; rather, he contended that those conditions were not incorporated
19 into the district court’s previously issued order of probation or its judgment and
3 1 sentence. Following denial of his motion to dismiss, Defendant entered his conditional
2 admission and this appeal followed.
3 DISCUSSION
4 {4} On appeal, Defendant argues that the district court was required to grant his
5 motion to dismiss for two reasons: (1) “the State failed to prove he was aware of the
6 conditions of probation he allegedly violated[,]” and (2) the district court’s prior
7 failure to comply with Section 31-20-5.2’s commands violated his right to due
8 process. The State answers that Defendant failed to argue in district court that he was
9 unaware of the terms and conditions of the behavioral contract. Also, the State argues
10 that the district court properly denied Defendant’s motion on the basis that he did not
11 establish prejudice—a requirement for a due process violation—resulting from not
12 having been afforded the statutorily required hearings. Specifically, the State asserts
13 that Defendant failed to establish that if a hearing had been conducted in 2012 or
14 2014, he would have persuaded the court to remove the behavioral terms and
15 conditions that formed the basis of the 2015 motion to revoke. In other words,
16 although the State does not dispute Defendant’s statutory entitlement to the hearings
17 at issue, it maintains that nothing would have been different had they been held, and
18 Defendant was therefore not prejudiced by their non-occurrence.
4 1 {5} Regarding Defendant’s first issue—his challenge to the State’s presentation of
2 proof regarding the alleged probation violation—we agree with the State. The motion
3 to dismiss that Defendant filed in district court alleged no absence or deficiency of
4 proof as to Defendant’s personal knowledge of the terms and conditions of his
5 probation or the sex offender behavioral contract. Rather, the motion complained that
6 the behavioral contract set forth specific requirements that went beyond the language
7 within the judgment and sentence and order of probation. But this Court has already
8 held that the use of such behavioral contracts, in conjunction with conditions properly
9 articulated by a district court that permit imposition of other reasonable conditions
10 later established by probationary officials, is proper and does not foreclose revocation
11 upon a determination that a condition set forth in the behavioral contract has been
12 violated. State v. Green, 2015-NMCA-007, ¶ 11, 341 P.3d 10. Here, one condition
13 imposed within the district court’s order of probation instructed Defendant to “follow
14 all orders and instructions . . . deemed appropriate by the [p]robation/[p]arole
15 [o]fficer.” Thus, Defendant’s argument regarding the behavioral contract is only novel
16 insofar as it references Section 31-20-5.2.
17 {6} Yet on appeal, Defendant’s claim has evolved to assert that the State should
18 have been “required to show, through evidence or testimony, that [Defendant]
19 received appropriate notice of the behavioral . . . contract.” Defendant makes this
5 1 demand on appeal despite not only its absence from the motion to dismiss he contends
2 was wrongly denied, but after having himself eliminated the need for such proof by
3 conditionally admitting the violations. Had Defendant instead contested the violations,
4 the State would then have been required to meet its burden of proof at the revocation
5 hearing. At any such hearing, the State would presumably have offered into evidence
6 the signed behavioral contract along with testimony regarding the circumstances of
7 its execution and Defendant’s understanding of it at the time. See Green, 2015-
8 NMCA-007, ¶ 7 (providing examples of proof presentable by the state at a revocation
9 hearing regarding violation of a condition set forth within a behavioral contract).
