[Cite as State v. Williams, 2016-Ohio-322.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT MONTGOMERY COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO : : Appellate Case No. 26369 Plaintiff-Appellee : : Trial Court Case No. 13-CR-1108 v. : : (Criminal Appeal from DYLAN M. WILLIAMS : Common Pleas Court) : Defendant-Appellant : :
...........
OPINION
Rendered on the 29th day of January, 2016.
MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by CARLEY J. INGRAM, Atty. Reg. No. 0020084, Montgomery County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division, Montgomery County Courts Building, P.O. Box 972, 301 West Third Street, Dayton, Ohio 45402 Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee
BROCK A. SCHOENLEIN, Atty. Reg. No. 0084707, 371 West First Street, Dayton, Ohio 45402 Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
.............
FAIN, J.
{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant Dylan Williams appeals from his conviction and -2-
sentence for two counts of Rape and one count of Gross Sexual Imposition. Williams
contends that the trial court erred by excluding relevant testimony and allowing
impermissible hearsay. He contends that his conviction was tainted by ineffective
assistance of counsel. Williams also contends that his convictions are against the
manifest weight of the evidence and that the trial court erred in overruling his Crim. R. 29
motion to dismiss all counts. The State contends that the trial court properly applied Evid.
R. 804(B)(3) to exclude statements made by a deceased witness, and Evid. R. 803(4) by
allowing statements from medical professionals regarding the victim’s statements made
as part of the diagnosis and treatment process. The State argues that any evidence
regarding the defendant’s sexual orientation is irrelevant, and the court properly excluded
it. The State contends that defense counsel’s performance was competent.
{¶ 2} We conclude that the trial court properly applied the applicable evidentiary
rules by excluding the evidence regarding Williams’s sexual orientation, by excluding the
statement of the deceased witness, and admitting the victim’s hearsay statements made
to the doctor and social worker. We also conclude that the convictions are not against the
manifest weight of the evidence, that the court properly overruled the Crim. R. 29 motion,
and that defense counsel was not ineffective. Therefore, the judgment of the trial court is
Affirmed.
I. The Course of Proceedings
{¶ 3} Williams was indicted on two counts of Rape of a child under the age of 10,
a felony of the first degree, in violation of R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)(b), and one count of Gross
Sexual Imposition of a child under the age of 13, a felony of the third degree, in violation -3-
of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4).
{¶ 4} Prior to trial, motions in limine were filed by both parties, seeking a ruling on
the admissibility of hearsay statements made by a deceased person, William R., pursuant
to Evid. R. 804(A)(4) and Evid. R. 804(B)(3), as part of the defense strategy to present
evidence of R. as an alternative suspect. Specifically, Williams sought to introduce a tape-
recorded statement of R. in response to an accusation of abusing the victim and letting
Williams take the fall for it, in which R. stated, “you got lucky, you can’t prove anything
because you didn’t hit record.” In a written order, the trial court concluded that the
hearsay statement of R. was not admissible, because the “tape recorded statement is so
utterly ambiguous as to lack relevance under Ohio Evidence Rule 402. Any arguable
relevance of the tape recorded statement is certainly outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice, confusion of the issues and misleading the jury and thus must be excluded per
Ohio Evidence Rule 403(A).” Dkt. #50.
{¶ 5} The trial court conducted an in camera hearing, interviewing four persons
who knew R., and had heard his statement, to determine whether the testimony of these
witnesses, offered to corroborate the trustworthiness of R.’s statements, was also
inadmissible. In a written order, the trial court excluded the proffered testimony, and
stated:
[A]fter conducting the voir dire, the Court finds the testimony of the
four proffered witnesses, to the extent that it is credible, utterly irrelevant.
Not only is there no corroborating evidence supporting the
trustworthiness of any alleged statement, the Court specifically finds as a
matter of fact that Mr. [R.] never made any statements against interest to -4-
any of these four witnesses. Indeed the only time Mr. [R.] is alleged to have
spoken regarding the charges pending against Defendant was on the
aforementioned tape excluded from evidence for the reasons discussed
above and elsewhere.
