1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please 2 see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. 3 Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated 4 errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does 5 not include the filing date. 6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
8 Plaintiff-Appellee,
9 v. NO. 28,288
10 OLIVER STANLEY,
11 Defendant-Appellant.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY 13 Ross C. Sanchez, District Judge
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General 15 Anita Carlson, Assistant Attorney General 16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Appellee
18 Hugh W. Dangler, Chief Public Defender 19 Will O’Connell, Assistant Appellate Defender 20 Santa Fe, NM
21 for Appellant
22 MEMORANDUM OPINION
23 KENNEDY, Judge.
24 Oliver Stanley (Defendant) appeals his convictions for four counts of criminal 1 sexual penetration in the second degree (CSP II), two counts of criminal sexual
2 contact of a minor in the third degree (CSP III), and one count of bribery of a witness.
3 He argues that the jury should have been instructed on statutory rape as a lesser-
4 included offense of CSP II and that the State violated his right to a speedy trial by
5 delaying his case for thirty-six months. For the reasons discussed below, we affirm
6 Defendant’s convictions.
7 I. BACKGROUND
8 The State alleged Defendant committed CSP II by coercion when he sexually
9 penetrated Victim on four separate occasions. At the time of the crimes, Victim was
10 living in Defendant’s home with his fiancé, Esther, who is Victim’s older sister and
11 legal guardian. When Esther discovered Defendant had engaged in intercourse with
12 Victim, she called the police and removed both herself and Victim from Defendant’s
13 home.
14 The State asserted that Defendant was guilty of CSP II by coercion because he
15 used his position of authority as head of the household to unduly influence Victim to
16 have sex with him. Defendant argued that he had no authority over Victim and that
17 she therefore could not have felt coerced. Defendant did not testify; his case relied
18 instead upon Victim’s unexpressive testimony and upon cross-examination of both
19 Victim and Esther.
2 1 At the close of the evidence, Defendant requested the jury be instructed on both
2 CSP II by coercion and the lesser-included offense of CSP of a minor (statutory rape).
3 He argued that under the cognate approach adopted in State v. Meadors, 121 N.M. 38,
4 44, 908 P.2d 731, 737 (1995), he was entitled to such an instruction. Specifically, he
5 argued that the evidence adduced at trial could be reasonably interpreted to support
6 a statutory rape charge; for instance, the jury could have chosen to disbelieve that he
7 used his position of authority to coerce Victim into sex and instead chose to convict
8 him of statutory rape based on evidence that he was more than four years older than
9 Victim. After considering extensive argument on the matter, the district court refused
10 Defendant’s request to instruct the jury on statutory rape, and the jury returned a
11 conviction for, among other charges, four counts of CSP II by coercion. Defendant
12 then unsuccessfully moved for a mistrial on the basis that the statutory rape instruction
13 was not given. He makes two arguments on appeal: first, he contends that under the
14 cognate approach, the district court improperly refused to instruct the jury on the
15 lesser-included offense of statutory rape; and second, he argues he was deprived of a
16 speedy trial.
17 II. DISCUSSION
18 A. Lesser-Included Offense Instruction
19 “The propriety of jury instructions is a mixed question of law and fact. When
3 1 considering a defendant’s requested instructions, we view the evidence in the light
2 most favorable to the giving of the requested instruction[s]. Viewing the facts in that
3 manner, we review the issue de novo.” State v. Contreras, 2007-NMCA-119, ¶ 8, 142
4 N.M. 518, 167 P.3d 966 (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks and citation
5 omitted).
6 The Rules of Criminal Procedure permit the jury to find a defendant guilty of
7 an offense that is necessarily included in the greater offense, where the lesser offense
8 is instructed. See Rule 5-611(D) NMRA. “We use the terms ‘lesser-included’ and
9 ‘necessarily-included’ interchangeably.” Meadors, 121 N.M. at 41 n.2, 908 P.2d at
10 734 n.2. “‘The rules regarding lesser-included offenses developed at common law to
11 aid the prosecution in cases in which its proof may have failed as to the higher offense
12 charged but nonetheless was sufficient to support a conviction on a lesser offense.’”
13 State v. Munoz, 2004-NMCA-103, ¶ 9, 136 N.M. 235, 96 P.3d 796 (quoting 5 Wayne
14 R. LaFave, et al., Criminal Procedure § 24.8(d), at 574 (2d 1999)). “New Mexico
15 common law extended the right to lesser-included offense instructions to defendants
16 under appropriate circumstances.” Munoz, 2004-NMCA-103, ¶ 9.
17 Meadors provides guidance for how courts should analyze whether one crime
18 constitutes a lesser-included offense of another. “First, the trial court should, when
19 faced with a request . . . for a lesser-included offense instruction, grant the request
4 1 when the statutory elements of the lesser crime are a subset of the statutory elements
2 of the charged crime.” 121 N.M. at 44, 908 P.2d at 737. This is commonly referred
3 to as the “strict elements approach.” Id. Defendant does not argue this issue. He
4 instead focuses on the remaining prongs of the Meadors standard, an inquiry
5 commonly referred to as the “cognate approach.” Id. at 43-44, 908 P.2d at 736-37.
6 [T]he trial court should grant [a lesser-included offense] instruction if (1) 7 the defendant could not have committed the greater offense in the 8 manner described in the charging document without also committing the 9 lesser offense, and therefore notice of the greater offense necessarily 10 incorporates notice of the lesser offense; (2) the evidence adduced at trial 11 is sufficient to sustain a conviction on the lesser offense; and (3) the 12 elements that distinguish the lesser and greater offenses are sufficiently 13 in dispute such that a jury rationally could acquit on the greater offense 14 and convict on the lesser.
15 Id. at 44, 908 P.2d at 737. All three prongs must be satisfied to entitle a party to a
16 lesser-included offense instruction. See, e.g., Contreras, 2007-NMCA-119, ¶¶ 23-24
17 (affirming the district court’s refusal to instruct the jury on the lesser-included offense
18 because the defendant failed to establish the third prong of the Meadors test); State
19 v. Collins, 2005-NMCA-044, ¶¶ 13-16, 137 N.M. 353, 110 P.3d 1090 (examining all
20 three prongs and holding that because they were all met the defendant was entitled to
21 the instruction), overruled on other grounds by State v. Willie, 2009-NMSC-037, 146
22 N.M. 481, 212 P.3d 369. We also note that the cognate analysis has been described
23 as tailored to the state’s request for a lesser-included offense instruction, while the
5 1 contours of the analysis for a defendant’s request have remained somewhat undefined.
2 See State v. Darkis, 2000-NMCA-085, ¶ 14, 129 N.M. 547, 10 P.3d 871. In
3 determining whether the three prongs of the standard have been met, we must “look[]
4 to the elements of the respective offenses, not in the abstract, but as seen through the
5 prism of the charging documents and the facts alleged therein.” State v. McGee,
6 2002-NMCA-090, ¶ 10, 132 N.M. 537, 51 P.3d 1191; see Meadors, 121 N.M. at 44,
7 908 P.2d at 737. We begin by first laying out the elements of the crimes at issue and
8 then proceeding to a consideration of each prong of the Meadors cognate approach.
9 The statutory elements of CSP II by coercion in effect at the time Defendant
10 was charged provide, in relevant part:
11 D. Criminal sexual penetration in the second degree consists 12 of all criminal sexual penetration perpetrated:
13 (1) on a child thirteen to eighteen years of age when the 14 perpetrator is in a position of authority over the child and uses this 15 authority to coerce the child to submit[.]
16 NMSA 1978, § 30-9-11(D)(1) (2003) (amended 2009). The elements of statutory
17 rape, also called CSP IV, in relevant part, are as follows:
18 F. Criminal sexual penetration in the fourth degree consists of 19 all criminal sexual penetration:
20 (1) . . . perpetrated on a child thirteen to sixteen years of 21 age when the perpetrator is at least eighteen years of age and is at least 22 four years older than the child and not the spouse of that child[.]
6 1 Section 30-9-11(F).
2 1. Notice and the Charging Document
3 Under the first prong of the cognate approach, we analyze the State’s assertions
4 in the charging document to determine whether, under the specific language found
5 there, “the defendant could not have committed the greater offense . . . without also
6 committing the lesser offense.” Meadors, 121 N.M. at 44, 908 P.2d at 737. Such an
7 analysis ensures the defendant’s due process right to notice of the charges against him
8 because the charging document “serves as a reliable indicator of the [s]tate’s theory.”
9 Darkis, 2000-NMCA-085, ¶ 17. Accordingly, in a case such as this where Defendant
10 (not the State) requested the lesser-included offense instruction, notice is not an issue.
11 See Munoz, 2004-NMCA-103, ¶ 12 (holding that “lack of notice to the defendant is
12 not a concern when the defendant himself requests the instruction”). Indeed, the facts
13 clearly demonstrate Defendant was sufficiently apprised of the charges against him.
