[Cite as State v. Whitlatch, 2017-Ohio-806.]
COURT OF APPEALS STARK COUNTY, OHIO FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
JUDGES: STATE OF OHIO : Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J. : Hon. William B. Hoffman, J. Plaintiff-Appellee : Hon. John W. Wise, J. : -vs- : : Case No. 2016CA00149 LESLIE WHITLATCH : : Defendant-Appellant : OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Criminal appeal from the Stark County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 2016CR0764
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: March 6, 2017
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant
JOHN D. FERRERO STEVEN REISCH Stark County Prosecutor Stark County Public Defender BY: RONALD MARK CALDWELL 201 Cleveland Avenue S.W., Ste. 104 110 Central Plaza South Canton, OH 44702 Canton, OH 44702 Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00149 2
Gwin, P.J.
{¶1} Appellant, Leslie Whitlatch [“Whitlatch”] appeals the July 13, 2016 judgment
of the Stark County Court of Common Pleas, Stark County, Ohio overruling her motion to
suppress.
Facts and Procedural History
{¶2} On April 14, 2016, around seven o'clock that night, Alliance Police Officer
Christopher McCord was called to assist another officer with a shoplifter caught at the
Alliance Wal-Mart store. Whitlatch was detained there in a small office after being
arrested inside the store for petty theft. Upon arriving at the store, McCord interviewed
Whitlatch about how she had arrived at the store since she was not from the Alliance
area. Whitlatch denied driving there, and initially claimed that a friend had dropped her
off. This story changed several times, however, with Whitlatch telling McCord that she
had taken the bus, that a family member had dropped her off, to someone else had
dropped her off. She, however, denied driving there. With these varying answers,
McCord had Wal-Mart pull the security recording of the parking lot. T. at 5-7; 8.
{¶3} The video recording showed Whitlatch driving a white van into the Wal-Mart
parking lot and parking this van before entering the store. T. at 7.
{¶4} As a result, McCord went outside to the parking lot and found this white van.
McCord saw on the passenger seat of the van a receipt with Whitlatch's name on it. The
receipt was from a cell phone store where Whitlatch had made a purchase earlier in the
day. T. at 7.
{¶5} McCord then checked Whitlatch's name and found that she had an arrest
warrant for her, and that she was under multiple driving suspensions. The video from the Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00149 3
Officer's cruiser camera shows McCord typing some information into his cruiser's lap top
computer after he parked behind the subject's vehicle. (Exhibit A). A voice can be heard
saying "suspended license.” (Exhibit A). Whitlatch’s sister owns the vehicle. (Exhibit A).
{¶6} McCord relayed this information to Wal-Mart, who told him that the store did
not want her van on its property. Based on the fact that Whitlatch had driven there with
a suspended license and that Wal-Mart had given her a trespass notice and wanted her
vehicle off its property, McCord took her keys and proceeded to her van in order to
impound it. As part of the impoundment policy of the Alliance Police Department, McCord
opened a door to the van and immediately smelled the overwhelming odor of chemicals.
From his training and experience — which included participating in some 40 meth lab
investigations of actual manufacturing, as well as being around more than 150 actual
meth-cooking vessels, labs, or waste — McCord knew immediately that the smell was
associated with the manufacturing of methamphetamine. The harsh and unique smell
took his breath away, so he opened the doors of the van to air out the vehicle. The
inventory search reveals, among other things, a heavy-duty trash bag that contained two
cooking vessels for a one-pot meth lab. T. at 8-12.
{¶7} Whitlatch was charged by indictment with one count each of illegal
manufacturing of drugs, illegal assembly or possession of chemicals for the manufacture
of drugs, and petty theft.
{¶8} Whitlatch filed a motion to suppress the items seized from the van, arguing
that the police did not have authority to search her parked van based upon her arrest
inside of Wal-Mart for shoplifting. Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00149 4
{¶9} Whitlatch argued that McCord’s police report makes no mention of Whitlatch
having a suspended operator's license nor was she charged with Driving under Suspension.
The only reason given by McCord for searching the vehicle on the cruiser video and in his
police report is the fact that Wal-Mart wants the van removed from its property.
{¶10} The trial court, after conducting an evidentiary hearing, overruled
Whitlatch’s suppression motion by judgment entry.
{¶11} In its judgment entry, the trial court found that the police had searched
Whitlatch's van on the basis that she was observed driving the van to Wal-Mart despite
having a suspended driver's license. Since her van was going to be towed pursuant to
Alliance City Ordinance 303.08(a)(9), the police search was an inventory search pursuant
to department policy regarding towed vehicles. The trial court specifically ruled in its
judgment entry, "The City of Alliance police department's search of Leslie Whitlatch's
vehicle was an inventory search of a lawfully impounded vehicle, authorized by a
municipal ordinance permitting impoundment of a vehicle located in a public place that
has been operated by a person whose license was suspended."
Assignment of Error
{¶12} Whitlatch raises one assignment of error,
{¶13} “I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING APPELLANT'S MOTION TO
SUPPRESS THE SEARCH OF THE VEHICLE SHE HAD OPERATED.”
Law and Analysis
{¶14} Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question of law
and fact. State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 154-155, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d
71, ¶ 8. When ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court assumes the role of trier of Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00149 5
fact and is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and to evaluate witness
credibility. See State v. Dunlap, 73 Ohio St.3d 308,314, 1995-Ohio-243, 652 N.E.2d 988;
State v. Fanning, 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 20, 437 N.E.2d 583 (1982). Accordingly, a reviewing
court must defer to the trial court's factual findings if competent, credible evidence exists
to support those findings. See Burnside, supra; Dunlap, supra; State v. Long, 127 Ohio
App.3d 328, 332, 713 N.E.2d 1(4th Dist. 1998); State v. Medcalf, 111 Ohio App.3d 142,
675 N.E.2d 1268 (4th Dist. 1996). However, once this Court has accepted those facts as
true, it must independently determine as a matter of law whether the trial court met the
applicable legal standard. See Burnside, supra, citing State v. McNamara, 124 Ohio
App.3d 706, 707 N.E.2d 539(4th Dist. 1997); See, generally, United States v. Arvizu, 534
U.S. 266, 122 S.Ct. 744, 151 L.Ed.2d 740(2002); Ornelas v.
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[Cite as State v. Whitlatch, 2017-Ohio-806.]
COURT OF APPEALS STARK COUNTY, OHIO FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
JUDGES: STATE OF OHIO : Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J. : Hon. William B. Hoffman, J. Plaintiff-Appellee : Hon. John W. Wise, J. : -vs- : : Case No. 2016CA00149 LESLIE WHITLATCH : : Defendant-Appellant : OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Criminal appeal from the Stark County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 2016CR0764
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: March 6, 2017
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant
JOHN D. FERRERO STEVEN REISCH Stark County Prosecutor Stark County Public Defender BY: RONALD MARK CALDWELL 201 Cleveland Avenue S.W., Ste. 104 110 Central Plaza South Canton, OH 44702 Canton, OH 44702 Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00149 2
Gwin, P.J.
{¶1} Appellant, Leslie Whitlatch [“Whitlatch”] appeals the July 13, 2016 judgment
of the Stark County Court of Common Pleas, Stark County, Ohio overruling her motion to
suppress.
Facts and Procedural History
{¶2} On April 14, 2016, around seven o'clock that night, Alliance Police Officer
Christopher McCord was called to assist another officer with a shoplifter caught at the
Alliance Wal-Mart store. Whitlatch was detained there in a small office after being
arrested inside the store for petty theft. Upon arriving at the store, McCord interviewed
Whitlatch about how she had arrived at the store since she was not from the Alliance
area. Whitlatch denied driving there, and initially claimed that a friend had dropped her
off. This story changed several times, however, with Whitlatch telling McCord that she
had taken the bus, that a family member had dropped her off, to someone else had
dropped her off. She, however, denied driving there. With these varying answers,
McCord had Wal-Mart pull the security recording of the parking lot. T. at 5-7; 8.
{¶3} The video recording showed Whitlatch driving a white van into the Wal-Mart
parking lot and parking this van before entering the store. T. at 7.
{¶4} As a result, McCord went outside to the parking lot and found this white van.
McCord saw on the passenger seat of the van a receipt with Whitlatch's name on it. The
receipt was from a cell phone store where Whitlatch had made a purchase earlier in the
day. T. at 7.
{¶5} McCord then checked Whitlatch's name and found that she had an arrest
warrant for her, and that she was under multiple driving suspensions. The video from the Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00149 3
Officer's cruiser camera shows McCord typing some information into his cruiser's lap top
computer after he parked behind the subject's vehicle. (Exhibit A). A voice can be heard
saying "suspended license.” (Exhibit A). Whitlatch’s sister owns the vehicle. (Exhibit A).
{¶6} McCord relayed this information to Wal-Mart, who told him that the store did
not want her van on its property. Based on the fact that Whitlatch had driven there with
a suspended license and that Wal-Mart had given her a trespass notice and wanted her
vehicle off its property, McCord took her keys and proceeded to her van in order to
impound it. As part of the impoundment policy of the Alliance Police Department, McCord
opened a door to the van and immediately smelled the overwhelming odor of chemicals.
From his training and experience — which included participating in some 40 meth lab
investigations of actual manufacturing, as well as being around more than 150 actual
meth-cooking vessels, labs, or waste — McCord knew immediately that the smell was
associated with the manufacturing of methamphetamine. The harsh and unique smell
took his breath away, so he opened the doors of the van to air out the vehicle. The
inventory search reveals, among other things, a heavy-duty trash bag that contained two
cooking vessels for a one-pot meth lab. T. at 8-12.
{¶7} Whitlatch was charged by indictment with one count each of illegal
manufacturing of drugs, illegal assembly or possession of chemicals for the manufacture
of drugs, and petty theft.
{¶8} Whitlatch filed a motion to suppress the items seized from the van, arguing
that the police did not have authority to search her parked van based upon her arrest
inside of Wal-Mart for shoplifting. Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00149 4
{¶9} Whitlatch argued that McCord’s police report makes no mention of Whitlatch
having a suspended operator's license nor was she charged with Driving under Suspension.
The only reason given by McCord for searching the vehicle on the cruiser video and in his
police report is the fact that Wal-Mart wants the van removed from its property.
{¶10} The trial court, after conducting an evidentiary hearing, overruled
Whitlatch’s suppression motion by judgment entry.
{¶11} In its judgment entry, the trial court found that the police had searched
Whitlatch's van on the basis that she was observed driving the van to Wal-Mart despite
having a suspended driver's license. Since her van was going to be towed pursuant to
Alliance City Ordinance 303.08(a)(9), the police search was an inventory search pursuant
to department policy regarding towed vehicles. The trial court specifically ruled in its
judgment entry, "The City of Alliance police department's search of Leslie Whitlatch's
vehicle was an inventory search of a lawfully impounded vehicle, authorized by a
municipal ordinance permitting impoundment of a vehicle located in a public place that
has been operated by a person whose license was suspended."
Assignment of Error
{¶12} Whitlatch raises one assignment of error,
{¶13} “I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING APPELLANT'S MOTION TO
SUPPRESS THE SEARCH OF THE VEHICLE SHE HAD OPERATED.”
Law and Analysis
{¶14} Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question of law
and fact. State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 154-155, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d
71, ¶ 8. When ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court assumes the role of trier of Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00149 5
fact and is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and to evaluate witness
credibility. See State v. Dunlap, 73 Ohio St.3d 308,314, 1995-Ohio-243, 652 N.E.2d 988;
State v. Fanning, 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 20, 437 N.E.2d 583 (1982). Accordingly, a reviewing
court must defer to the trial court's factual findings if competent, credible evidence exists
to support those findings. See Burnside, supra; Dunlap, supra; State v. Long, 127 Ohio
App.3d 328, 332, 713 N.E.2d 1(4th Dist. 1998); State v. Medcalf, 111 Ohio App.3d 142,
675 N.E.2d 1268 (4th Dist. 1996). However, once this Court has accepted those facts as
true, it must independently determine as a matter of law whether the trial court met the
applicable legal standard. See Burnside, supra, citing State v. McNamara, 124 Ohio
App.3d 706, 707 N.E.2d 539(4th Dist. 1997); See, generally, United States v. Arvizu, 534
U.S. 266, 122 S.Ct. 744, 151 L.Ed.2d 740(2002); Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690,
116 S.Ct. 1657, 134 L.Ed.2d 911(1996). That is, the application of the law to the trial
court's findings of fact is subject to a de novo standard of review Ornelas, supra.
Moreover, due weight should be given “to inferences drawn from those facts by resident
judges and local law enforcement officers.” Ornelas, supra at 698, 116 S.Ct. at 1663.
Inventory search.
{¶15} “Inventory searches involve administrative procedures conducted by law
enforcement officials and are intended to (1) protect an individual’s property while it is in
police custody, (2) protect police against claims of lost, stolen or vandalized property, and
(3) protect police from dangerous instrumentalities.” State v. Mesa, 870 Ohio St.3d 105,
108, 1999-Ohio-253, 717 N.E.2d 329, citing South Dakota v. Opperman, 428 U.S. 364,
369 (1976). “Because inventory searches are administrative caretaking functions
unrelated to criminal investigations, the policies underlying the Fourth Amendment Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00149 6
warrant requirement, including the standard of probable cause, are not implicated.” Mesa
at 108, citing Opperman at 370. “Rather, the validity of an inventory search of a lawfully
impounded vehicle is judged by the Fourth Amendment’s standard of reasonableness.”