10 Simply put, the argument Defendant makes on appeal is different from that he made
11 to the district court and impermissibly expands upon the statutory question raised in
12 his motion to dismiss. We will consider it no further. See Rule 12-321 NMRA (“To
13 preserve an issue for review it must appear that a ruling or decision by the trial court
14 was fairly invoked.”). “In order to preserve an issue for appeal, a defendant must make
15 a timely objection that specifically apprises the trial court of the nature of the claimed
16 error and invokes an intelligent ruling thereon.” State v. Montoya, 2015-NMSC-010,
17 ¶ 45, 345 P.3d 1056 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
18 {7} Defendant next argues that his motion to dismiss was wrongly denied because
19 his “procedural due process rights were violated” when the district court failed to
6 1 comply with Section 31-20-5.2(A) and (B). Initially, we agree with Defendant that the
2 relevant statutory language is mandatory, requiring both that “[p]rior to placing a sex
3 offender on probation, the district court shall conduct a hearing[,]” and that the
4 “district court shall review the terms and conditions of a sex offender’s supervised
5 probation at two and one-half year intervals.” Section 31-20-5.2(A), (B). In addition
6 to requiring such hearings, the statute also provides factors for the district court to
7 consider in assessing the appropriateness of “the terms and conditions of supervised
8 probation for the sex offender.” Section 31-20-5.2(A). The statute also requires that
9 a sex offender’s counsel of record be given notice of the hearing and provides that if
10 such counsel is unable to represent the sex offender, new counsel should be appointed
11 to represent him or her at the hearing. See § 31-20-5.2(D). A full reading of the statute
12 makes clear the Legislature’s intent that sex offender probationers be afforded
13 hearings of the type denied Defendant.
14 {8} In response, the State does not contend that the statutory language means
15 something different than it says. Instead, the State’s sole argument is that this Court
16 should affirm revocation of Defendant’s probation because Defendant: (1) is entitled
17 to “less than complete due process rights” in a revocation proceeding, and (2)
18 demonstrated no prejudice associated with the denial of his right to the statutory
19 hearings. The State is correct regarding the differing nature of probation revocation
7 1 proceedings and criminal proceedings, and the accompanying diminution of the
2 constitutional protections afforded probationers. “Because loss of probation is loss of
3 only conditional liberty, the full panoply of rights due a defendant in a criminal trial
4 do not apply.” State v. Guthrie, 2011-NMSC-014, ¶ 10, 150 N.M. 84, 257 P.3d 904
5 (alterations, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted); see State v. Vigil, 1982-
6 NMCA-058, ¶ 16, 97 N.M. 749, 643 P.2d 618 (noting that a proceeding to revoke
7 probation is not part of a criminal prosecution and is more akin to an administrative
8 proceeding in which “strict observance of technical rules of law and procedure is not
9 required” (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted)). “A hearing on
10 revocation of probation or parole is not a trial on a criminal charge, but is a hearing
11 to determine whether, during the probationary or parole period, the defendant has
12 conformed to or breached the course of conduct outlined in the probation or parole
13 order.” State v. Sanchez, 1980-NMCA-055, ¶ 11, 94 N.M. 521, 612 P.2d 1332. This
14 is because unlike in a criminal prosecution, where a defendant faces potential loss of
15 liberty depending on whether he or she is guilty or innocent, a probationer has already
16 been convicted, sentenced, and placed on probation in lieu of incarceration. Freedom
17 from incarceration is then not a matter of right, but a conditional privilege—the
18 condition being adherence to suitable behavioral restrictions beyond those imposed
19 upon citizens that have not been convicted of the crime or crimes a particular
8 1 defendant has. That is not to say that a probationer has no right of due process, but the
2 right is not identical to that available to a citizen or a defendant prior to adjudication
3 of the criminal behavior with which he stands accused.
4 {9} It is against this procedural backdrop that we address the State’s argument that
5 prejudice must be shown in order to establish any violation of due process during
6 revocation proceedings. In support of this proposition, the State cites three cases
7 involving various due process issues. The first of those, State v. Neal, 2007-NMCA-
8 086, ¶ 42, 142 N.M. 487, 167 P.3d 935, involved admissibility of certain evidence at
9 a probation revocation hearing. Because the rules of evidence are inapplicable to
10 probation revocation hearings, the probationer asserted that the district court’s
11 evidentiary rulings violated his right to due process. Id. ¶ 36. In finding that admission
12 of the evidence—which was cumulative of other evidence admitted during the
13 proceedings—did not violate the defendant’s due process rights, this Court directly
14 stated that “in order to establish a violation of due process, a defendant must show
15 prejudice.” Id. ¶ 42; see State v. Chavez, 1985-NMCA-003, ¶ 11, 102 N.M. 279, 694
16 P.2d 927 (holding that the “burden of showing actual prejudice . . . rests upon the
17 probationer”). Although Neal is distinguishable insofar as it did not involve violation
18 of a right established by statute, we have required—and refused to assume the
19 existence of—prejudice in this latter circumstance as well. For example, in State v.
9 1 Bearly, 1991-NMCA-022, ¶ 10, 112 N.M. 50, 811 P.2d 83, this Court addressed the
2 violation of a DWI defendant’s statutory right to reasonable access to a telephone after
3 arrest, concluding that such “does not in itself require setting aside the conviction.”
4 Bearly held that “prejudice is the key consideration in determining” whether reversal
5 is warranted, and that “[a] defendant is prejudiced only if [the deprived statutory right
6 would have produced evidence that] gained the defendant dismissal of the charge or
7 acquittal at trial.” Id.; see State v. DeBorde, 1996-NMCA-042, ¶ 14, 121 N.M. 601,
8 915 P.2d 906 (holding that in order for a discovery violation in probation revocation
9 proceedings to warrant reversal the defense must have been prejudiced); see also State
10 v. Jones, 1998-NMCA-076, ¶¶ 29-30, 125 N.M. 556, 964 P.2d 117 (holding that “[w]e
11 will not presume that prejudice results from [an officer’s] statutory violation” and that
12 prejudice was not established where the factual record did not indicate that “the
13 outcome of [a] case would have been different” had the statute been followed). We
14 thus conclude our case law supports the requirement that a defendant demonstrate the
15 occurrence of prejudice when asserting a due process violation during revocation
16 proceedings.
17 {10} We also point out that the requirement of establishing prejudice in conjunction
18 with asserting a violation of due process exists sometimes, if not always, in
19 circumstances where due process rights are fully available, unlike in probation
10 1 revocation proceedings. As its second cited case, the State points us to Gonzales v.
2 State, 1991-NMSC-015, ¶ 6, 111 N.M. 363, 805 P.2d 630, in which our Supreme
3 Court adopted a test to address the question of whether delay between a defendant’s
4 arrest and indictment constituted a due process violation such that the indictment
5 should be dismissed. The “two-prong test requir[es] a defendant to prove prejudice
6 and an intentional delay by the state to gain a tactical advantage” before an indictment
7 should be dismissed. Id. Gonzales added, similar to this Court’s refusal to assume
8 prejudice in Bearly and Jones, that prejudice must be established by “more than mere
9 conjecture” and must “impact[] the defense.” Gonzales, 1991-NMSC-015, ¶ 8. The
10 State points thirdly to State v. Hill, 2005-NMCA-143, ¶ 1, 138 N.M. 693, 125 P.3d
11 1175, which similarly involved both pre-indictment delay, and also the state’s failure
12 to preserve evidence for trial. In Hill, we held that the two-prong test articulated in
13 Gonzales was not met and also that with regard to lost or destroyed evidence, the
14 district court should have applied the three-part test announced in State v. Chouinard,
15 1981-NMSC-096, ¶ 16, 96 N.M. 658, 634 P.2d 680. See Hill, 2005-NMCA-143,
16 ¶¶ 20-23. That test, in turn, requires as one of its elements that a defendant establish
17 prejudice flowing from the improper suppression of evidence. Id. ¶ 20. But the
18 requirement of prejudice in criminally—if not probation revocatory— adjudicative
19 circumstances is not absolute. See Herrera v. Sanchez, 2014-NMSC-018, ¶ 17, 328
11 1 P.3d 1176 (holding that an accused need not demonstrate prejudice arising from grand
2 jury proceedings conducted in violation of statutorily mandated structural protections
3 afforded by grand jury statutes that “preserve the integrity of the grand jury system”).
4 As well, regarding the statutory right, a defendant has to not be subjected to forfeiture
5 or termination of good-time credits absent the occurrence of statutory procedures. Our
6 Supreme Court held in Brooks v. Shanks, 1994-NMSC-113, ¶ 10, 118 N.M. 716, 885
7 P.2d 637, that “[a] state may create a liberty interest by establishing procedures that
8 control how a deprivation of rights or privileges . . . may be imposed . . . [and that if]
9 those procedures . . . were circumvented, a due process violation occurred.” (Citations
10 omitted.)
11 {11} Although the circumstances under which violation of a statutory right in a
12 probation revocation proceeding bears the capacity to establish a due process violation
13 are not clear cut, we agree with the State that for Defendant to succeed on his claim
14 in this circumstance, he must demonstrate that he was prejudiced by the absence of the
15 hearings otherwise required by Section 31-20-5.2(A) and (B). See Neal, 2007-NMCA-
16 086, ¶ 42; Bearly, 1991-NMCA-022, ¶ 14; Sanchez, 1980-NMCA-055, ¶ 15. We are
17 nonetheless mindful of the fact that, unlike the cases cited by the State, the case at bar
18 does not involve mere evidentiary error or delay; instead, it challenges the denial of
19 statutory safeguards designed to benefit sex offender probationers. Nonetheless, given
12 1 the differing nature of probation revocation proceedings and the lesser panoply of
2 constitutional protections available therein, see Guthrie, 2011-NMSC-014, ¶ 10, we
3 are persuaded that despite the statutory violation, a showing of prejudice is needed in
4 order to establish due process-based constitutional infirmity in the revocatory process.
5 {12} Defendant makes no discernible claim of having suffered prejudice. Instead,
6 Defendant correctly, but incompletely from the standpoint of due process in this
7 context, declares that he should have been afforded the hearings he did not have. He
8 does not argue that following a first such hearing under Section 31-20-5.2(A) the near-
9 universal restriction against a convicted sex offender contacting his victim might have
10 been removed, or that he, unlike most sex offenders, would have been permitted to
11 access and delete pornography on his phone. Moreover, regarding his awareness and
12 the absence of any previous complaint regarding the terms and conditions of the
13 behavioral contract, the record indicates—with no contradictory inference—the
14 existence of Defendant’s signature on the behavioral contract and thus his agreement
15 not to undertake the very activities the State alleged he engaged in. Until this appeal,
16 Defendant never challenged his knowledge of the terms and conditions of—or his
17 signature upon—the behavioral contract. And regarding that document’s absence from
18 the record and our reliance on multiple references to it within the record, we reiterate
19 that Defendant waived his right to a hearing on the merits of the State’s allegations
13 1 following denial of his motion to dismiss. By so proceeding, Defendant chose not to
2 hold the State to its evidentiary burden of proof (typically established in revocation
3 proceedings by documentary evidence such as sex offender behavioral contracts and
4 presentation of probation officer testimony). Nor did Defendant himself present
5 evidence that may have challenged his signature upon or his awareness of the terms
6 and conditions of the behavioral contract, demonstrate his confusion regarding its
7 contents, or establish a record from which this Court could conclude that prejudice
8 existed.
9 {13} Given the absence of any prejudice related to the proceedings in district court
10 that culminated in revocation of Defendant’s probation, we conclude that the right of
11 procedural due process available to Defendant in such proceedings was not violated.
12 By so holding, we do not mean to minimize the importance of statutory compliance
13 in instances such as this, and take this opportunity to remind district courts that
14 Section 31-20-5.2(A) and (B) provides for an initial hearing upon the commencement
15 of a sex offender’s period of probation, and periodic hearings thereafter, for the
16 purpose of providing clarity regarding behavioral expectations to not only the sex
17 offender probationer, but the community at large.
18 CONCLUSION
14 1 {14} Accordingly, the district court’s order denying Defendant’s dismissal motion
2 is affirmed.
3 {15} IT IS SO ORDERED.
4 _________________________________ 5 J. MILES HANISEE, Judge
6 WE CONCUR:
7 _________________________________ 8 LINDA M. VANZI, Chief Judge
9 _________________________________ 10 STEPHEN G. FRENCH, Judge