14 The State charged him specifically with CSP II by coercion and gave no indication
15 that it would pursue any other theory of rape, statutory or otherwise. It was Defendant
16 who requested the statutory rape instruction, and he therefore did not suffer any
17 surprise by the manner in which the State sought to instruct the jury on CSP II.
18 2. The Evidence Adduced at Trial
19 The second prong of the cognate approach requires courts to view the evidence
7 1 to determine whether it could have supported a conviction under the requested lesser-
2 included offense instruction. See Meadors, 121 N.M. at 42-43, 908 P.2d at 735-36.
3 Defendant dedicates much of his brief to this question. He argues the district court
4 erred when it concluded that the parties’ ages were insufficiently established to
5 support a conviction for statutory rape. We disagree.
6 Under Meadors, a party is entitled to a lesser-included offense instruction when
7 the evidence supporting the lesser offense was presented at trial pursuant to the state’s
8 theory of the case and was somehow necessary to prove the greater offense. See, e.g.,
9 State v. Neatherlin, 2007-NMCA-035, ¶ 24, 141 N.M. 328, 154 P.3d 703 (holding that
10 the defendant was entitled to an instruction on the lesser offense of misdemeanor
11 aggravated battery where the evidence that would support that charge was the same
12 evidence presented for the greater charge of aggravated battery with a deadly
13 weapon); Collins, 2005-NMCA-044, ¶ 15 (holding that the state was entitled to a
14 lesser offense instruction for DWI where the state presented evidence of the
15 defendant’s breath alcohol content as the basis for its case for aggravated DWI);
16 Munoz, 2004-NMCA-103, ¶¶ 7, 16 (holding that the defendant was entitled to the
17 lesser offense instruction for DWI in the state’s case against him for great bodily
18 injury by vehicle because the state presented evidence that the defendant was
19 intoxicated while driving pursuant to its theory that his intoxication was the proximate
8 1 cause of the collision); Darkis, 2000-NMCA-085, ¶¶ 18-19 (holding that the
2 defendant was entitled to a lesser offense instruction for possession of drug
3 paraphernalia where the state presented evidence of the drug paraphernalia to prove
4 the defendant’s possession of cocaine, the greater charge). As stated previously, CSP
5 II by coercion requires proof of (1) sexual penetration, (2) a child between thirteen
6 and eighteen years of age, and (3) a person in a position of authority who uses that
7 authority to coerce the child into submission. See § 30-9-11(D)(1). In contrast,
8 statutory rape requires proof of (1) sexual penetration, (2) a child between thirteen and
9 eighteen years of age, and (3) a person older than eighteen years of age who is at least
10 four years older than the child and is not the child’s spouse. See § 30-9-11(F).
11 Comparing these elements with the evidence presented at trial, the district court found
12 that the second prong of the cognate approach was not met because there was
13 insufficient evidence presented to establish the difference between the ages of Victim
14 and Defendant. As the court concluded, “The evidence adduced at trial is not
15 sufficient to sustain a conviction on [statutory rape]. [D]efendant’s age was not
16 adduced at trial.” Thus, “[t]he age difference required by [statutory rape] has not been
17 accomplished in evidence and the jury is not allowed to speculate.”
18 The district court was partly mistaken in its conclusion. Our review of the
19 record indicates that evidence was presented at trial which established Defendant’s
9 1 age. Nevertheless, we agree with the district court that the second prong of the
2 cognate approach was not met because, although such evidence was presented, it was
3 of negligible value and entirely incidental to the State’s theory of the case. The parties
4 prepared and argued their cases under the State’s theory that Defendant was in a
5 position of authority, as Victim’s guardian’s fiancé and head of the household in
6 which Victim resided, and that he used that position to coerce Victim. Defendant’s
7 age was mentioned only twice, both times in order to identify him as the offender, not
8 to establish the element of authority necessary for CSP II. For example, Defendant’s
9 age came in through the testimony of Victim’s examining nurse, who testified that
10 when asked to identify the offender, Victim identified Defendant as forty-two-year-old
11 Oliver Stanley. She did not specify the source of this indirect evidence of Defendant’s
12 age. Defendant’s age was also alluded to, but not explicitly stated, in the testimony
13 of his older brother, Sylvester Stanley. This testimony was elicited on cross-
14 examination and seems to be either a form of impeachment to establish that the
15 witness did not know his brother very well or to corroborate the identity of Defendant.
16 The State’s next question was: “He doesn’t have an identical twin, does he?”
17 As a result, we agree with the district court’s conclusion that the second prong
18 of the cognate approach was not met due to the incidental and indirect nature of this
19 evidence which was not admitted to support the State’s theory of the case.
