1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please 2 see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. 3 Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated 4 errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does 5 not include the filing date. 6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
8 Plaintiff-Appellee,
9 v. NO. 29,530
10 JAMES ST. PETER,
11 Defendant-Appellant.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF OTERO COUNTY 13 Sandra A. Grisham, District Judge
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General 15 Andrea Sassa, Assistant Attorney General 16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Appellee
18 Law Offices of Nancy L. Simmons, P.C. 19 Nancy L. Simmons 20 Albuquerque, NM
21 for Appellant
22 MEMORANDUM OPINION
23 CASTILLO, Judge. 1 Defendant was convicted of bringing contraband into a jail in violation of
2 NMSA 1978, Section 30-22-14(B) (1976), and tampering with evidence, NMSA
3 1978, Section 30-22-05 (2003). He appeals the district court’s judgment and sentence,
4 and he claims (1) that the district court erred in blocking the testimony of an
5 exculpatory witness, and (2) that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. In
6 assigning this case to the general calendar, this Court invited Defendant to brief a
7 sufficiency issue. Defendant has not briefed this issue, and we therefore will not
8 address sufficiency of the evidence. See State v. Gee, 2004-NMCA-042, ¶ 25, 135
9 N.M. 408, 89 P.3d 80 (noting that issues not briefed are deemed abandoned). We
10 afffirm Defendant’s convictions.
11 I. EXCLUSION OF WITNESS
12 Defendant argues that the district court erred in refusing to allow fellow inmate
13 Anthony Barnhill to testify. According to Defendant, Barnhill would provide
14 exculpatory testimony to the charge of bringing contraband into the jail by telling the
15 jury that he had given Defendant the marijuana inside the prison. Defendant correctly
16 observes that he had a constitutional right to present a defense by calling exculpatory
17 witnesses. See State v. Kerby, 2005-NMCA-106, ¶ 32, 138 N.M. 232, 118 P.3d 740,
18 aff’d, 2007-NMSC-014, 141 N.M. 413, 156 P.3d 704. However, a review of the
19 proceedings indicates that it would have been pointless to call Barnhill to testify, only
2 1 to invoke in person his right not to testify.
2 At the time he was tendered as a witness for Defendant’s trial, Barnhill was
3 incarcerated on murder charges. Defense counsel indicated that Barnhill would testify
4 that he gave Defendant the marijuana, at which point the court was informed that
5 Barnhill was being represented by Gary Mitchell. The court was informed that
6 Mitchell, who was not present, was not going to allow his client to testify at
7 Defendant’s trial. The district court noted that Barnhill was undergoing a competency
8 evaluation related to the charges pending against him. The court stated that it could
9 not allow Barnhill to testify without his attorney, who would in any event advise him
10 not to say anything.
11 We agree with the district court that it would have been pointless to allow
12 Barnhill to be called as a witness under these circumstances where there is no
13 indication that the testimony would have ultimately been given. We note that it is
14 impermissible for a prosecutor to call a witness before a jury when the prosecutor
15 knows that the witness will invoke the right to remain silent. See State v. Henderson,
16 2006-NMCA-059, ¶ 26, 139 N.M. 595, 136 P.3d 1005. In the context of a defendant
17 who wishes to call such a witness, a trial court’s exclusion of this witness does not
18 constitute reversible error because the testimony would not have come into evidence.
19 See State v. Fernandez, 117 N.M. 673, 677, 875 P.2d 1104, 1108 (Ct. App. 1994) (“In
3 1 the absence of prejudice, there is no reversible error.”). We also note that the Fifth
2 Amendment right to remain silent is a personal privilege, and Defendant could not
3 have compelled this testimony. See State v. Brown, 1998-NMSC-037, ¶ 65, 126 N.M.
4 338, 969 P.2d 313. Finally, we disagree with Defendant’s characterization of the
5 issue. The issue is not, as Defendant claims, whether a witness’s attorney must be
6 present when he testifies; instead, the issue is whether a witness should be called to
7 testify when that witness’s attorney has stated that he would not allow his client to
8 testify based on the Fifth Amendment right to remain silent. In addition to frustrating
9 the attorney-client relationship, compelling attendance would serve no purpose in the
10 absence of an indication that the attorney was inclined to reconsider the issue. In the
11 absence of any indication that this was the case here, we conclude that the district
12 court did not commit error in refusing to permit Defendant to call Barnhill as a
13 witness.
14 II. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
15 Defendant claims that he received ineffective assistance of counsel.
16 When an ineffective assistance claim is first raised on direct appeal, we 17 evaluate the facts that are part of the record. If facts necessary to a full 18 determination are not part of the record, an ineffective assistance claim 19 is more properly brought through a habeas corpus petition, although an 20 appellate court may remand a case for an evidentiary hearing if the 21 defendant makes a prima facie case of ineffective assistance.
22 State v. Roybal, 2002-NMSC-027, ¶ 19, 132 N.M. 657, 54 P.3d 61.
4 1 To establish a prima facie case of ineffective assistance of counsel, [the 2 d]efendant must show that (1) counsel’s performance was deficient in 3 that it “fell below an objective standard of reasonableness”; and (2) that 4 [the d]efendant suffered prejudice in that there is “a reasonable 5 probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the 6 proceeding would have been different.”
7 State v. Aker, 2005-NMCA-063, ¶ 34, 137 N.M. 561, 113 P.3d 384 (quoting Lytle v.
8 Jordan, 2001-NMSC-016, ¶¶ 26-27, 130 N.M. 198, 22 P.3d 666).
9 Defendant argues that his trial attorney denied him the effective assistance of
10 counsel by failing to secure the testimony of Barnhill. As indicated by our discussion
11 above, Defendant has not established prejudice because he has not shown that Barnhill
12 would have waived his right not to testify; to the contrary, all the indications are that
13 Barnhill’s attorney would not have allowed him to testify at Defendant’s trial. With
14 respect to the claim that counsel should have pursued immunity for this testimony, the
15 law in effect at the time of Defendant’s trial was that the prosecutor controlled
16 granting use immunity. See State v. Belanger, 2009-NMSC-025, ¶ 36, 146 N.M. 357,
17 210 P.3d 783. Defendant concedes that Belanger, which recognized the district
18 court’s independent authority to consider the grant of immunity, id., was filed after his
19 trial. Belanger expressly states that its holding was to be applied prospectively,
20 meaning that it was controlling case law for cases that had not yet gone to trial as of
21 the filing date of the opinion. Id. ¶ 60. Nevertheless, Defendant contends that defense
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please 2 see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. 3 Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated 4 errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does 5 not include the filing date. 6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
8 Plaintiff-Appellee,
9 v. NO. 29,530
10 JAMES ST. PETER,
11 Defendant-Appellant.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF OTERO COUNTY 13 Sandra A. Grisham, District Judge
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General 15 Andrea Sassa, Assistant Attorney General 16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Appellee
18 Law Offices of Nancy L. Simmons, P.C. 19 Nancy L. Simmons 20 Albuquerque, NM
21 for Appellant
22 MEMORANDUM OPINION
23 CASTILLO, Judge. 1 Defendant was convicted of bringing contraband into a jail in violation of
2 NMSA 1978, Section 30-22-14(B) (1976), and tampering with evidence, NMSA
3 1978, Section 30-22-05 (2003). He appeals the district court’s judgment and sentence,
4 and he claims (1) that the district court erred in blocking the testimony of an
5 exculpatory witness, and (2) that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. In
6 assigning this case to the general calendar, this Court invited Defendant to brief a
7 sufficiency issue. Defendant has not briefed this issue, and we therefore will not
8 address sufficiency of the evidence. See State v. Gee, 2004-NMCA-042, ¶ 25, 135
9 N.M. 408, 89 P.3d 80 (noting that issues not briefed are deemed abandoned). We
10 afffirm Defendant’s convictions.
11 I. EXCLUSION OF WITNESS
12 Defendant argues that the district court erred in refusing to allow fellow inmate
13 Anthony Barnhill to testify. According to Defendant, Barnhill would provide
14 exculpatory testimony to the charge of bringing contraband into the jail by telling the
15 jury that he had given Defendant the marijuana inside the prison. Defendant correctly
16 observes that he had a constitutional right to present a defense by calling exculpatory
17 witnesses. See State v. Kerby, 2005-NMCA-106, ¶ 32, 138 N.M. 232, 118 P.3d 740,
18 aff’d, 2007-NMSC-014, 141 N.M. 413, 156 P.3d 704. However, a review of the
19 proceedings indicates that it would have been pointless to call Barnhill to testify, only
2 1 to invoke in person his right not to testify.
2 At the time he was tendered as a witness for Defendant’s trial, Barnhill was
3 incarcerated on murder charges. Defense counsel indicated that Barnhill would testify
4 that he gave Defendant the marijuana, at which point the court was informed that
5 Barnhill was being represented by Gary Mitchell. The court was informed that
6 Mitchell, who was not present, was not going to allow his client to testify at
7 Defendant’s trial. The district court noted that Barnhill was undergoing a competency
8 evaluation related to the charges pending against him. The court stated that it could
9 not allow Barnhill to testify without his attorney, who would in any event advise him
10 not to say anything.
11 We agree with the district court that it would have been pointless to allow
12 Barnhill to be called as a witness under these circumstances where there is no
13 indication that the testimony would have ultimately been given. We note that it is
14 impermissible for a prosecutor to call a witness before a jury when the prosecutor
15 knows that the witness will invoke the right to remain silent. See State v. Henderson,
16 2006-NMCA-059, ¶ 26, 139 N.M. 595, 136 P.3d 1005. In the context of a defendant
17 who wishes to call such a witness, a trial court’s exclusion of this witness does not
18 constitute reversible error because the testimony would not have come into evidence.
19 See State v. Fernandez, 117 N.M. 673, 677, 875 P.2d 1104, 1108 (Ct. App. 1994) (“In
3 1 the absence of prejudice, there is no reversible error.”). We also note that the Fifth
2 Amendment right to remain silent is a personal privilege, and Defendant could not
3 have compelled this testimony. See State v. Brown, 1998-NMSC-037, ¶ 65, 126 N.M.
4 338, 969 P.2d 313. Finally, we disagree with Defendant’s characterization of the
5 issue. The issue is not, as Defendant claims, whether a witness’s attorney must be
6 present when he testifies; instead, the issue is whether a witness should be called to
7 testify when that witness’s attorney has stated that he would not allow his client to
8 testify based on the Fifth Amendment right to remain silent. In addition to frustrating
9 the attorney-client relationship, compelling attendance would serve no purpose in the
10 absence of an indication that the attorney was inclined to reconsider the issue. In the
11 absence of any indication that this was the case here, we conclude that the district
12 court did not commit error in refusing to permit Defendant to call Barnhill as a
13 witness.
14 II. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
15 Defendant claims that he received ineffective assistance of counsel.
16 When an ineffective assistance claim is first raised on direct appeal, we 17 evaluate the facts that are part of the record. If facts necessary to a full 18 determination are not part of the record, an ineffective assistance claim 19 is more properly brought through a habeas corpus petition, although an 20 appellate court may remand a case for an evidentiary hearing if the 21 defendant makes a prima facie case of ineffective assistance.
22 State v. Roybal, 2002-NMSC-027, ¶ 19, 132 N.M. 657, 54 P.3d 61.
4 1 To establish a prima facie case of ineffective assistance of counsel, [the 2 d]efendant must show that (1) counsel’s performance was deficient in 3 that it “fell below an objective standard of reasonableness”; and (2) that 4 [the d]efendant suffered prejudice in that there is “a reasonable 5 probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the 6 proceeding would have been different.”
7 State v. Aker, 2005-NMCA-063, ¶ 34, 137 N.M. 561, 113 P.3d 384 (quoting Lytle v.
8 Jordan, 2001-NMSC-016, ¶¶ 26-27, 130 N.M. 198, 22 P.3d 666).
9 Defendant argues that his trial attorney denied him the effective assistance of
10 counsel by failing to secure the testimony of Barnhill. As indicated by our discussion
11 above, Defendant has not established prejudice because he has not shown that Barnhill
12 would have waived his right not to testify; to the contrary, all the indications are that
13 Barnhill’s attorney would not have allowed him to testify at Defendant’s trial. With
14 respect to the claim that counsel should have pursued immunity for this testimony, the
15 law in effect at the time of Defendant’s trial was that the prosecutor controlled
16 granting use immunity. See State v. Belanger, 2009-NMSC-025, ¶ 36, 146 N.M. 357,
17 210 P.3d 783. Defendant concedes that Belanger, which recognized the district
18 court’s independent authority to consider the grant of immunity, id., was filed after his
19 trial. Belanger expressly states that its holding was to be applied prospectively,
20 meaning that it was controlling case law for cases that had not yet gone to trial as of
21 the filing date of the opinion. Id. ¶ 60. Nevertheless, Defendant contends that defense
22 counsel should have raised the immunity with the district court by raising
5 1 constitutional arguments irrespective of controlling precedent. We do not hold
2 defense counsel to this heightened standard of representation. See State v. Savage,
3 115 N.M. 250, 255, 849 P.2d 1073, 1078 (Ct. App. 1992) (holding that it is not
4 ineffective assistance to fail to anticipate a change in the law and that counsel’s
5 performance is measured by the law in effect at the time of trial). There is nothing in
6 the record that indicates that the prosecutor would have granted immunity. See State
7 v. Martin, 101 N.M. 595, 603, 686 P.2d 937, 945 (1984) (observing the rule that
8 matters not of record cannot be reviewed on appeal). To the extent that Defendant
9 believes that the prosecutor may have been inclined to grant immunity if defense
10 counsel would have pursued the issue, this type of claim is more appropriately raised
11 in the context of a habeas corpus proceeding. See generally Duncan v. Kerby, 115
12 N.M. 344, 346, 851 P.2d 466, 468 (1993) (discussing use of habeas corpus for
13 pursuing ineffective assistance of counsel claims, particularly when factual
14 development is necessary). Accordingly, we decline Defendant’s request that we
15 remand this case to the district court for further factual development. Finally, we also
16 note that it was speculative that Barnhill would have testified even if the prosecutor
17 had been inclined to grant immunity, because there were questions with respect to
18 Barnhill’s competency. See In re Ernesto M., Jr., 1996-NMCA-039, ¶ 10, 121 N.M.
19 562, 915 P.2d 318 (“An assertion of prejudice is not a showing of prejudice.”).
6 1 III. CONCLUSION
2 For these reasons, we affirm Defendant’s convictions.
3 IT IS SO ORDERED.
4 __________________________________ 5 CELIA FOY CASTILLO, Chief Judge
6 WE CONCUR:
7 __________________________________ 8 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
9 __________________________________ 10 LINDA M. VANZI, Judge