***
To the extent Defendant is attempting to establish an “alternative
suspect” theory, (1) “exclusion of a criminal defendant’s proffered evidence
for lack of corroboration does not deprive a defendant of the right to present
a complete defense,” [State v.] Swann, [119 Ohio St.3d 552,] 2008-Ohio-
4837[, 895 N.E.2d 821] at syllabus, and (2) this case, where both Mr. [R.]
and Defendant are known to the victim, is not a case of mistaken identity
where a defendant presents evidence that it was someone else, not he, who
committed the offense. See for example, State v. Gillispie, 2012-Ohio-1656
(2d Dist. Montgomery [No. 24456]). In fact the victim steadfastly maintains
that Mr. [R.] physically abused him and Defendant sexually abused him.
The credibility of the victim’s allegations against Defendant is for the jury to
decide, but there is absolutely no indication that the victim is “mistaken” in
who he claims sexually abused him. Thus, an alternative theory is simply
inappropriate here.
Thus, the proposed testimony of the four witnesses is EXCLUDED
for its lack of relevance under Evid. R. 402; danger of unfair prejudice,
confusion of the issues, and misleading the jury under Evid. R. 403; and
utter failure to comport with the hearsay exception of Evid. R. 804(B)(3) -5-
regarding statements against interest.
Dkt. #57.
{¶ 6} During the trial, the court reiterated its position on the inadmissibility of any
testimony supporting an alternative suspect when the defense called two of the witnesses
who were interviewed by the court in relation to the motion in limine. When defense
counsel informed the court of his intention to call as witnesses, Williams’s stepmother,
Lisa, and Williams’s girlfriend, Taylor, the trial court again prohibited any testimony that
might lead the jury to consider R. as an alternative suspect. Trial Transcript at pg. 310.
During the trial, the defense did not proffer any potential question or answer to create a
record of any testimony that was excluded.
{¶ 7} A jury found Williams guilty on all three counts. Williams was sentenced to
serve a term of fifteen years to life for both of the Rape convictions, and 60 months on
the conviction for Gross Sexual Imposition. The trial court ordered Williams to serve the
two sentences for Rape consecutively, and the sentence for Gross Sexual Imposition was
to be served concurrently with the two Rape sentences. A supplemental termination entry
was filed in the format of a form wherein findings for consecutive sentences were listed
and certain lines were hand-checked to indicate application to the case.
{¶ 8} From his conviction and sentence, Williams appeals.
II. Victim Treated for PTSD After Living in Abusive Household
{¶ 9} In 2009, Williams was living in the household of the victim, B.C., the victim’s
older sister, K.C., the victim’s mother, J.L.E., the mother’s boyfriend, William R. (known
as Billy), and Williams’s father, Gary. Williams is Billy’s nephew, as Gary is Billy’s half- -6-
brother. B.C. considered Williams to be his cousin. B.C.’s biological father is deceased.
{¶ 10} Both the victim’s mother and the mother’s boyfriend, Billy, were substance
abusers, and neglected B.C. and K.C. When B.C. lived with his mother, Billy was
physically abusive to B.C. on a regular basis, and his mother did nothing to stop the
abuse. Sometime after Williams left the victim’s household, Billy died of a drug overdose,
and was therefore unavailable as a witness at the time of trial. Approximately three years
later, J.L.E. was convicted of several felonies, and the custody of B.C. and K.C. was
changed to their maternal aunt, Angel. Angel is the paternal aunt of Williams. Angel is
J.L.E.’s half-sister, and Billy is her half-brother, although J.L.E. and Billy are unrelated.
{¶ 11} When B.C. moved in with his aunt in April, 2012, he was ten years old. At
this time he told his aunt that he had been physically abused by Billy, and sexually abused
by Williams three years earlier when they lived together. Angel contacted CSB, and took
B.C. to Care House for an evaluation. B.C. was interviewed at Care House, and an edited
version of the video recording of the interview was played for the jury. Although no one
testified to authenticate the video, defense counsel did not object to its admissibility. In
the video, B.C. identifies Williams as the person who sexually assaulted him. Initially, he
stated that it only occurred once then changed his response to say it happened twice. In
both instances, he stated the event took place in the basement of the house, where
Williams’s bedroom was located. B.C. stated that he played video games with Williams
on his PlayStation in the basement, and that when he was assaulted, Williams locked the
basement door with a lock that had a key, but he could not find the key. Williams’s father,
Gary, testified that the basement door did not have a lock, and that there was no other
door in the basement to separate the bedroom area. In his videotaped interview with the -7-
detective, Williams states that he did not have a Playstation and did not play videogames
with B.C. B.C. also testified at trial, providing consistent details of the sexual assaults.
There was no other evidence to corroborate B.C.’s recollection of the sexual assaults,
other than the statements he made to the social worker and the pediatrician.
{¶ 12} B.C. was diagnosed and treated for post-traumatic stress disorder by a
licensed therapist, Anessa Gilbride. She testified that B.C. identified four different
traumatic events from his past, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, a traumatic death
of a close relative, and a serious medical condition based on a brain tumor which required
surgery. Of all the trauma suffered, B.C. identified Williams’s sexual assault as the most
serious. B.C. and Gilbride met at least 19 times for therapy sessions during which she
was able to discern more details of the abuse. Gilbride testified that part of the therapy
was to work with him “to describe the trauma in a narrative so that he could talk about it
more.” Trial Transcript pg. 255. Gilbride testified that she had B.C. provide a narrative on
three occasions, that his facts remained consistent and that more detail was disclosed
over time. She also testified that when discussing details, B.C. was emotional, “He cried.
He put his head down. He said he didn’t want to talk about it,” and that these type of
emotional reactions are common and consistent with kids that report sexual abuse. Trial
Transcript pg. 257.
{¶ 13} The medical director for the Department of Child Advocacy at Dayton
Children’s Hospital, Dr. Vavul-Roediger, who is board-certified in general pediatrics and
child abuse pediatrics, testified regarding her physical examination of B.C., which found
no signs of physical injury or rape. Dr. Vavul-Roediger testified that the child reported
having a “history of ADHD.” Trial Transcript pg. 386. She also testified that B.C. reported -8-
feeling “really mean and mad” on a periodic basis whenever he had thoughts about
Williams, and in response to her inquiry about “why he feels really mean, he said, quote,
because of thoughts of Dylan and what he did to me.” Id. The defense objection to this
testimony on the basis of hearsay was overruled and the trial court stated that “Evid. R.
803(4) extends to statements made as long as the purpose of the statement is part of
initiation, medical diagnosis, or treatment, statements made by a child identifying the
perpetrator of sexual abuse may be pertinent to both diagnosis and treatment because
such statements will assist medical personnel in treating the actual injury.” Trial Transcript
at pg. 387. Dr. Vavul-Roediger was allowed to refer to the victim’s identification of
Williams numerous times throughout her testimony.
{¶ 14} A video of Det. Richard Taylor interviewing Williams was played for the
jury, without objection from defense counsel. Williams acknowledged living with B.C.,
and acknowledged that B.C. was neglected and abused by his Uncle Billy, but Williams
denied any sexual assault and did not have any explanation for why B.C. would make up
these allegations against him. In the detective’s inquiry about B.C.’s motive for reporting
abuse, he explained to Williams that over the course of his career he had interviewed
thousands and he could tell when a child was making things up or telling the truth.
{¶ 15} Lisa, the spouse of Gary and step-mother of Williams, testified that she
observed the living conditions of B.C. when he was living with his mother and Billy; the
house was filthy, Billy and J.L.E. were often passed out from drug use, and the children
were not fed because there was no food in the house. She also observed Billy physically
abuse B.C. on several occasions, and also take a hammer to their dog’s head and bash
it in to demonstrate what he could do to B.C. Lisa also testified that she saw B.C. having -9-
sex with his sister. An objection to this testimony was sustained, and the jury was
instructed to disregard it.
{¶ 16} Taylor, the former girlfriend of Williams, and the mother of his child, also
testified regarding her observations of the household when Williams and B.C. lived
together, confirming that the house was dirty, the children were not fed and they were
abused. She observed J.L.E. and Billy abusing drugs, and she saw Billy physically abuse
B.C. on a daily basis. After Williams had moved out of the house he shared with B.C. and
began living with Taylor, both B.C. and his sister had stayed with them on occasion and
she observed a good relationship between Williams and B.C. This contradicts Williams’s
statements made during his interview with the detective that he had not seen B.C. since
he moved out of the house they both shared. On direct examination, defense counsel
asked Taylor if Williams had any “homosexual tendencies”, and she responded, “No.”
Trial Transcript at page 348. The State objected to this question, and stated in a sidebar
conference, “whether the Defendant is gay or not has nothing to do with whether he
molested a child. Just because he enjoys little boys, doesn’t mean that you’re gay and if
you’re gay that you like little boys. Child molesters have sex with boys, girls, anything. So
I think this is completely irrelevant and inappropriate.” Trial Transcript at pg. 349.
Defense counsel responded that the State had opened the door to this questioning by
offering the videotape of the detective’s interview that shows Williams denying that he is
gay. Id. The trial court reminded counsel that he had agreed with the State to allow the
video to be played to the jury, without redaction. Therefore, the trial court sustained the
State’s objection and ordered the answer to be stricken. Id. The transcript does not
include a cautionary instruction to the jury to disregard the question and answer. -10-
III. Standard of Review
{¶ 17} “The admission or exclusion of relevant evidence rests within the sound
discretion of the trial court.” State v. Sage, 31 Ohio St.3d 173, 180, 510 N.E. 2d 343
(1987). Questions regarding the admissibility of hearsay statements are also reviewed on
an abuse-of-discretion standard. State v. Muttart, 116 Ohio St.3d 5, 2007-Ohio-5267,
875 N.E.2d 944. A trial court abuses its discretion when it makes a decision that is
unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. State v. Renner, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.
25514, 2013-Ohio-5463, ¶ 24. The Supreme Court of Ohio has defined “abuse of
discretion” as an “unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable use of discretion, or as a
view or action that no conscientious judge could honestly have taken.” State v. Kirkland,
140 Ohio St. 3d 73, 2014-Ohio-1966, 15 N.E. 3d 818, ¶ 67.
{¶ 18} } “Reviewing the denial of a Crim. R. 29 motion * * * requires an appellate
court to use the same standard as is used to review a sufficiency of the evidence claim.”
State v. Cokes, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26223, 2015-Ohio-619, ¶ 23 (internal citation
omitted). When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, he is arguing
that the State presented inadequate evidence on at least one element of the offense to
sustain the verdict as a matter of law. State v. Hawn, 138 Ohio App.3d 449, 471, 741
N.E.2d 594 (2d Dist. 2000). “ ‘An appellate court's function when reviewing the sufficiency
of the evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at
trial to determine whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind
of the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The relevant inquiry is whether, after
viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact -11-
could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable
doubt.’” State v. Morefield, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26155, 2015-Ohio-448, ¶ 18, quoting
State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶ 19} In determining whether a verdict is against the manifest weight of the
evidence, the appellate court acts as a “thirteenth juror.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio
St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). Under this standard of review, the appellate court
weighs the evidence in order to determine whether the trier of fact “clearly lost its way
and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed
and a new trial ordered.” Id.
{¶ 20} Ineffective assistance of counsel allegations are reviewed de novo to
determine if the counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced the outcome. To reverse a
decision based on ineffective assistance, the record must support a finding that defense
counsel's performance was deficient, and that a reasonable probability exists that, but for
counsel's omissions, the resulting outcome would have been different. State v. Jones, 1st
Dist. Hamilton No. C-130359, 2014-Ohio-3110, ¶ 27, citing Strickland v. Washington, 466
U.S. 668, 687, 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio
St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989), paragraphs two and three of the syllabus.
IV. The Evidence Is Sufficient to Support the Convictions of Rape
and Gross Sexual Imposition
{¶ 21} Williams’s Second and Third Assignments of Error, state as follows:
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN OVERRULING APPELLANT’S RULE 29
MOTION AS TO EACH COUNT IN THE INDICTMENT -12-
APPELLANT’S CONVICTIONS WERE ENTERED AGAINST THE
MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE
{¶ 22} We have explained our review of whether the evidence supports a
conviction as follows:
A sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge questions whether the State
has presented adequate evidence on each element of the offense to allow
the case to go to the jury or to sustain the verdict as a matter of law. State
v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). “An
appellate court's function when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to
support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at trial to
determine whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average
mind of the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The relevant
inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks,
61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1992), paragraph two of the syllabus.
When a conviction is challenged as being against the manifest
weight of the evidence, an appellate court must review the entire record,
weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider witness
credibility, and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the
trier of fact “clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of
justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.” State -13-
v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). In a
manifest-weight analysis, the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to
be given to their testimony are primarily for the trier of facts to resolve. State
v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967). “Because the
factfinder * * * has the opportunity to see and hear the witnesses, the
cautious exercise of discretionary power of a court of appeals to find that a
judgment is against the manifest weight of the evidence requires that a
substantial deference be extended to the factfinder's determinations of
credibility. The decision whether, and to what extent, to credit the testimony
of particular witnesses is within the peculiar competence of the factfinder,
who has seen and heard the witnesses.” State v. Lawson, 2d Dist.
Montgomery No. 16288, 1997 WL 476684, *5 (Aug. 22, 1997). This court
will not substitute its judgment for that of the trier of fact on the issue of
witness credibility unless it is patently apparent that the trier of fact lost its
way. State v. Bradley, 2d Dist. Champaign No. 97-CA-03, 1997 WL 691510
(Oct. 24, 1997).
State v. Fricke, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26126, 2015-Ohio-3389, ¶¶ 37-38.
{¶ 23} The evidence presented in this case supports a finding that Williams
engaged in two acts of sexual conduct with the victim, B.C., at a time when he was under
the age of 10, which meets the elements of the offense of Rape as defined in R.C.
2907.02(A)(1)(b). The evidence also supports a finding that Williams had sexual contact
with the victim, B.C., at a time when the victim was under the age of 13, which meets the
elements of the offense of Gross Sexual Imposition, as defined in R.C. 2907.05(A)(4). -14-
Having reviewed the record, and deferring to the jurors' decisions regarding whether and
to what extent to credit the testimony of the witnesses, we conclude that Williams's
conviction is not against the manifest weight of the evidence, and that the evidence is
sufficient to support the convictions.
{¶ 24} Therefore, the Second and Third Assignments of Error are overruled.
V. The Court Did Not Prevent Williams from Presenting Evidence of Alternative
Sources of Abuse or an Alternative Suspect
{¶ 25} In his First and Fourth Assignments of Error, Williams alleges as follows:
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN EXCLUDING RELEVANT
TESTIMONY CONCERNING ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ABUSE
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN PRECLUDING APPELLANT FROM
ARGUING AN ALTERNATIVE SUSPECT THEORY OF THE CASE
{¶ 26} The record supports that Williams attempted to present a defense that his
uncle, and the boyfriend of B.C.’s mother, Billy, should be considered by the jury as an
alternative suspect. There was consistent testimony from several eyewitnesses that Billy
physically abused B.C. on a regular basis when B.C. was living with his mother and Billy.
However, the trial court did not allow the defense to pursue testimony from any of these
witnesses to support the defense theory that Billy sexually abused B.C. The trial court’s
conclusion that an alternative-suspect defense was not appropriate in this case was
based on the trial court’s finding that this was not a case of mistaken identity. Therefore,
the trial court’s evidentiary rulings which excluded this evidence were based on Evid. R.
402, which directs that irrelevant testimony is inadmissible. While we agree that there -15-
are no facts in the record to suggest that the victim was mistaken about the identity of
Williams, we disagree that the defense of an alternative suspect is only available in cases
of mistaken identity when the abuser is unknown to the victim. Evidence of an alternative
suspect who is known to the victim may be relevant to cast doubt on the credibility of the
victim’s testimony, because of coaching from others or fabrication, memory loss,
confusion, immaturity, retaliation, malice, fear, or other motivations or explanations for the
lack of credibility or reliability. A jury could reasonably conclude that a victim’s
identification of his abuser is not just mistaken but actually untruthful because of his fear
of the alternative suspect.
{¶ 27} In the case before us, the trial court did allow numerous witnesses to testify
that Billy was physically abusive to B.C. on a regular basis, from which the jury could
reasonably infer that B.C. lived in fear of him. Our review of the record establishes that
sufficient evidence of Billy’s abuse was presented to allow the jury to make an inference
that Billy could have been the perpetrator of all abuse suffered by B.C., if they found that
B.C. was not credible when he identified Williams as the person who sexually assaulted
him. “The weight to be given to the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses are issues
for the trier of fact.” State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St. 2d 230, 227 N.E. 2d 212 (1967). To
present Billy as an alternative suspect, the defense had to convince the jury that B.C.’s
testimony was not credible. Williams was not prevented from cross-examining B.C. or
from arguing during closing statements that B.C.’s testimony should not be viewed as
credible. Williams has not established that if more evidence was admitted regarding Billy’s
statements or conduct that the jury would likely have reached a different conclusion. The
court’s exclusion of additional evidence regarding alternative sources of abuse and/or to -16-
support the alternative suspect defense was not prejudicial. Therefore, Williams has not
established that the trial court abused its discretion by limiting evidence of an alternative
suspect.
{¶ 28} We also conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding
statements made by Billy R., prior to his death, when confronted by family members about
his abusive behavior. