HUSKINS, Justice.
Defendant has posed numerous questions for review. We find it necessary to address only one of them, viz: Whether the trial court erred in its charge on self-defense. We conclude there was error in this respect which entitles defendant to a new trial.
Murder in the first degree is the unlawful killing of a human being with malice and with premeditation and deliberation. G.S. 14-17;
State v. Wrenn,
279 N.C. 676, 185 S.E. 2d 129 (1971).
Murder in the second degree is the unlawful killing of a human being with malice but without premeditation and deliberation.
State v. Foust,
258 N.C. 453, 128 S.E. 2d 889 (1963).
Voluntary manslaughter is the unlawful killing of a human being without malice and without premeditation and deliberation.
State v. Benge,
272 N.C. 261, 158 S.E. 2d 70 (1967). For example, a killing by reason of anger suddenly aroused by provocation which the law deems adequate to dethrone reason temporarily and thus to displace malice is voluntary manslaughter. Likewise, a killing resulting from the use of excessive force in the exercise of the right of self-defense is manslaughter.
See State v. Woods,
278 N.C. 210, 179 S.E. 2d 358 (1971);
State v. Marshall,
208 N.C. 127, 179 S.E. 427 (1935);
State v. Merrick,
171 N.C. 788, 88 S.E. 501 (1916);
State v. Baldwin,
152 N.C. 822, 68 S.E. 148 (1910).
Involuntary manslaughter is the unlawful killing of a human being without malice, without premeditation and deliberation, and without intention to kill or inflict serious bodily injury.
State v. Foust,
supra. Stated somewhat differently, involuntary manslaughter is the unintentional killing of a human being without malice by (1) some unlawful act not amounting to a felony or naturally dangerous to human life, or (2) an act or omission constituting culpable negligence.
State v. Honeycutt,
250 N.C. 229, 108 S.E. 2d 485 (1959);
State v. Satterfield,
198 N.C. 682, 153 S.E. 155 (1930).
The law of perfect self-defense excuses a killing altogether if, at the time of the killing, these four elements existed:
(1) it appeared to defendant and he believed it to be necessary to kill the deceased in order to save himself from death or great bodily harm; and
(2) defendant’s belief was reasonable in that the circumstances as they appeared to him at the time were sufficient to create such a belief in the mind of a person of ordinary firmness; and
(3) defendant was not the aggressor in bringing on the affray,
i.e.,
he did not aggressively and willingly enter into the fight without legal excuse or provocation; and
(4) defendant did not use excessive force,
i.e.,
did not use more force than was necessary or reasonably appeared to him to be necessary under the circumstances to protect himself from death or great bodily harm.
State v. Potter,
295 N.C. 126, 244 S.E. 2d 397 (1978);
State v. Deck,
285 N.C. 209, 203 S.E. 2d 830 (1974);
State v. Wynn,
278 N.C. 513, 180 S.E. 2d 135 (1971);
State v. Woods,
278 N.C. 210, 179 S.E. 2d 358 (1971);
State v. Ellerbe,
223 N.C. 770, 28 S.E. 2d 519 (1944). The existence of these four elements gives the defendant a
perfect right of self-defense
and requires a verdict of not guilty, not only as to the charge of murder in the first degree but as to all lesser included offenses as well.
On the other hand, if defendant believed it was necessary to kill the deceased in order to save herself from death or great bodily harm, and if defendant’s belief was reasonable in that the circumstances as they appeared to her at the time were sufficient to create such a belief in the mind of a person of ordinary firmness, but defendant, although without murderous intent, was the aggressor in bringing on the difficulty, or defendant used excessive force, the defendant under those circumstances has only the
imperfect right of self-defense,
having lost the benefit of perfect self-defense, and is guilty at least of voluntary manslaughter.
State v. Potter,
supra;
State v. Watson,
287 N.C. 147, 214 S.E. 2d 85 (1975);
State v. Crisp,
170 N.C. 785, 87 S.E. 511 (1916).
In the case now before us the able trial judge instructed the jury it could find defendant guilty of murder in the first degree, guilty of murder in the second degree, guilty of voluntary manslaughter or not guilty. He told the jury that a separate sentencing proceeding would be conducted in the event defendant was found guilty of first degree murder. He summarized the evidence briefly and then defined in detail each degree of homicide and the elements thereof. He told the jury that in order to convict defendant of first degree murder, the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt, among other things, that defendant intentionally and without justification or excuse, and with malice, shot Donald Norris with a deadly weapon. He then defined the term “without justification or excuse” as follows:
Members of the jury, when I say without justification or excuse, I have reference to self-defense which will be fully explained hereafter.
While the quotation appears in that part of the charge dealing with the various elements of murder in the first degree, the expression “without justification or excuse” was used as the equivalent of “self-defense” throughout the charge, not only with respect to murder in the first degree but also murder in the second degree and voluntary manslaughter. We hold this error requiring a new trial.
In our view, “without justification or excuse” as an element of murder in the first or second degree means the absence of either of the first two elements of self-defense,
i.e.,
the defendant did not believe it was necessary to kill the victim in order to save herself from death or great bodily harm; or, if she did believe this, her belief under the circumstances as they appeared to her at that time was unreasonable.
State v. Potter,
supra;
State v. Baldwin,
152 N.C. 822, 68 S.E. 148 (1910).
The instruction as given here seemingly required the jury to find the existence of all four elements going to make up defendant’s
perfect
right of self-defense before she could derive any benefit whatsoever from the principles of self-defense. This was error because it deprived defendant of the benefits flowing from her
imperfect
right of self-defense should the jury find that (1) it appeared to her and she believed it was necessary to kill the deceased in order to save herself from death or great bodily
harm; and (2) her belief was reasonable because the circumstances as they appeared to her at the time were sufficient to create such a belief in the mind of a person of ordinary firmness;
but
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HUSKINS, Justice.
Defendant has posed numerous questions for review. We find it necessary to address only one of them, viz: Whether the trial court erred in its charge on self-defense. We conclude there was error in this respect which entitles defendant to a new trial.
Murder in the first degree is the unlawful killing of a human being with malice and with premeditation and deliberation. G.S. 14-17;
State v. Wrenn,
279 N.C. 676, 185 S.E. 2d 129 (1971).
Murder in the second degree is the unlawful killing of a human being with malice but without premeditation and deliberation.
State v. Foust,
258 N.C. 453, 128 S.E. 2d 889 (1963).
Voluntary manslaughter is the unlawful killing of a human being without malice and without premeditation and deliberation.
State v. Benge,
272 N.C. 261, 158 S.E. 2d 70 (1967). For example, a killing by reason of anger suddenly aroused by provocation which the law deems adequate to dethrone reason temporarily and thus to displace malice is voluntary manslaughter. Likewise, a killing resulting from the use of excessive force in the exercise of the right of self-defense is manslaughter.
See State v. Woods,
278 N.C. 210, 179 S.E. 2d 358 (1971);
State v. Marshall,
208 N.C. 127, 179 S.E. 427 (1935);
State v. Merrick,
171 N.C. 788, 88 S.E. 501 (1916);
State v. Baldwin,
152 N.C. 822, 68 S.E. 148 (1910).
Involuntary manslaughter is the unlawful killing of a human being without malice, without premeditation and deliberation, and without intention to kill or inflict serious bodily injury.
State v. Foust,
supra. Stated somewhat differently, involuntary manslaughter is the unintentional killing of a human being without malice by (1) some unlawful act not amounting to a felony or naturally dangerous to human life, or (2) an act or omission constituting culpable negligence.
State v. Honeycutt,
250 N.C. 229, 108 S.E. 2d 485 (1959);
State v. Satterfield,
198 N.C. 682, 153 S.E. 155 (1930).
The law of perfect self-defense excuses a killing altogether if, at the time of the killing, these four elements existed:
(1) it appeared to defendant and he believed it to be necessary to kill the deceased in order to save himself from death or great bodily harm; and
(2) defendant’s belief was reasonable in that the circumstances as they appeared to him at the time were sufficient to create such a belief in the mind of a person of ordinary firmness; and
(3) defendant was not the aggressor in bringing on the affray,
i.e.,
he did not aggressively and willingly enter into the fight without legal excuse or provocation; and
(4) defendant did not use excessive force,
i.e.,
did not use more force than was necessary or reasonably appeared to him to be necessary under the circumstances to protect himself from death or great bodily harm.
State v. Potter,
295 N.C. 126, 244 S.E. 2d 397 (1978);
State v. Deck,
285 N.C. 209, 203 S.E. 2d 830 (1974);
State v. Wynn,
278 N.C. 513, 180 S.E. 2d 135 (1971);
State v. Woods,
278 N.C. 210, 179 S.E. 2d 358 (1971);
State v. Ellerbe,
223 N.C. 770, 28 S.E. 2d 519 (1944). The existence of these four elements gives the defendant a
perfect right of self-defense
and requires a verdict of not guilty, not only as to the charge of murder in the first degree but as to all lesser included offenses as well.
On the other hand, if defendant believed it was necessary to kill the deceased in order to save herself from death or great bodily harm, and if defendant’s belief was reasonable in that the circumstances as they appeared to her at the time were sufficient to create such a belief in the mind of a person of ordinary firmness, but defendant, although without murderous intent, was the aggressor in bringing on the difficulty, or defendant used excessive force, the defendant under those circumstances has only the
imperfect right of self-defense,
having lost the benefit of perfect self-defense, and is guilty at least of voluntary manslaughter.
State v. Potter,
supra;
State v. Watson,
287 N.C. 147, 214 S.E. 2d 85 (1975);
State v. Crisp,
170 N.C. 785, 87 S.E. 511 (1916).
In the case now before us the able trial judge instructed the jury it could find defendant guilty of murder in the first degree, guilty of murder in the second degree, guilty of voluntary manslaughter or not guilty. He told the jury that a separate sentencing proceeding would be conducted in the event defendant was found guilty of first degree murder. He summarized the evidence briefly and then defined in detail each degree of homicide and the elements thereof. He told the jury that in order to convict defendant of first degree murder, the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt, among other things, that defendant intentionally and without justification or excuse, and with malice, shot Donald Norris with a deadly weapon. He then defined the term “without justification or excuse” as follows:
Members of the jury, when I say without justification or excuse, I have reference to self-defense which will be fully explained hereafter.
While the quotation appears in that part of the charge dealing with the various elements of murder in the first degree, the expression “without justification or excuse” was used as the equivalent of “self-defense” throughout the charge, not only with respect to murder in the first degree but also murder in the second degree and voluntary manslaughter. We hold this error requiring a new trial.
In our view, “without justification or excuse” as an element of murder in the first or second degree means the absence of either of the first two elements of self-defense,
i.e.,
the defendant did not believe it was necessary to kill the victim in order to save herself from death or great bodily harm; or, if she did believe this, her belief under the circumstances as they appeared to her at that time was unreasonable.
State v. Potter,
supra;
State v. Baldwin,
152 N.C. 822, 68 S.E. 148 (1910).
The instruction as given here seemingly required the jury to find the existence of all four elements going to make up defendant’s
perfect
right of self-defense before she could derive any benefit whatsoever from the principles of self-defense. This was error because it deprived defendant of the benefits flowing from her
imperfect
right of self-defense should the jury find that (1) it appeared to her and she believed it was necessary to kill the deceased in order to save herself from death or great bodily
harm; and (2) her belief was reasonable because the circumstances as they appeared to her at the time were sufficient to create such a belief in the mind of a person of ordinary firmness;
but
(3) without the intent to kill Donald Norris or inflict serious bodily harm upon him, she commenced the quarrel and was the aggressor; or (4) she used more force than was necessary or reasonably appeared to her to be necessary under the circumstances to protect herself from death or great bodily harm. Should the jury make these findings, she would be guilty of voluntary manslaughter only.
Where the issue in a homicide case narrows to the exercise of either the perfect or imperfect right of self-defense, as the jury may find, the question for the jury is not limited to whether defendant is guilty of first degree murder or not guilty by reason of self-defense. When the defendant has exercised the imperfect right of self-defense, the homicide is reduced from murder to manslaughter. The doctrine and consequences of imperfect self-defense are adequately stated in
State v. Crisp,
170 N.C. 785, 793, 87 S.E. 511, 515 (1916), as follows:
‘[I]f one takes life, though in defense of his own life, in a quarrel which he himself has commenced with intent to take life or inflict serious bodily harm, the jeopardy in which he has been placed by the act of his adversary constitutes no defense whatever, but he is guilty of murder. But, if he commenced the quarrel with no intent to take life or inflict grievous bodily harm, then he is not acquitted of all responsibility for the affray which arose from his own act, but his offense is reduced from murder to manslaughter.’
See also State v. Wetmore,
298 N.C. 743, 259 S.E. 2d 870 (1979).
We forego discussion of the other assignments, most of which are addressed to the charge, since they are not likely to arise on retrial. Because the error in the charge on self-defense may have caused the jury to convict defendant of murder instead of voluntary manslaughter, there must be a new trial.
For the reasons stated, the judgment is vacated and the case remanded to the Superior Court of Buncombe County for a new trial in accord with this opinion.
New trial.