[Cite as State v. Snider, 2021-Ohio-348.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT WASHINGTON COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO, : : Case No. 20CA5 Plaintiff-Appellee, : : v. : DECISION AND JUDGMENT : ENTRY STEPHEN MATT SNIDER, : : RELEASED: 02/03/2021 Defendant-Appellant. : _____________________________________________________________ APPEARANCES:
George J. Cosenza, Parkersburg, West Virginia for Appellant.
Nicole T. Coil, Washington County Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee. _____________________________________________________________
Wilkin, J.
{¶1} This is an appeal from a Washington County Court of Common Pleas
judgment entry that sentenced Appellant, Stephen Snider, to an eight-year
aggregate prison term for three counts of gross sexual imposition, in violation of
R.C. 2907.05(A)(4) and (C)(2), felonies of the third degree. After our review of
the record and the applicable law, we affirm the trial court’s sentencing entry.
BACKGROUND
{¶2} On November 6, 2019, the State charged Appellant with six counts of
gross sexual imposition (“GSI”) in violation of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4) & (C)(2) with
five counts involving one juvenile victim, and one count involving a second
juvenile victim, both were under the age of 13. Appellant initially pleaded not
guilty to the charges. However, on December 19th, the trial court held a hearing
during which Appellant pleaded guilty to three of the GSI counts. Appellant Washington App. No. 20CA5 2
signed a written plea admitting guilt to GSI counts one, five, and six, with counts
one and five involving one juvenile victim, and count six involving the other
juvenile victim. In exchange, the State dismissed the remaining three counts.
The trial court issued a judgment accepting Appellant’s plea, and set a
sentencing hearing for January 13, 2020. The trial court ordered a presentence
investigation (“PSI”). At the January sentencing hearing, the trial court imposed
a five-year prison term for counts one and five, and a three-year prison term for
count six, with counts one and five to be served concurrently, but consecutive to
count six, for an aggregate eight-year-prison term. Subsequently, the trial court
issued a sentencing judgment entry. It is this judgment that Appellant appeals,
asserting a single assignment of error.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
THE COMMON PLEA COURT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO ERRED WHEN IT IMPOSED CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES UPON APPELLANT
{¶3} Appellant first argues that the trial court did not make the requisite
findings that the harm caused by Appellant’s offenses was so great or unusual in
order to impose consecutive sentences. He also asserts four additional
arguments: (1) the “facts” did not support consecutive sentences because the
trial court improperly concluded that any child molestation is “so great and
unusual” that no facts are needed to support consecutive sentences, (2) the
mere fact that the child is upset is not enough to support consecutive sentences,
(3) the trial court improperly “bootstrap[ped]” Appellant’s honesty in his PSI to
support consecutive sentences, and (4) his Ohio Risk Assessment System
(“ORAS”) score did not indicate recidivism. Washington App. No. 20CA5 3
{¶4} In response, the State argues that Appellant has failed to clearly and
convincingly show that the trial court erred in imposing consecutive sentences.
The State argues that although Appellant argued “vigorously” at sentencing that
the trial court should not impose consecutive sentences, he failed to “object or
argue to the sentencing judge that the judge’s consecutive sentencing findings
were not supported by the record[;]” thus, he has waived all but plain error. The
State argues that Appellant’s “real focus” is on whether the record supports the
trial court’s findings that the harm was so serious it supported consecutive
sentences. The State argues the facts support that the Appellant’s abuse of the
victims was so great that the Appellant cannot show by clear and convincing
evidence that the trial court’s imposition of consecutive sentences was
unsupported by the record.
{¶5} While appellant asserts a single assignment of error, in support he
raises several arguments pertaining to his sentence that we will address
individually: (1) the trial court failed to make the findings required to impose
consecutive sentences, (2) the trial court’s finding - that the harm caused by
Appellant was so great or unusual that consecutive sentence were necessary -
was not supported by the record, (3) the trial court improperly relied on
Appellant’s confession from his PSI to find that he lacked remorse for his crimes,
and (4) that the trial court improperly discounted Appellant’s ORAS score in
imposing his sentence.
LAW AND ANALYSIS
1. Sentencing Standard of Review Washington App. No. 20CA5 4
{¶6} “When reviewing felony sentences appellate courts must apply the
standard of review set forth in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2).” State v. Johnson, 4th Dist.