10 1 3. The Lesser Offense Not Reasonably the Greatest Crime Committed
2 Nevertheless, even if we assumed that the second prong of the cognate approach
3 was met as Defendant contends, analysis of the third prong would mandate affirmance
4 under Meadors. See, e.g., Contreras, 2007-NMCA-119, ¶¶ 23-24 (refusing to address
5 whether the district court misapprehended the showing required for the lesser offense
6 under the second prong of the cognate analysis because the third prong was not met).
7 Under that prong, Defendant must demonstrate “some view of the evidence pursuant
8 to which the lesser offense is the highest degree of crime committed, and that view
9 must be reasonable.” State v. Lente, 2005-NMCA-111, ¶ 14, 138 N.M. 312, 119 P.3d
10 737 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Defendant argues that a
11 reasonable jury might find that statutory rape was the highest degree of crime
12 committed. Such a jury might reasonably reject the State’s theory that Victim
13 submitted to intercourse due to Defendant’s position of authority. He argues that
14 Victim never directly testified that she submitted as a result of Defendant’s position
15 of authority. Defendant also points out that Victim did not know why she had sexual
16 intercourse with him, stating she felt “confused.” Defendant did not occupy a position
17 of authority, he contends, because he was not Victim’s parent or legal guardian,
18 Victim did not respect him, and because Victim thought Esther’s subservience to him
19 was “pathetic.” Defendant correctly cites Victim’s testimony above but fails to note
11 1 how consistently undescriptive and taciturn she was as a witness under both direct and
2 cross-examination. While Defendant correctly cites Victim, his assertion that a
3 reasonable jury could have chosen to disbelieve the State’s theory that he coerced her
4 from a position of authority denies the overwhelming weight of evidence against him.
5 Indeed, evidence of his position of authority and coercion of Victim was almost
6 entirely uncontradicted and firmly establishes that he used his position of authority to
7 coerce Victim into submission.
8 “Position of authority’ is defined as a position occupied by a parent, relative,
9 household member, teacher, employer or other person who, by reason of that position,
10 is able to exercise undue influence over a child.” State v. Lamure, 115 N.M. 61, 66,
11 846 P.2d 1070, 1075 (Ct. App. 1992) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
12 “Undue influence has been defined as the result of moral, social, or domestic force
13 exerted upon a party, so as to control the free action of his [or her] will[.]” Id.
14 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
15 The evidence presented at trial overwhelmingly demonstrated both coercion and
16 Defendant’s position of authority. Victim arrived in Defendant’s home after
17 experiencing abuse and neglect at the hands of her parents. The State presented
18 uncontroverted evidence that social services removed her just before she turned
19 thirteen years old from her parents’ home on an isolated mesa on the Navajo
12 1 reservation. At trial, Victim reported the erratic behavior of her parents; rarely
2 returning home at times and other times never leaving the house. In her home, Victim
3 commonly witnessed domestic abuse between her parents and physical fights between
4 her three older brothers. Victim testified that she felt alone, did not have anyone to
5 talk to about the problems at home, and did not know where else she could live.
6 Victim was placed in a group home for troubled children for two or three months and
7 then placed with Esther, who was nineteen at the time. Esther was named her legal
8 guardian and given power of attorney over her. Social services had no other family
9 placement options for Victim and was unwilling to place her back in her parents’
10 home. As part of Victim’s living arrangement, she stayed with Defendant and Esther
11 in Defendant’s three-bedroom trailer in Albuquerque. Defendant was Esther’s fiancé,
12 whom Victim had met before she was placed with them. When she moved in, Victim
13 did not know how long she would be able to live with Defendant and Esther.
14 After arriving in Defendant’s home, a family dynamic in which Defendant
15 occupied the role of father quickly emerged. While Victim lived in the trailer, she
16 stayed home most of the time and watched television with Defendant and Esther.
17 Defendant was in charge of the household. He was demanding, controlling, and told
18 Victim what to do—she complied. Defendant controlled all the money in the
19 household, even Esther’s work income, giving her an allowance, money for shopping,
13 1 and expecting receipts in return. Defendant also gave Victim an allowance,
2 demanding that she have cleaning chores in the home, performed to his satisfaction.
3 Victim and Defendant got along in the beginning, but she reported that Defendant
4 would get angry and become physically and verbally violent. Both Victim and Esther
5 testified that Defendant would often yell at and beat Esther many times in Victim’s
6 presence. Testimony also established that Defendant was a large man, over six feet
7 tall, weighing over 300 pounds. We hold that such evidence establishes Defendant’s
8 dominance over domestic life in the home, sufficient from which a reasonable jury
9 would infer the degree of influence described by the State.
10 In June 2003, approximately four months after Victim moved into Defendant’s
11 home, he began touching her sexually when Esther was not at home. One morning,
12 when Victim woke up, she went to the kitchen to make breakfast and Defendant
13 stopped her and told her to take off her clothes and get on the floor. He laid on top of
14 Victim and forced his penis inside her vagina. Victim testified that Defendant told her
15 not to tell anyone or he would hurt Victim and her family. On another occasion,
16 Defendant told Victim to come into his room, where he was standing in the doorway
17 naked. Victim hesitated, but eventually complied. Defendant removed Victim’s
18 clothes, told her to get on the bed and forced his penis inside her vagina again. Victim
19 wrote in her journal that Defendant said he would kill her and her family if she told
14 1 anyone, and wrote that “‘[h]e had sex with me and I hate him.’” In four other
2 instances, all occurring in his home, Defendant penetrated Victim twice with his
3 fingers, once with his tongue, and made Victim perform fellatio on him. Victim wrote
4 in her journal that she was “really scared” during this time and scared to tell Esther
5 about Defendant.
6 The final sexual encounter between Defendant and Victim occurred on the
7 evening of June 12, 2003, when Esther went to bed, leaving Defendant and Victim in
8 the living room watching television. Once Esther was gone, Defendant turned up the
9 volume on the television, lifted up Victim’s shirt, kissed her breasts, penetrated her
10 vagina with his fingers, and attempted to have intercourse with her. Esther felt
11 suspicious that something was wrong, heard strange noises coming from the living
12 room, and saw what she thought might be inappropriate touching. She walked into
13 the room and stopped Defendant. Esther yelled to him, “What the hell are you
14 doing?” Defendant yelled back at Esther, then he slapped her, pushed her down on
15 the couch, and beat her. Victim wrote in her journal that although she was worried
16 about Esther, she was relieved that she did not “have to do this anymore [with
17 Defendant].” Esther testified that Victim was scared that night. Victim had asked
18 them not to fight, ran into her room, and stayed there until the next morning, when
19 Defendant opened her door and told her to come out and eat her breakfast. That day,
15 1 Victim returned to her room and stayed there until Defendant left the house, at which
2 time Esther called the police. One of the officers took Victim to the hospital. Victim
3 and Esther moved out of Defendant’s house and into a shelter. At the time of trial,
4 Victim was enrolled in a Native American boarding school in Oklahoma where she
5 had attended since the school year after she left Defendant’s home.
6 Defendant presented no evidence, aside from that previously stated, to refute
7 these facts and offered no reasons for how a reasonable jury might ignore the State’s
8 theory of CSP II by coercion and convict him instead of statutory rape. Indeed,
9 Victim testified that she engaged in the sexual acts with Defendant out of fear that he
10 might hurt her. Our review of the evidence shows a troublesome picture of a
11 confused, thirteen-year-old-girl confronted by an authority figure’s manipulative,
12 erratic, and domineering behavior. Although Victim’s testimony was somewhat non-
13 expressive in nature, there can be little ambiguity as to Defendant’s position of
14 authority—one which was used to coerce Victim into engaging in sex. There was
15 almost no evidence presented to refute this conclusion, and we agree with the district
16 court’s conclusion, because as the court emphasized, the elements distinguishing the
17 crime of CSP II from statutory rape—namely, a position of authority and
18 coercion—were not sufficiently in dispute that a jury could rationally acquit
19 Defendant on CSP II. See Neatherlin, 2007-NMCA-035, ¶ 24 (stating that the third
16 1 prong of the cognate approach asks whether “[t]he element that distinguished the
2 lesser and greater offenses . . . was ‘sufficiently in dispute such that a jury rationally
3 could acquit on the greater offense and convict on the lesser.’” (quoting Darkis, 2000-
4 NMCA-085, ¶ 14)); Munoz, 2004-NMCA-103, ¶ 17. We affirm the district court’s
5 denial of Defendant’s requested lesser-included offense instruction.
6 B. Speedy Trial
7 Defendant argues that the district court erred by denying his motion to dismiss
8 for violation of his right to a speedy trial. In reviewing a district court’s denial of a
9 speedy trial claim, we give deference to the facts found below. See State v. Maddox,
10 2008-NMSC-062, ¶ 8, 145 N.M. 242, 195 P.3d 1254, modified on other grounds as
11 recognized by State v. Valencia, 2010-NMCA-005, ¶¶ 18-19, 147 N.M. 432, 224 P.3d
12 659 (filed 2009). Weighing and balancing the speedy trial factors are legal decisions,
13 which we review de novo. Id. In analyzing whether a defendant was denied a speedy
14 trial, we “consider the following factors: (1) the length of the delay, (2) the reasons
15 given for the delay, (3) the defendant's assertion of the right to a speedy trial, and (4)
16 prejudice to the defendant. We begin by considering the length of the delay.” State
17 v. Lopez, 2009-NMCA-127, ¶ 20, 147 N.M. 364, 223 P.3d 361 (citation omitted), cert.
18 denied, 2009-NMCERT-010, 147 N.M. 452, 224 P.3d 1257.
19 1. Length of Delay and Presumption of Prejudice
17 1 The length of delay in trying a defendant is not alone determinative of whether
2 his right to a speedy trial has been violated. See State v. Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶
3 23, 146 N.M. 499, 212 P.3d 387. The analysis is relevant for two purposes: (1)
4 making the threshold determination of whether the gross length of the delay was
5 presumptively prejudicial; and more importantly, (2) triggering a consideration of that
6 delay as part of the speedy trial analysis. Id ¶ 24. “We calculate the length of delay
7 from the date the Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial attached when the defendant
8 becomes an accused, that is, by a filing of a formal indictment or information or arrest
9 and holding to answer.” Maddox, 2008-NMSC-062, ¶ 10 (internal quotation marks
10 and citation omitted).
11 Defendant was indicted on June 30, 2004, nearly thirty-six months before his
12 trial finally commenced. Such a length of delay is presumptively prejudicial under the
13 guidelines established for complex cases as in Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶¶ 2, 48,
14 which states that any delay longer than fifteen months is presumptively prejudicial.
15 Id. The district court found Defendant’s case to be complex, and neither party disputes
16 that the amount of delay was presumptively prejudicial. We therefore defer to the
17 district court’s conclusion that this case was complex. See State v. O’Neal, 2009-
18 NMCA-020, ¶ 16, 145 N.M. 604, 203 P.3d 135 (filed 2008) (holding that we must
19 defer to district court rulings on complexity as long as they are supported by
18 1 substantial evidence).
2 Where the length of the delay is presumptively prejudicial, we continue to an
3 analysis and balancing of the Barker factors: (1) the length of delay, (2) the reasons
4 for the delay, (3) the defendant’s assertion of his right, and (4) the actual prejudice to
5 the defendant. Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530 (1972); Zurla v. State, 109 N.M.
6 640, 642, 789 P.2d 588, 590 (1990) (adopting the balancing test in Barker), modified
7 on other grounds by Garza, 2009-NMSC-038. In Garza, the Supreme Court clarified
8 that a “‘presumptively prejudicial’ length of delay is simply a triggering mechanism,
9 requiring further inquiry into the Barker factors,” not a delay that carries forward a
10 presumption of prejudice. Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 21.
11 “[T]he greater the delay the more heavily it will potentially weigh against the
12 [s]tate.” Id. ¶ 24. Thus, reconsidering the length of delay as part of the Barker
13 balancing test, we hold that this thirty-six-month delay was extraordinary, even for a
14 complex case, and weighs against State. See Maddox, 2008-NMSC-062, ¶ 12 (stating
15 that a “twenty-eight-month delay is extraordinary and, therefore, presumptively
16 prejudicial”). The State makes no argument as to how we might weigh such a lengthy
17 delay differently.
19 1 2. Reasons for the Delay
2 The length of a delay, however, is closely linked to the reasons that caused it.
3 See Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 25. “The reasons for a period of . . . delay may either
4 heighten or temper the prejudice to the defendant caused by” its length. Maddox,
5 2008-NMSC-062, ¶ 13. There are several types of delay, each of which weighs
6 against the state to a differing degree. Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 25. Deliberate
7 delay in an attempt “‘to hamper the defense should be weighted heavily against the
8 government.’” Id. (quoting Barker, 407 U.S. at 531). Negligent or administrative
9 reasons for delay are more neutral and weigh more lightly against the state. Id. ¶ 26.
10 Government preparation in pretrial delay, such as locating witnesses and opposing
11 defense motions, are valid reasons that “justify appropriate delay.” Id. ¶ 27 (quoting
12 Barker, 407 U.S. at 531). On appeal, Defendant reasserts his arguments before the
13 district court regarding the reasons for the delay. Specifically, he contends that the
14 State delayed production of a DNA report until three days before the third trial setting,
15 produced DNA results along with almost one-hundred pages of evidence six days
16 prior to trial, and unnecessarily delayed obtaining DNA evidence from him. Such
17 delays, the district court concluded, should weigh slightly against the State. We agree.