Mesa at 108.
{¶16} In State v. Hathman, 65 Ohio St.3d 403, 604 N.E.2d 743(1992), the Ohio
Supreme Court analyzed and followed various United States Supreme Court decisions
regarding inventory searches and held:
1. To satisfy the requirements of the Fourth Amendment to the United
States Constitution, an inventory search of a lawfully impounded vehicle
must be conducted in good faith and in accordance with reasonable
standardized procedure(s) or established routine. (South Dakota v.
Opperman (1976), 428 U.S. 364, 96 S.Ct. 3092, 49 L.Ed.2d 1000; Colorado
v. Bertine (1987), 479 U.S. 367, 107 S.Ct. 738, 93 L.Ed.2d 739; and Florida
v. Wells (1990), 495 U.S. 1, 110 S.Ct. 1632, 109 L.Ed.2d 1, followed.)
2. If, during a valid inventory search of a lawfully impounded vehicle,
a law-enforcement official discovers a closed container, the container may
only be opened as part of the inventory process if there is in existence a
standardized policy or practice specifically governing the opening of such
containers. (Colorado v. Bertine (1987), 479 U.S. 367, 107 S.Ct. 738, 93
L.Ed.2d 739; and Florida v. Wells (1990), 495 U.S. 1, 110 S.Ct. 1632, 109
L.Ed.2d 1, followed.)”
Accord, State v. Greeno, 5th Dist. Morgan No. 14AP002, 2014-Ohio-4718, ¶ 18-19. Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00149 7
{¶17} The Ohio Supreme Court has stated, “the existence of a reasonable policy
or procedure governing inventory searches in general is insufficient to justify the opening
of closed containers encountered during the inventory search.” Hathman, 65 Ohio St.3d
at 408, 604 N.E.2d 743. It went on to state that,
If, during a valid inventory search of a lawfully impounded vehicle, a
law-enforcement official discovers a closed container, the container may
only be opened as part of the inventory process if there is in existence a
standardized policy or practice specifically governing the opening of such
containers.
State v. Hathman, 65 Ohio St.3d 403, 604 N.E.2d 743 (1992) (emphasis added),
paragraph two of the syllabus.
Lawful Impoundment
{¶18} “The ultimate standard set forth in the Fourth Amendment is
reasonableness.” Cady v. Dombrowski, 413 U.S. 433, 439, 93 S.Ct. 2523, 37 L.Ed.2d
706(1973). It is reasonable of police to exercise their discretion and impound a vehicle,
rather than leave it, “so long as that discretion is exercised according to standard criteria
and on the basis of something other than suspicion of evidence of criminal activity.”
Colorado v. Bertine, 479 U.S. 367, 375, 107 S.Ct. 738, 93 L.Ed.2d 739(1987). “This
discretion is necessarily limited to circumstances in which the officer is authorized to
impound the vehicle.” State v. Huddleston, 173 Ohio App.3d 17, 2007–Ohio–4455, ¶ 14,
citing Blue Ash v. Kavanagh, 113 Ohio St.3d 67, 2007–Ohio–1103, and State v. Taylor
(1996), 114 Ohio App.3d 416. “[A]uthority to impound should never be assumed,”
however. Taylor at 422. We have identified several situations in which police have Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00149 8
authority to impound a vehicle, among them, “when impoundment is [ ] authorized by
statute or municipal ordinance.” Id.; Accord, State v. Saunders, 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 14-
CA-57, 2015-Ohio-3535, ¶12.
{¶19} Ordinance 303.08 of the Codified Ordinances of Alliance, Ohio provides in
relevant part,
(a) Police officers are authorized to provide for the removal of a vehicle
under the following circumstances:
***
(9) When any vehicle has been operated by any person who is driving
without a lawful license or while his license has been suspended or revoked
and is located upon a public street or other property open to the public for
purposes of vehicular travel or parking.
{¶20} It is undisputed that, at the time Whitlatch was arrested for shoplifting, her
driver’s license was under suspension. Whitlatch was seen, via the Wal-Mart security
camera, operating her white van while having a suspended license. Thus, the police had
the legal authority to impound the vehicle and conduct an inventory search.
{¶21} The sole assignment of error is overruled. Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00149 9
{¶22} The judgment of the Stark County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
By Gwin, P.J.,
Hoffman, J., and
Wise, John J., concur