BRITT, Justice.
Defendant has grouped his assignments of error into four questions in which he contends that the trial court committed prejudicial error in excluding certain evidence proffered by him, and in its instructions to the jury. We find no merit in any of the assignments and leave undisturbed the judgment entered.
I
Defendant argues that a crucial issue in this case is whether he had a reasonable belief that he was in danger of death or great bodily harm at the hands of Reid. He refers to his testimony that after slapping Reid and seeing him turn and make a gesture towards the inside of Byrd’s car, he believed Reid was attempting to reach into the car for the purpose of getting a gun. To support his position that he shot Reid in self-defense, he offered certain testimony by himself, Anthony Burch, Derrick Alexander and Casey Grier which was excluded by the court.
Anthony Burch, an eyewitness to the homicide, was presented as a witness by the state. On cross-examination he stated that he did not know anything about Byrd carrying a gun in his car. The witness was then asked: “Had you heard he carried a gun in his car?” The state objected and the objection was sustained. The record fails to show what the witness’ answer would have been had he been allowed to answer the question. That being true the exclusion of such testimony is not shown to be prejudicial.
State v. Davis,
282 N.C. 107, 191 S.E. 2d 664 (1972).
On direct examination defendant was asked why he carried his gun with him when he returned to the Rollins School lot. He answered, “Well, because I had heard that Bradford (Byrd) — ”. At this point the state objected and the objection was sustained. For the reason given above with respect to Burch’s testimony, we hold that defendant has failed to show prejudicial error.
Derrick Alexander was presented as a witness by defendant. In giving his version of the second encounter between Reid and defendant, the witness stated that Byrd came over to the place where defendant was; that “I didn’t know whether he was going to hit Spunky (defendant) or not so I was just watching his back for him”; that Alexander said “just let them fight it out”; and that Byrd said “he was going to get his stuff”. The witness was then asked “what did you understand (Byrd) to mean when he said he was
going
to get his stuff?”. The court sustained the state’s objection to the question.
Here again the record fails to show what the witness’ answer would have been had he been allowed to answer the question. That being true, defendant has failed to show prejudice. State
v. Davis, supra.
Casey Grier, another eyewitness to the homicide, was presented as a witness by defendant. In giving his version of what happened immediately prior to the shooting, he testified that when defendant hit Reid, Reid was standing at the open, front door on the left side of Byrd’s car; and that Reid then “bent over a little bit and was bending toward the car”. The record then reveals:
Q. What effort, if any, did you see Reid make to get into the car of Bradford Byrd?
Mr. Hamrick: Objection.
THE Court: Overruled.
A. From what I seen, it was an effort going that way.
Mr. Hamrick: Objection. Motion to strike.
The COURT: Members of the jury you won’t consider that last answer.
Exception No. 12
After Keith hit him, he turned around that way and was going toward the open door when Keith shot him.
Defendant argues that the trial court erred in instructing the jury not to consider “that last answer”. Assuming,
arguendo,
that the court erred, the error was not prejudicial in view of the fact that the witness immediately thereafter stated that Reid was going toward the open door when defendant shot him. “The exclusion of evidence cannot be held prejudicial when the same witness thereafter testifies to substantially the same facts.” 4 Strong’s N.C. Index 3d, Criminal Law, § 169.7.
See also State v. Colvin,
297 N.C. 691, 256 S.E. 2d 689 (1979).
Defendant argues that the trial court committed prejudicial error in refusing to allow him to testify whether he had the intention of killing Reid. On direct examination, as defendant was giving his version of what happened at the time of, and just before, the shooting, he stated that he was still angry after going to his home and returning to the school lot; and that “I didn’t ever cool off any at all”. He was then asked “[d]id you have any intention of
killing Mr. Reid?”. The state’s objection was sustained and defendant did not answer the question.
Once more the record does not reveal what the witness’ answer would have been; therefore, defendant has failed to show prejudice.
State v. Davis, supra.
Even so, in other portions of his testimony defendant was allowed to testify as to his actions and the reasons behind them. He explained that he was so angry that in reality he did not know what he was doing, that he had panicked, that he was not in his right mind, and that he had not made up his mind to kill Reid. We think defendant clearly conveyed to the jury his contention that he did not intend to kill Reid.
HI
By his assignment of error number 8, defendant contends that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury on self-defense. By his assignment of error number 9, he argues that the court erred in failing to instruct the jury that they could find him guilty of voluntary manslaughter based on imperfect self-defense. We find no merit in either assignment.
In the recent case of
State v. Norris,
303 N.C. 526, 279 S.E. 2d 570 (1981), Justice Huskins, speaking for this court, clearly articulated the law in this jurisdiction relating to perfect self-defense and imperfect self-defense as follows:
The law of perfect self-defense excuses a killing altogether if, at the time of the killing, these four elements existed:
(1) it appeared to defendant and he believed it to be necessary to kill the deceased in order to save himself from death or great bodily harm; and
(2) defendant’s belief was reasonable in that the circumstances as they appeared to him at the time were sufficient to create such a belief in the mind of a person of ordinary firmness; and
(3) defendant was not the aggressor in bringing on the affray,
i.e.,
he did not aggressively and willingly enter into the fight without legal excuse or provocation; and
(4) defendant did not use excessive force,
i.e.,
did not use more force than was necessary or reasonably appeared. to him to be necessary under the circumstances to protect himself from death or great bodily harm.
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BRITT, Justice.
Defendant has grouped his assignments of error into four questions in which he contends that the trial court committed prejudicial error in excluding certain evidence proffered by him, and in its instructions to the jury. We find no merit in any of the assignments and leave undisturbed the judgment entered.
I
Defendant argues that a crucial issue in this case is whether he had a reasonable belief that he was in danger of death or great bodily harm at the hands of Reid. He refers to his testimony that after slapping Reid and seeing him turn and make a gesture towards the inside of Byrd’s car, he believed Reid was attempting to reach into the car for the purpose of getting a gun. To support his position that he shot Reid in self-defense, he offered certain testimony by himself, Anthony Burch, Derrick Alexander and Casey Grier which was excluded by the court.
Anthony Burch, an eyewitness to the homicide, was presented as a witness by the state. On cross-examination he stated that he did not know anything about Byrd carrying a gun in his car. The witness was then asked: “Had you heard he carried a gun in his car?” The state objected and the objection was sustained. The record fails to show what the witness’ answer would have been had he been allowed to answer the question. That being true the exclusion of such testimony is not shown to be prejudicial.
State v. Davis,
282 N.C. 107, 191 S.E. 2d 664 (1972).
On direct examination defendant was asked why he carried his gun with him when he returned to the Rollins School lot. He answered, “Well, because I had heard that Bradford (Byrd) — ”. At this point the state objected and the objection was sustained. For the reason given above with respect to Burch’s testimony, we hold that defendant has failed to show prejudicial error.
Derrick Alexander was presented as a witness by defendant. In giving his version of the second encounter between Reid and defendant, the witness stated that Byrd came over to the place where defendant was; that “I didn’t know whether he was going to hit Spunky (defendant) or not so I was just watching his back for him”; that Alexander said “just let them fight it out”; and that Byrd said “he was going to get his stuff”. The witness was then asked “what did you understand (Byrd) to mean when he said he was
going
to get his stuff?”. The court sustained the state’s objection to the question.
Here again the record fails to show what the witness’ answer would have been had he been allowed to answer the question. That being true, defendant has failed to show prejudice. State
v. Davis, supra.
Casey Grier, another eyewitness to the homicide, was presented as a witness by defendant. In giving his version of what happened immediately prior to the shooting, he testified that when defendant hit Reid, Reid was standing at the open, front door on the left side of Byrd’s car; and that Reid then “bent over a little bit and was bending toward the car”. The record then reveals:
Q. What effort, if any, did you see Reid make to get into the car of Bradford Byrd?
Mr. Hamrick: Objection.
THE Court: Overruled.
A. From what I seen, it was an effort going that way.
Mr. Hamrick: Objection. Motion to strike.
The COURT: Members of the jury you won’t consider that last answer.
Exception No. 12
After Keith hit him, he turned around that way and was going toward the open door when Keith shot him.
Defendant argues that the trial court erred in instructing the jury not to consider “that last answer”. Assuming,
arguendo,
that the court erred, the error was not prejudicial in view of the fact that the witness immediately thereafter stated that Reid was going toward the open door when defendant shot him. “The exclusion of evidence cannot be held prejudicial when the same witness thereafter testifies to substantially the same facts.” 4 Strong’s N.C. Index 3d, Criminal Law, § 169.7.
See also State v. Colvin,
297 N.C. 691, 256 S.E. 2d 689 (1979).
Defendant argues that the trial court committed prejudicial error in refusing to allow him to testify whether he had the intention of killing Reid. On direct examination, as defendant was giving his version of what happened at the time of, and just before, the shooting, he stated that he was still angry after going to his home and returning to the school lot; and that “I didn’t ever cool off any at all”. He was then asked “[d]id you have any intention of
killing Mr. Reid?”. The state’s objection was sustained and defendant did not answer the question.
Once more the record does not reveal what the witness’ answer would have been; therefore, defendant has failed to show prejudice.
State v. Davis, supra.
Even so, in other portions of his testimony defendant was allowed to testify as to his actions and the reasons behind them. He explained that he was so angry that in reality he did not know what he was doing, that he had panicked, that he was not in his right mind, and that he had not made up his mind to kill Reid. We think defendant clearly conveyed to the jury his contention that he did not intend to kill Reid.
HI
By his assignment of error number 8, defendant contends that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury on self-defense. By his assignment of error number 9, he argues that the court erred in failing to instruct the jury that they could find him guilty of voluntary manslaughter based on imperfect self-defense. We find no merit in either assignment.
In the recent case of
State v. Norris,
303 N.C. 526, 279 S.E. 2d 570 (1981), Justice Huskins, speaking for this court, clearly articulated the law in this jurisdiction relating to perfect self-defense and imperfect self-defense as follows:
The law of perfect self-defense excuses a killing altogether if, at the time of the killing, these four elements existed:
(1) it appeared to defendant and he believed it to be necessary to kill the deceased in order to save himself from death or great bodily harm; and
(2) defendant’s belief was reasonable in that the circumstances as they appeared to him at the time were sufficient to create such a belief in the mind of a person of ordinary firmness; and
(3) defendant was not the aggressor in bringing on the affray,
i.e.,
he did not aggressively and willingly enter into the fight without legal excuse or provocation; and
(4) defendant did not use excessive force,
i.e.,
did not use more force than was necessary or reasonably appeared. to him to be necessary under the circumstances to protect himself from death or great bodily harm.
State v. Potter,
295 N.C. 126, 244 S.E. 2d 397 (1978);
State v. Deck,
285 N.C. 209, 203 S.E. 2d 830 (1974);
State v. Wynn,
278 N.C. 513, 180 S.E. 2d 135 (1971);
State v. Woods,
278 N.C. 210, 179 S.E. 2d 358 (1971);
State v. Ellerbe,
223 N.C. 770, 28 S.E. 2d 519 (1944). The existence of these four elements gives the defendant a
perfect right of self-defense
and requires a verdict of not guilty, not only as to the charge of murder in the first degree but as to all lesser included offenses as well.
On the other hand, if defendant believed it was necessary to kill the deceased in order to save herself from death or great bodily harm, and if defendant’s belief was reasonable in that the circumstances as they appeared to her at the time were sufficient to create such a belief in the mind of a person of ordinary firmness, but defendant, although without murderous intent, was the aggressor in bringing on the difficulty, or defendant used excessive force, the defendant under those circumstances has only the
imperfect right of self-defense,
having lost the benefit of perfect self-defense, and is guilty at least of voluntary manslaughter.
State v. Potter, supra; State v. Watson,
287 N.C. 147, 214 S.E. 2d 85 (1975);
State v. Crisp,
170 N.C. 785, 87 S.E. 511 (1916).
303 N.C. at 530.
It will be noted that elements (1) and (2) set out above are common to both perfect self-defense and imperfect self-defense. Applying those elements to the case at hand, we hold that the circumstances shown to exist at the time defendant shot Reid were not sufficient to create a reasonable belief in the mind of a person of ordinary firmness that killing Reid was necessary to save defendant from death or great bodily harm.
Although prior to the time that defendant left the lot and drove to his home, Reid had started two fights with him and had threatened to kill him, at the time defendant left, those altercations were over. It was a “new ballgame” when defendant returned to the lot. He admits that when he returned he had a pistol,
that he inquired as to where Reid was, that he found Reid standing by the open door of Byrd’s car, that he walked up to Reid and “smacked” him, and that as Reid turned and reached in the car he shot him in his back. Under these circumstances, defendant was not entitled to an instruction on either type of self-defense.
The facts in
Norris
were entirely different. In that case the evidence tended to show that defendant was the estranged wife of Donald Norris, a former Marine sergeant; that he had left her and was living with Bernice Owens in her trailer; that the defendant had tried to contact her husband at his work and other places in order to obtain support money from him; that early in the morning in question defendant drove to the Owens’ trailer and waited for her husband to come out; that when he came out, defendant told him that she wanted to talk to him; that he proceeded to curse her and struck her with his fists, knocking her to the ground; that she then saw Bernice Owens emerging from the trailer; that as defendant arose from the ground she saw her husband coming toward her again; that she reached in the passenger side of the car, got her pistol and shot her husband as he advanced on her; and that she shot him because she was afraid of him and felt that if he and Owens got to her she would not have a chance. These facts clearly warranted an instruction on perfect and imperfect self-defense.
All of defendant’s assignments of error are overruled. We conclude that defendant received a fair trial free from prejudicial error.
No error.