18 These delays, which may have taken longer than necessary due to administrative or
19 simply negligent reasons, were still the result of valid trial preparation for a complex
20 1 case. See id.
2 Other delays in this case weigh against Defendant. For instance, he made a
3 special request for an electronic copy of the State’s DNA report, which he then sent
4 to California for testing by an independent laboratory. This request, made five months
5 after Defendant received the State’s paper copy, delayed his case an additional
6 fourteen months and could have been completely averted had Defendant simply
7 utilized the State’s paper copy instead of awaiting the digital report. We agree with
8 the district court’s interpretation of Rule 5-501 NMRA, which does not require the
9 State to provide electronic discovery. Furthermore, of the thirteen trial dates, which
10 had to be rescheduled in this case, ten were stipulated to by Defendant. What is more,
11 of the seven extensions obtained pursuant to Rule 5-604 NMRA petitions, Defendant
12 stipulated to five. Where there are stipulated continuances and extensions, that time
13 will not be weighed against the State. See State v. Downey, 2007-NMCA-046, ¶ 40,
14 141 N.M. 455, 157 P.3d 20, rev’d on other grounds by 2008-NMSC-061, 145 N.M.
15 232, 195 P.3d 1244. In the last extension request, filed on April 10, 2007, the State
16 explained that although opposed by Defendant, the request should be granted because
17 of various delays caused by Defendant which included: (1) his request for more time
18 to consider the plea offer, (2) his rejection of the State’s plea offer the previous week,
19 (3) his own failure to file a witness list, (4) the fact that he had several motions yet to
21 1 file, (5) his requests for second interviews of two witnesses, and (6) the fact that he
2 had not yet done a first interview with Victim. This extension was granted in order
3 to accommodate the defense’s long-delayed need for preparation, and the trial began
4 on June 25, 2007. Notwithstanding Defendant’s opposition to this extension, we will
5 not charge the State with this delay because it was granted by the court for the purpose
6 of giving Defendant additional time to prepare his case. Thus, despite the lengthy
7 delay in bringing Defendant to trial, most of the delay was caused by Defendant or
8 done for his benefit. We therefore weigh this factor against Defendant.
9 3. Defendant’s Assertion of the Right
10 We now consider the frequency and force with which Defendant’s speedy trial
11 right was asserted. See Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 32. In doing so, we consider the
12 context in which he objected to the delay, not only whether and how often Defendant
13 demanded a speedy trial, but also whether his own procedural maneuvers resulted in
14 any trial delays. Id. On August 12, 2004, Defendant filed a demand for a speedy trial.
15 Thereafter, he stipulated to several continuances, six-month-rule extensions, and
16 rescheduled trial dates. On January 13, 2005, he filed a motion to exclude the State’s
17 DNA evidence and again demanded a speedy trial. As set forth in the previous
18 section, Defendant requested an electronic form of the DNA report five months after
19 he filed the motion to exclude the DNA evidence. Based on these facts, the district
22 1 court observed that Defendant’s interest in a speedy trial was inconsistent with his
2 actions. Defendant did not raise any further demands for a speedy trial until May 1,
3 2007—two and a half years after his motion to exclude the DNA evidence and
4 demand for a speedy trial. During that time, Defendant stipulated to at least ten
5 extensions, mostly because of his desire for independent DNA analysis. Defendant’s
6 agreement to six-month-rule extensions precludes assertion of his right to a speedy
7 trial for the time of the extensions. See O’Neal, 2009-NMCA-020, ¶ 22. Because the
8 delay in this case was largely attributable to Defendant, his assertions of the right to
9 a speedy trial, when placed in context, do not persuade this Court that he was overly-
10 concerned about the delay. We weigh this factor in the State’s favor.
11 4. Prejudice from the Delay
12 The focus of a speedy trial analysis is on undue prejudice. See State v. Coffin,
13 1999-NMSC-038, ¶ 69, 128 N.M. 192, 991 P.2d 477. “The United States Supreme
14 Court has identified three interests under which we analyze prejudice to the defendant:
15 (i) to prevent oppressive pretrial incarceration; (ii) to minimize anxiety and concern
16 of the accused; and (iii) to limit the possibility that the defense will be impaired.”
17 Maddox, 2008-NMSC-062, ¶ 32 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Any
18 anxiety resulting from pretrial incarceration must be undue in nature. Garza, 2009-
19 NMSC-038, ¶ 35. The oppression and anxiety suffered depends upon the length of
23 1 incarceration, any time of pretrial release, and the specific, non-speculative prejudicial
2 effects that resulted. Id. In the present case, Defendant’s argument is too thin for this
3 Court to act upon.
4 Defendant was released on bond after his arraignment and placed in the
5 Community Corrections Program. The conditions of his release prevented him from
6 leaving Bernalillo County and required him to have weekly contact with his lawyer.
7 Defendant presented some specific evidence of prejudicial effects resulting from these
8 conditions; for instance, he argued that he was prejudiced by missing family reunions,
9 family funerals, three weddings, his son’s graduation from junior high school, and his
10 son’s basketball games. He also presented evidence that he lost nearly one-hundred
11 pounds over the preceding three years (which we cannot with certainty classify as a
12 negative consequence) and had lost a few out-of-town jobs. The record also indicates,
13 however, that Defendant was given an ankle bracelet and was permitted to work out-
14 of-state and stay overnight. It also appears that he was able to maintain his job as a
15 truck driver and was remanded to prison only three times for short periods during the
16 thirty-six-month pretrial period.
17 We agree with the district court that Defendant was not subjected to oppressive
18 pretrial incarceration. Although Defendant articulated that certain restrictions on his
19 liberty bore somewhat prejudicial consequences, such consequences were not undue
24 1 and certainly not extraordinary. Thus, this Court is not persuaded that Defendant’s
2 anxiety was excessive beyond that inherent to being accused of serious crimes. We
3 weigh these prejudicial effects only slightly in Defendant’s favor.
4 Of greatest concern in considering prejudice is the possibility that a delay
5 actually impaired preparation of the defense. See Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 36. In
6 this case, however, because the reasons for the delay are significantly attributable to
7 Defendant’s own maneuvers, any prejudice he suffered is greatly offset. See Maddox,
8 2008-NMSC-062, ¶ 13. Defendant does not point to any specific impairment of his
9 defense and therefore fails to satisfy his burden of production to substantiate prejudice
10 of this type. See id.; Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 36. We weigh this factor in favor
11 of the State.
12 5. Balancing
13 No one factor has talismanic qualities under our speedy trial analysis, see
14 Maddox, 2008-NMSC-062, ¶ 36, but where the defendant does not prove actual
15 prejudice to his case, the state’s ultimate burden of persuasion to show that there was
16 no speedy trial violation is greatly reduced. Id. ¶ 32; Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 22.
17 Our Supreme Court has held that “[w]here the [s]tate can show that ‘[t]here were good
18 reasons for the delay; the defendant did not timely assert his right and acquiesced in
19 the delay; or the defendant was not actually prejudiced by the delay,’ the [s]tate
25 1 discharges its burden to show that on balance the defendant’s speedy trial right has not
2 been violated.” Maddox, 2008-NMSC-062, ¶ 36 (third alteration in original) (citation
3 omitted).
4 In the current case, the delay of thirty-six months was significantly attributable
5 to Defendant’s pretrial motions and his desire for an independent DNA analysis. He
6 acquiesced in much of the delay by numerous stipulations to extensions, requested to
7 accommodate both parties’ trial preparations. As a result, Defendant fails to show that
8 his defense was actually impaired by the delay. On balance, the weight of the
9 unusually long delay is highly tempered by the reasons for the delay and the lack of
10 actual prejudice. Defendant did not suffer oppressive pretrial incarceration, and
11 though he demonstrated specific anxieties and restraints on his liberty, he does not
12 show undue prejudice. Under these circumstances, we cannot say the delay violated
13 his right to a speedy trial. See id. ¶ 37 (stating that a “total delay of twenty-eight
14 months [was] presumptively extraordinary,” but holding that several other factors
15 weighed against the defendant, including a lack of undue prejudice to the defendant’s
16 case and the defendant’s weak assertion of the right).
17 We therefore affirm the district court’s denial of Defendant’s motion to dismiss
18 for violation of his right to a speedy trial.
19 III. CONCLUSION
26 1 For the reasons set forth above, we affirm the district court’s refusal of
2 Defendant’s requested jury instruction and its order denying Defendant’s motion to
3 dismiss for violation of his speedy trial right.
4 IT IS SO ORDERED.
5 ________________________________ 6 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge
7 WE CONCUR:
8 ______________________________ 9 CELIA FOY CASTILLO, Judge
10 ______________________________ 11 ROBERT E. ROBLES, Judge