1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please see 2 Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please 3 also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other 4 deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the 5 filing date. 6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
8 Plaintiff-Appellee,
9 v. NO. 29,357
10 LISA STEVENS,
11 Defendant-Appellant.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SAN JUAN COUNTY 13 John A. Dean, Jr., District Judge
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General 15 Santa Fe, NM
16 M. Anne Kelly, Assistant Attorney General 17 Albuquerque, NM
18 for Appellee
19 Hugh W. Dangler, Chief Public Defender 20 Will O’Connell, Assistant Appellate Defender 21 Santa Fe, NM
22 for Appellant
23 MEMORANDUM OPINION
24 BUSTAMANTE, Judge. 1 Defendant appeals from the Judgment, Sentence, Order Partially Suspending
2 Sentence and Commitment to the New Mexico Department of Corrections (the
3 judgment), convicting Defendant, after a jury trial, of two counts of criminal sexual
4 penetration (CSP) II (felony), two counts of child abuse (no death or great bodily
5 harm), and two counts of contributing to the delinquency of a minor. Defendant raises
6 two issues on appeal, contending that (1) Defendant’s convictions for CSP II (felony)
7 must be reversed because the State failed to establish or charge the essential element
8 of unlawfulness; that is, the State established sexual penetration “in the course of a
9 felony” but not any theory of criminal sexual penetration; and (2) the district court
10 erred in allowing the State to amend the information after the entire defense was
11 presented addressing the impossibility of the allegations during the time frame
12 charged. We affirm.
13 DISCUSSION
14 Factual and Procedural Background.
15 The Victim is Defendant’s thirteen-year-old daughter J.S. In the fall of 2007
16 Defendant and her boyfriend, David Padilla (David), who was twenty-four years old
17 at the time, supplied methamphetamine to J.S., and, on two occasions while they were
18 all using the drugs, Defendant requested her daughter to perform fellatio on David,
19 and she did. On the first occasion, the three of them were doing methamphetamine
2 1 and Defendant asked her daughter J.S. to give David “head.” J.S. testified that she
2 knew what that meant and performed fellatio on David. J.S. also testified she was
3 high and did not really care; her mother, Defendant, did not force her to do it; and she
4 did not think it was any big deal. The second incident took place at the Caves, which
5 is about thirty minutes outside Aztec down a dirt road. Again, J.S. was with her
6 mother and David, and they were doing methamphetamine. Defendant asked J.S. to
7 give David “head,” and she did so without being forced.
8 J.S. was not sure exactly when the incidents occurred. J.S. testified that during
9 the fall of 2007 she would drive around with her mother and David, getting high on
10 methamphetamine. At trial, defense counsel cross-examined J.S. about
11 inconsistencies in her testimony about the dates of the incidents. During pre-trial
12 interviews, J.S. had stated that she thought the events happened between Halloween
13 and Thanksgiving in 2007. At trial, J.S. testified that she thought they happened a
14 week or two apart before Halloween, because her father had reminded her that he
15 found out about David before Halloween and got really mad. J.S. explained that she
16 had earlier testified that the events happened between Halloween and Thanksgiving,
17 but that she was never very sure about the dates because there was a lot going on in
18 that time period in her life and she was getting high all the time. At that time, her
19 parents were getting a divorce, and J.S. was “kind of” living with her mother in Aztec,
3 1 but sometimes stayed with her father. J.S. testified that she thought the situation was
2 “messed up,” because her mother was involved with David, but J.S. had sexual
3 intercourse with David before he started dating her mother and before J.S. performed
4 fellatio on him. J.S. also testified that when she was with her mother, she would skip
5 school, shoot up or smoke methamphetamine, drink and smoke marijuana, and hang
6 out with her mother. Either Defendant or David would procure the drugs, and they
7 would all get high. J.S. would also drink with her mother, David, and their friend J.D.
8 The State rested after J.S.’s testimony.
9 Defense counsel had reserved Defendant’s opening statement until the State
10 rested its case. Defense counsel raised a single theory of defense: that “[Defendant]
11 was in Phoenix during the time that these incidents allegedly occurred.” The defense
12 presented two alibi witnesses, David’s sister and David’s mother, who testified that
13 Defendant and David arrived in Phoenix right after Halloween and stayed until their
14 arrest on December 10, 2007.