Adams No. 19CA1082, 2019-Ohio-3479, ¶ 7, citing State v. Marcum, 146 Ohio
St.3d 516, 2016-Ohio-1002, 59 N.E.3d 1231, ¶ 1, 7. “R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)
provides that an appellate court may increase, reduce, modify, or vacate and
remand a challenged felony sentence if the court clearly and convincingly finds
either: (a) that the record does not support the sentencing court’s findings under”
applicable statutory sentencing provisions (e.g. R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)), or (b) “that
the sentence is contrary to law.” State v. Shankland, 4th Dist. Washington No.
18CA11, 18CA12, 2019-Ohio-404, ¶ 18-19, quoting R.C. 2953.08(G) and citing
Marcum at ¶ 23. Any findings required by applicable statutory sentencing
provisions and made by the sentencing court must still be supported by the
record. State v. Gray, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 18CA3857, 2019-Ohio-5317, ¶ 21.
And “ ‘ “a sentence is generally not contrary to law if the trial court considered the
R.C. 2929.11 purposes and principles of sentencing as well as the R.C. 2929.12
seriousness and recidivism factors, properly applied post[-]release control, and
imposed a sentence within the statutory range.” ’ ” State v. Day, 4th Dist. Adams
No. 19CA1085, 2019-Ohio-4816, ¶11, quoting State v. Perry, 4th Dist. Pike No.
16CA863, 2017-Ohio-69, 2017 WL 105959, ¶ 21, quoting State v. Brewer, 4th
Dist. Meigs No. 14CA1 2014-Ohio-1903, 11 N.E.3d 317, ¶ 38.
{¶7} “Clear and convincing evidence is ‘that measure or degree of proof
which * * * will produce in the mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction
as to the facts sought to be established.’ ” State ex rel. Husted v. Brunner, 123 Washington App. No. 20CA5 5
Ohio St.3d 288, 2009-Ohio-5327, 915 N.E.2d 1215, ¶ 18, quoting Cross v.
Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 120 N.E.2d 118 (1954), paragraph three of the
syllabus.
It is important to understand that the “clear and convincing” standard applied in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) is not discretionary. In fact, R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) makes it clear that “[t]he appellate court's standard for review is not whether the sentencing court abused its discretion.” As a practical consideration, this means that appellate courts are prohibited from substituting their judgment for that of the trial judge. It is also important to understand that the clear and convincing standard used by R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) is written in the negative. It does not say that the trial judge must have clear and convincing evidence to support its findings. Instead, it is the court of appeals that must clearly and convincingly find that the record does not support the court's findings. In other words, the restriction is on the appellate court, not the trial judge. This is an extremely deferential standard of review. State v. King, 4th Dist. Lawrence No. 19CA10, 2020- Ohio-1512, ¶ 9, quoting State v. Pierce, 4th Dist. Pickaway No. 18CA4, 2018-Ohio-4458 ¶ 7.
2. R.C. 2929.14(C)(4), Consecutive Sentences
{¶8} Appellant first argues that the trial court failed to make the proper
findings under R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) to impose consecutive sentences. We
disagree.
{¶9} “R.C. 2929.41(A) creates a presumption in favor of concurrent
sentences.” State v. Walker, 4th Dist. Gallia No. 19CA1, 2020-Ohio-617, ¶ 20
“In order to impose consecutive terms of imprisonment, a trial court must make
the findings mandated by R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) at the sentencing hearing and
incorporate its findings into its sentencing entry, but the court has no obligation to
state reasons to support its findings.” State v. Blair, 4th Dist. Athens No.
18CA24, 2019-Ohio-2768, ¶ 52, citing State v. Bonnell, 140 Ohio St.3d Washington App. No. 20CA5 6
209, 2014-Ohio-3177, 16 N.E.3d 659, syllabus. Under “the tripartite procedure
set forth in R.C. 2929.14(C)(4),” a trial court must find that:
consecutive sentences are necessary to (1) protect the public from future crime or to punish the offender, (2) consecutive sentences are not disproportionate to the seriousness of the offender's conduct and to the danger the offender poses to the public, and (3) * * * the harm caused by two or more multiple offenses was so great or unusual that no single prison term for any of the offenses committed adequately reflects the seriousness of the offender's conduct. State v. Leonhart, 4th Dist. Washington No. 13CA38, 2014-Ohio- 5601, ¶ 58, citing State v. Baker, 4th Dist. Athens No. 13CA18, 2014-Ohio-1967, ¶ 36.
{¶10} “Although it is not necessary for a trial court to use talismanic words in
each step of its analysis to comply with R.C. 2929.14(C)(4), it must be clear from
the record that the trial court actually made the required findings.” Blair, 4th Dist.
Athens No. 18CA24, 2019-Ohio-2768, ¶ 53, citing Baker, 4th Dist. Athens No.
13CA18, 2014-Ohio-1967, ¶ 37. If a trial court makes these findings, then the
imposition of consecutive sentences is not contrary to law. State v. Terry, 2nd
Dist. Clark No. 2016-CA-65, 2017-Ohio-7266, ¶ 18.
a. The Trial Court Made the Findings Required by R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)
{¶11} At the sentencing hearing, and in its sentencing entry, the trial court
made the following findings:
The court further finds that the imposition of consecutive sentences is necessary to protect the public from future crime or to punish the defendant; and imposition of consecutive sentences are not disproportionate to the seriousness of defendant’s conduct and to the danger defendant poses to the public; and at least two of the multiple offenses were committed as part of one or more courses and the harm caused was so great or unusual that no single prison term for any of the offenses committed as part of the courses of conduct adequately reflects the seriousness of that conduct. (Emphasis added.) Washington App. No. 20CA5 7
These findings are clearly compliant with those required by R.C. 2929.14(C)(4),
so the trial court’s imposition of consecutive sentences is not contrary to law.
Terry at ¶ 18.
b. The Trial Court’s Findings Under R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(b) Are Not Clearly
and Convincingly Lacking Record Support
{¶12} The Appellant also argues that the “facts” did not support
consecutive sentences because the trial court improperly concluded that any
child molestation is “so great and unusual” that no additional facts are needed to
support consecutive sentences. The Appellant further alleged the mere fact that
the child is upset is not enough to support consecutive sentences. In other
words, Appellant argues that the trial court’s finding - that the harm caused the
victims in this case was so great or unusual that no single prison term was
sufficient - was not supported by the record. We disagree.
{¶13} At the sentencing hearing in the case at bar, the trial court stated:
[A]s far as making this more serious than the norm, I’m going to find the mental suffered by the victims of the offense due to the conduct of the [Appellant] was exacerbated because of the age of the victims here. And let’s face it: Their lives are destroyed. You know, there’s nothing we can do here to fix that. I mean, for the rest of their lives, they’re going to suffer injury.
Also find the victim of the offense suffered serious psychological harm as a result of the offense. Going to find that the [Appellant’s] relationship with the victim facilitated the offense, which makes it more serious than the norm.
{¶14} The victims, KM and CS, were cousins and both were of
elementary-school age. KM was the daughter of Appellant’s fiancé. Appellant
abused KM multiple times by rubbing her vagina under her clothing, sometimes Washington App. No. 20CA5 8
while simultaneous touching himself. It appears that Appellant had access to KM
because she, her mother, and Appellant lived together.
{¶15} Appellant also abused CS once when she came to stay overnight
with KM. Appellant abused CS by rubbing her vagina, while he watched a video
of two women having sex on his phone, and subsequently uploaded another sex
video onto the victim’s phone. She told Appellant that his action made her
“uncomfortable,” but stated that “she was scared to tell her grandmother.”
{¶16} Law enforcement interviewed KM about the abuse. During the
interview, KM “appeared nervous and was chewing and sucking on a string from
the hooded sweatshirt she had on her lap.” After KM stated that she had been
abused more than five times, she said she thought she was going to get in
trouble for telling and began to cry. KM said that Appellant told her that she
needed to keep the abuse a secret, and she was too scared to say anything. KM
also said that she was “too scared” to tell Appellant not to touch her. KM stated
that CS hardly talks to her anymore and doesn’t want to come back to visit until
Appellant is in jail. KM broke down crying as she made this statement.
{¶17} Based on the aforementioned, we cannot clearly and convincingly
find that the record does not support the trial court's findings of “great or unusual”
harm finding under R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(b). See State v. Eager, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 7–15–02, 2015-Ohio-3525, ¶ 21 (Court of Appeals affirmed
consecutive sentences where Appellant pleaded guilty to four of seven counts of
GSI that “were committed as part of a course of conduct, which resulted in great
or unusual harm” by “ ‘placing ‘his hand in [the] pants and underwear, [and] then Washington App. No. 20CA5 9
rubb[ing] the vagina’ of the eight-year-old daughter of his girlfriend with whom
[Appellant] shared a home.”).
2. Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion In Considering Appellant’s PSI
{¶18} Appellant’s third argument asserts that the trial court improperly
considered Appellant’s confession as set out in his PSI to assist it in finding that
Appellant was not remorseful for his crimes. We disagree.
{¶19} “R.C. 2947.06 permits a trial court to order a PSI or psychological
report to aid the court in sentencing.” State v. Ellis, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
98538., 2013-Ohio-1184, ¶ 42. R.C. 2951.03(A) lists various factors that should
be included in presentence investigation reports [including] the circumstances of
the offense and the criminal record, social history, and present condition of the
defendant * * *.” State v. Slider, 4th Dist. No. 93 CA 26, 1994 WL 224212, at *2
(May 20, 1994). A “trial court may evaluate and rely on the sentencing factors in
the PSI report using its own personal discretion.” State v. Cole, 11th Dist.
Crawford No. 3-01-08, 2001-Ohio-2273, accord State v. McCoy, 4th Dist. Gallia
No. 19CA4, 2020-Ohio-3088, ¶ 29. An “ ‘abuse of discretion’ connotes more
than an error of law or judgment; rather, it implies that the court's attitude was
unreasonable, arbitrary or capricious.” Mann v. Mann, 4th Dist. Allen No.
09CA38, 2011-Ohio-1646, ¶ 13, citing Blakemore v. Blakemore , 5 Ohio St.3d
217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983).
{¶20} Trial courts have relied upon information from a PSI report to assess
a defendant’s remorse, or lack thereof. See e.g. State v. Temple, 6th Dist. Lucas
No. L-18-10702019-Ohio-3503, ¶ 9 (“The court further noted that the Washington App. No. 20CA5 10
presentence investigation report gave a different account of the facts and that
appellant's statement therein failed to demonstrate any remorse.”); State v.
Daniel, 5th Dist. Ashland No. 11–COA–0472012-Ohio-2952, ¶ 20 (“At the time he
was evaluated for the presentence investigation, appellant showed
no remorse for his crimes and had failed to follow through on substance abuse
treatment.”); State v. Kimbrough, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-180295, 2019-Ohio-
2561, ¶ 9 (“[T]he presentence-investigation report reflects that Mr. Kimbrough did
not believe that a crime had been committed or that he should have been
charged - probative of a lack of remorse.”).
{¶21} In the case at bar, Appellant wrote a letter of apology to the trial
court, and at the sentencing hearing, he again apologized: “I realize what I’ve
done wrong, and I’m here taking full responsibility for my actions.” Nevertheless,
after acknowledging that Appellant “had a small criminal history,” the trial court
stated: “[I] don’t believe that you’ve shown remorse. I believe, from looking at the
statement of fact, that first, you denied it, and then you minimized it, and then you
blamed the victims, and now you are basically having your family and friends
saying, hey, you’re a great guy, this isn’t like you.”
{¶22} We find that the trial court’s consideration of Appellant’s statements
regarding his culpability for the GSI offenses found in Appellant’s PSI was not
unreasonable, arbitrary or capricious. See Temple, at ¶ 9, Daniel, at ¶ 20, and
Kimbrough, at ¶ 9. Therefore, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in relying on Appellant’s PSI to assist it in determining that Appellant
was not remorseful for his crimes. Washington App. No. 20CA5 11
4. The Court Did Not Abuse It Discretion in Declining to Consider Appellant’s
ORAS Score
{¶23} Appellant’s fourth argument is that the trial court improperly
discounted his ORAS score, which purportedly predicted that Appellant’s
possibility of recidivism was low. We disagree.
{¶24} In 2001, the General Assembly enacted R.C. 5120.114 (A), which,
in pertinent part, provides that: “The department of rehabilitation and correction
shall select a single validated risk assessment tool for adult offenders. This
assessment tool shall be used by the following entities: * * * Common pleas
courts, when the particular court orders an assessment of an offender for
sentencing or another purpose.” R.C.5120.114. The Department of
Rehabilitation and Correction selected the ORAS. Ohio Adm.Code 5120-13-01.
The ORAS is used to “assess an adult offender's risk of reoffending and to
assess the offender's rehabilitative needs.” State v. Williams, 4th Dist. Jackson
No. 15CA3, 2016-Ohio-733, fn. 1. Notably, none of the seven categories that
ORAS assesses pertain to sex offenses. See State v. Saylor, 2nd Dist.
Champaign No. 2018-CA-14, 2019-Ohio-1025 (The ORAS assesses an offender
in seven categories: (1) criminal history, (2) education, employment, and financial
situation, (3) family and social support, (4) neighborhood problems, (5) substance
use, (6) peer associations, and (7) criminal attitudes and behavioral patterns.”).1
1 There are other tests that specifically assess recidivism of a sex offender, such as the “Static 99” test, which “is an actuarial instrument designed to estimate the probability of sexual recidivism among adult males who have been convicted of at least one sexual offense.” State v. Colpetzer, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 79983, 2002-Ohio-967, *2. But the Static 99 test appears to be used as one of several factors to in determining whether an offender, who has been convicted of a sex offense, should be classified as a sexual offender. See State v. Morales, 153 Ohio App.3d 635, 795 N.E.2d 145 (1st. Dist. 2003). And, similar to ORAS, [t]he utility of the STATIC-99 evaluation as a diagnostic tool for individual risk assessment is open to question.” State v. Ellison, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 78256, 2002-Ohio-4024, ¶ 9. Washington App. No. 20CA5 12
{¶25} “Despite ORAS having been designated as the ‘single validated risk
assessment tool for adult offenders,’ it ‘is a work in progress,’ and this
designation does not eliminate the discretion of * * * a court * * * evaluating the
rehabilitative needs of an offender.” State ex rel. Semenchuk v. Ohio Adult
Parole Auth., 10th Dist., Franklin No. 19AP-361, 2019-Ohio-4641, ¶ 20, quoting
State v. Jennings, 2d Dist. No. 2013 CA 60, 2014-Ohio-2307, ¶ 25, 28; see
also State v. Prater, 4th Dist. No. 18CA1069, 2019-Ohio-2745, fn. 5 (“[ORAS] is
an assessment tool which can be used at various points in the criminal justice
system to gather information and aid in informed decision-making.”). This court
has similarly recognized, “ ‘ORAS is a work in progress, and is not a litmus test
for sentencing.’ ” State v. Williams, 4th Dist. Jackson No., 2014-Ohio-4966, fn. 2,
quoting Jennings, at ¶ 28. Consequently, “ ‘at most, it [ORAS] may be one factor
in informing a trial court's discretion * * *. ’ ” State v. Lawson, 2nd Dist.
Champaign No. 2017-CA-28, 2018-Ohio-1532, 111 N.E.3d 98, fn. 2 (J. Froelich
Concurring), quoting Jennings, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2013-CA-60, 2014-Ohio-2307,
¶ 28.
{¶26} At the sentencing hearing, the trial court acknowledged Appellant’s
ORAS score, but found that “it was not set up for sex offenders,” and found it “not
to be accurate.” The trial court went on to find that Appellant’s “risk of
reoffending is actually very high,” and, later in the hearing, stated that “this was
just not three-time offenses; this is a serious course of conduct that’s been
happening over a long period of time.” Washington App. No. 20CA5 13
{¶27} Because courts, including this one, have recognized ORAS is not a
litmus test for sentencing, let alone specifically intended to assess sexual
offenders, and Appellant was involved in a course of conduct in sexually abusing
minor victims, we find that the trial court’s decision to not consider Appellant’s
ORAS score as a factor in Appellant’s sentencing was not unreasonable,
arbitrary or capricious. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in discounting Appellant’s ORAS score.
CONCLUSION
{¶28} In sum, we conclude that we do not clearly and convincingly find
that the trial court’s sentence is contrary to law, or was unsupported by the
record. We also conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in its
consideration of Appellant’s PSI or ORAS score in sentencing Appellant.
Therefore, we overrule Appellant’s assignment of error, and affirm the trial court’s
sentencing entry.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED. Washington App. No. 20CA5 14
JUDGMENT ENTRY
It is ordered that the JUDGMENT BE AFFIRMED and costs be assessed to Appellant.
The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Washington County Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.
IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE UPON BAIL HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL COURT OR THIS COURT, it is temporarily continued for a period not to exceed sixty days upon the bail previously posted. The purpose of a continued stay is to allow Appellant to file with the Supreme Court of Ohio an application for a stay during the pendency of proceedings in that court. If a stay is continued by this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the expiration of the sixty-day period, or the failure of the Appellant to file a notice of appeal with the Supreme Court of Ohio in the forty-five day appeal period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of the Supreme Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court of Ohio dismisses the appeal prior to expiration of sixty days, the stay will terminate as of the date of such dismissal.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Smith, P.J. and Hess, J.: Concur in Judgment and Opinion.
For the Court,
BY: ______________________________ Kristy S. Wilkin, Judge
NOTICE TO COUNSEL Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with the clerk.