15 After the defense rested, the State requested that the district court allow it to
16 enlarge the time period when the crimes were committed to, on or about or between
17 October 1, 2007 to November 22, 2007, to “conform to the victim’s testimony.”
18 Defendant objected to the change, arguing that the State had ambushed the defense by
19 changing the dates, and that the change prevented Defendant from getting a fair trial.
4 1 The charging documents stated that the crimes were committed “[o]n or about [or
2 between:] November 12, 2007.” At pretrial, the State had requested that Defendant
3 give notice of her intention to claim an alibi with regard to the charges. Defendant
4 had filed written notice of her intent to present alibi witnesses at trial that she was in
5 Phoenix, Arizona at the time the alleged offenses were committed. The defense
6 pointed out that Rule 5-508 NMRA requires the State to notify Defendant of any
7 witnesses it intended to use to rebut her alibi defense, and also argued that the State’s
8 amendment of the charging date in effect turned J.S. into an unannounced rebuttal
9 witness. Defense counsel asserted that she had relied on the dates between Halloween
10 and Thanksgiving, throughout her preparation of the alibi defense and stated, “I don’t
11 know how I can defend my client, if the State’s allowed to continue changing the
12 rules.”
13 The State argued that Rule 5-204(C) NMRA permits the State to amend the
14 criminal information to conform to the evidence presented at trial. The State
15 acknowledged that amendment under Rule 5-204(C) is not allowed when the variance
16 prejudices the Defendant. The State contended, however, that Defendant was not
17 prejudiced because the State had allowed the defense to interview J.S., and had used
18 the inconsistencies in her pretrial and trial testimony to cross-examine J.S. at trial, and
19 call her credibility into question. The State noted that J.S. had been still asserting the
5 1 November time frame when the State prepared her for testifying the day before trial,
2 and that J.S.’s trial testimony came as “news” to it also.
3 The trial court noted that J.S.’s trial testimony about a different time frame was
4 stated without a defense objection. The trial court also noted that the original charging
5 date was phrased as “on or about” November 12. The trial court allowed the State to
6 change the dates in the jury instructions. The jury was instructed, on all counts, that
7 it could convict Defendant if it found the events occurred “on, [or] about or between
8 the 1st day of October, 2007, through the 22nd day of November, 2007.” The jury
9 convicted Defendant of all charges. On February 26, 2009, the district court filed the
10 judgment. Defendant appeals her convictions for two counts of CSP II (felony).
11 Issue 1
12 Whether the jury was properly instructed on the essential elements of two counts 13 of CSP II (felony).
14 Defendant’s Arguments
15 Defendant contends that because the jury did not find under any theory that the
16 sexual penetrations alleged were unlawful, that an essential element necessary to her
17 convictions is absent and the convictions must be reversed. Defendant points out that
18 the plain language of NMSA 1978, Section 30-9-11(E)(5) (2007) (amended 2009)
19 does not criminalize all sexual intercourse perpetrated in the course of a felony, only
20 all “criminal” sexual intercourse. That is, Defendant contends that she was
6 1 improperly convicted of CSP II (felony), because the jury made no finding of the
2 essential element of unlawfulness, which is fundamental error requiring reversal of her
3 convictions for these charges. Defendant acknowledges there is controlling New
4 Mexico case law that addresses and holds contrary to Defendant’s arguments. See
5 State v. Maestas, 2005-NMCA-062, 137 N.M. 477, 112 P.3d 1134, rev’d on other
6 grounds, State v. Maestas (Maestas II), 2007-NMSC-001, 140 N.M. 836, 149 P.3d
7 933. Defendant argues, however, that this Court should not follow Maestas.
8 Standard of Review and Applicable Law
9 As the State notes, by relying on the doctrine of fundamental error Defendant
10 acknowledges she did not preserve the argument that the jury was not properly
11 instructed on the CSP II (felony) charges at trial. Defendant contends that fundamental
12 error occurred because the jury was never instructed that they must also determine that
13 the CSP II was “unlawful,” i.e., that a “criminal” sexual penetration had occurred in
14 the course of another felony.
15 “The doctrine of fundamental error is applied only under extraordinary
16 circumstances to prevent the miscarriage of justice” and “if the circumstances
17 implicate a fundamental unfairness within the system that would undermine judicial
18 integrity if left unchecked.” Maestas II, 2007-NMSC-001, ¶ 8 (internal quotation
19 marks and citations omitted). In addition, fundamental error will apply to vacate a
7 1 conviction if a defendant appears to be “indisputably innocent” or “where it would
2 shock the conscience to permit the conviction to stand.” Id. No fundamental error
3 occurred in this case.
4 Analysis
5 The jury was instructed that in order to convict Defendant of second-degree
6 CSP II (felony) for the two incidents, they must find the following elements beyond
7 a reasonable doubt:
8 1. [D]efendant caused [J.S.] to engage in fellatio on David[];
9 2. [Defendant] committed the act during the commission of 10 distribution of a controlled substance to a minor;
11 3. Distribution of a controlled substance to a minor consist[s] of:
12 (a) transferring methamphetamine to [J.S.]; 13 (b) [D]efendant knew the controlled substance was 14 methamphetamine; 15 (C) [J.S.] was 17 years of age or younger;
16 4. This happened in New Mexico on, [or] about or between the 1st 17 day of October, 2007, through the 22nd day of November, 2007.
18 As in Maestas, the instructions properly required the jury to find that Defendant
19 caused J.S. to engage in the sex acts and the acts occurred during the underlying
20 felony. Maestas, 2005-NMCA-062, ¶ 24. As in Maestas, therefore, the requirement
21 that there be a causal connection between the felony (distribution of a controlled
22 substance to a minor) and the sex act, is met. Id. Moreover, as in Maestas, “[t]his
8 1 requirement is enough to insure that an accused will not be convicted for engaging in
2 purely consensual [i.e., lawful] sex.” Id. The description of the sexual conduct that
3 Defendant caused her daughter J.S., a thirteen-year-old girl, to give fellatio to an adult
4 male, was sufficient to satisfy the unlawfulness element. We hold that no fundamental
5 error occurred with regard to the evidence presented and the charging of the jury with
6 regard to Defendant’s CSP II (felony) convictions.
7 As Defendant recognizes, this Court’s opinion in Maestas, 2005-NMCA-062,
8 answers all of Defendant’s contentions in this appeal—against Defendant. Defendant
9 contends that Maestas is not controlling on these issues, however, because the
10 Supreme Court granted certiorari and reversed on other grounds without addressing
11 them. Since our Supreme Court did not address these issues, this Court’s opinion
12 remains the applicable, controlling law in New Mexico with regard to them.
13 Defendant also argues that Maestas was wrongly decided because it conflicts
14 with both the CSP statute and settled precedent. This Court’s opinion in Maestas,
15 however, expressly distinguishes the case law that Defendant relies upon as
16 conflicting with this Court’s holding in Maestas. See id. ¶¶ 21-22. Defendant further
17 argues that the holding in Maestas is “unsound,” because CSP II (felony) is a
18 compound crime like felony murder, and just as felony murder requires proof of the
19 lesser offense of second-degree murder, CSP II (felony) requires proof of the lesser
9 1 offense of CSP III. While we agreed in Maestas that CSP II (felony) is a “compound
2 crime” like felony murder, we disagreed that proof of the elements of CSP III, defined
3 as all CSP “perpetrated through the use of force or coercion” under Section 30-9-
4 11(E), is necessary in order to prove CSP II (felony). Maestas, 2005-NMCA-062, ¶¶
5 16-17. The express language of Section 30-9-11(E), which defines CSP II, provides
6 that “force or coercion” is an element of three of the alternative grounds for CSP II.
7 See § 30-9-11(E)(1), -(3), and -(4). “Force or coercion” is not an element of the other
8 three alternative grounds for CSP II. See § 30-9-11(E)(2) (when perpetrated on an
9 inmate); § 30-9-11(E)(5) (in the commission of any other felony); § 30-9-11(E)(6)
10 (the accused is armed with a deadly weapon); see also Maestas, 2005-NMCA-062, ¶
11 20. Thus, we concluded in Maestas that the express words of Section 30-9-11(E)
12 indicate that the Legislature did not limit CSP II only to felonies involving force or
13 coercion. Maestas, 2005-NMCA-062, ¶ 26. With regard to CSP II (felony), Section
14 30-9-11(E)(5), the statute simply requires that the CSP be caused by the defendant “in
15 the commission of any other felony.” Id. Thus, in Maestas, we specifically held that
16 CSP II (felony) does not require proof of the lesser offense of CSP III.
17 We decline to revisit Maestas for any of the reasons that Defendant asserts.
18 In this case, we hold that no fundamental error occurred with regard to Defendant’s
19 CSP II (felony) convictions.
10 11 1 Issue 2
2 Whether the district court erred in allowing the State to amend the criminal 3 information dates to conform to the Victim’s trial testimony after Defendant had 4 presented an alibi defense relating to the date charged in the original criminal 5 information.
6 Defendant’s Arguments
7 On appeal, Defendant contends that she was unfairly prejudiced in this case
8 because she relied on the charging period contained in the criminal information to
9 prepare her alibi defense. Defendant points out that the State did not amend the
10 charges until after the defense rested and did not amend the actual information until
11 after trial in order to “sidestep” Defendant’s alibi defense. Since Defendant’s entire
12 defense case, her attorney’s opening statement, and the testimony of the two defense
13 witnesses, were addressed to the dates of the offenses set forth in the criminal
14 information, the amendment deprived Defendant of the fair trial that she had prepared.
15 Standard of Review and Applicable Law
16 This case requires us to interpret and apply Rule 5-204(C) and Rule 5-508 (B).
17 Our review is de novo. See State v. Roman, 1998-NMCA-132, ¶ 8, 125 N.M. 688,
18 964 P.2d 852. Rule 5-204(C) provides as follows:
19 C. Variances. No variance between those allegations of a complaint, 20 indictment, information or any supplemental pleading which state the 21 particulars of the offense, whether amended or not, and the evidence 22 offered in support thereof shall be grounds for the acquittal of the 23 defendant unless such variance prejudices substantial rights of the
12 1 defendant. The court may at any time allow the indictment or 2 information to be amended in respect to any variance to conform to the 3 evidence. If the court finds that the defendant has been prejudiced by an 4 amendment, the court may postpone the trial or grant such other relief as 5 may be proper under the circumstances.
6 Rule 5-508(B) provides as follows:
7 B. Content of notice. A notice of alibi or entrapment shall contain 8 specific information as to the place at which the defendant claims to have 9 been at the time of the alleged offense and, as particularly as known to 10 defendant or the defendant’s attorney, the names and addresses of the 11 witnesses by whom the defendant proposes to establish an alibi or raise 12 an issue of entrapment. Not less than five (5) days after receipt of 13 defendant’s witness list or at such other time as the district court may 14 direct, the district attorney shall serve upon the defendant the names and 15 addresses, as particularly as known to the district attorney, of the 16 witnesses the state proposes to offer in rebuttal to discredit the 17 defendant’s alibi or claim of entrapment at the trial of the cause.
18 (Emphasis added.).
19 In State v. Marquez, the district court granted the State’s motion to amend the
20 indictment, which had charged the events as occurring “on, about or between the
21 Spring 1992, and/or the Summer, 1992[,]” to conform to the victim’s testimony that
22 she was nine years old when the alleged incidents occurred and that the victim turned
23 nine years old on June 23, 1993, rather than on June 23, 1992. 1998-NMCA-010, ¶
24 18, 124 N.M. 409, 951 P.2d 1070. The district court allowed the amendment because
25 the defendant could reasonably anticipate from the indictment what the nature of proof
26 against him would be, he knew the identity of the alleged victim, and he was aware
13 1 of the mistake in the date from the beginning of the trial. Id. ¶ 21. When the district
2 court allowed the amendment, the court offered the defendant a continuance, which
3 the defendant did not accept. Id. In affirming the district court, this Court observed
4 that “[t]he remedy afforded for prejudice by an amendment is to ‘postpone the trial or
5 grant such other relief as may be proper under the circumstances.’” Id. (citation
6 omitted). This Court also observed that, “[a]dditionally, [the d]efendant did not rely
7 upon an alibi defense.” Id.
8 In State v. Dombos, the district court allowed the State to amend the indictment
9 midway through trial on the kidnaping, attempted CSP, and battery charges from “on
10 or between February 9, 2004, and February 18, 2004,” and “on or about February 19,
11 2004[,]” to “on or between February 1 and February 19[]” for all of the charges.
12 2008-NMCA-035, ¶ 24, 143 N.M. 668, 180 P.3d 675. In affirming the district court,
13 we concluded that the defendant knew the nature of the charges, the identity of the
14 victim and that all the charges were alleged to have occurred during the period of time
15 the defendant and the victim lived together—that is, between February 1 and February
16 20, 2004. Id. ¶ 26. We also noted that “[n]othing in [the d]efendant’s cross-
17 examination of the witnesses at trial or in the presentation of his case relied upon the
18 specific dates charged in the earlier indictment.” Id. Accordingly, in Dombos, we
14 1 affirmed the district court’s decision to allow the State to amend the dates in the
2 indictment. Id.
3 Analysis
4 Defendant distinguishes Marquez from the facts of this case, noting that
5 Defendant was prejudiced because she did rely on an alibi defense; indeed it was her
6 “entire defense.” Defendant distinguishes Dombos on the basis that Defendant was
7 prejudiced by the amendment because her defense to the charges in the indictment did
8 rely on the dates charged. Defendant also points out that the amendment to the
9 charges was made after the defense rested, which “changed the playing field after the
10 match was played and deprived [Defendant] of the fair trial for which she had
11 prepared.” We are not persuaded.
12 Significantly, in this case, defense counsel delayed her opening statement,
13 relying on an alibi defense, until after the State rested. At that point, defense counsel
14 knew from J.S.’s trial testimony (that the two incidents had occurred before
15 Halloween in 2007), was inconsistent with the time period Defendant had indicated
16 in pretrial interviews (that the two incidents had occurred between Halloween and
17 Thanksgiving 2007). Rather than object and request a continuance, however, defense
18 counsel attempted to use the inconsistencies to undermine J.S.’s credibility to the jury.
19 See Marquez, 1998-NMCA-010, ¶ 21 (observing that Rule 5-204(C) specifically states
15 1 that “[t]he remedy afforded for prejudice by an amendment is to ‘postpone the trial
2 or grant such other relief as may be proper under the circumstances’”) (citation
3 omitted). Thus, defense counsel proceeded to cross-examine J.S. about the
4 inconsistencies between her trial testimony and pre-trial interviews, and then
5 presented an opening statement and defense witnesses that gave Defendant an alibi
6 defense to J.S.’s pretrial testimony about the dates. See, e.g., State v. Jacobs, 2000-
7 NMSC-026, ¶ 48, 129 N.M. 448, 10 P.3d 127 (stating that counsel is presumed
8 competent); State v. Peters, 1997-NMCA-084, ¶ 40, 123 N.M. 667, 944 P.2d 896
9 (stating that whether to object to evidence is a matter of trial tactics, and failure to
10 object does not establish ineffective assistance); see also Lytle v. Jordan, 2001-
11 NMSC-016, ¶ 43, 130 N.M. 198, 22 P.3d 666 (“On appeal, we will not second guess
12 the trial strategy and tactics of the defense counsel.” (internal quotation marks and
13 citation omitted)).
14 Thus, the jury was presented with Defendant’s theory that J.S. had fabricated
15 the incidents due to her inability to remember when they occurred, and that J.S. had
16 fabricated and/or changed her pretrial testimony due to Defendant’s alibi defense. The
17 jury apparently weighed the inconsistencies and accepted J.S.’s explanations for her
18 confusion about the dates and the reasons that she changed her testimony. See State
19 v. Ryan, 2006-NMCA-044, ¶ 20, 139 N.M. 354, 132 P.3d 1040 (concluding that “[i]t
16 1 is the fact[]finder’s prerogative to weigh the evidence and to judge the credibility of
2 the witnesses”).
3 We are not persuaded that the alibi defense was Defendant’s entire defense.
4 Moreover, Defendant proceeded with fabrication and alibi defenses that the jury
5 rejected, rather than objecting to the change in testimony and requesting a
6 continuance, pursuant to Rule 5-204(C). In addition, when the State moved to change
7 the charging dates to conform to J.S.’s trial testimony, the State indicated it was also
8 surprised at the change. As such, we are not persuaded that J.S. was an “unannounced
9 rebuttal witness,” pursuant to Rule 5-508, to Defendant’s notice of alibi defense.
10 Under the circumstances, we cannot say that Defendant was prejudiced, “ambushed,
11 or “sandbagged” by the State’s motion, and we cannot say that the district court
12 denied Defendant a fair trial by allowing the State to change the charging dates to
13 conform to J.S.’s trial testimony after Defendant had presented her case.
14 CONCLUSION
15 We affirm Defendant’s convictions for CSP II (felony) and the district court’s
16 judgment.
17 1 IT IS SO ORDERED.
2 3 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge
4 WE CONCUR:
5 6 LINDA M. VANZI, Judge
7 8 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge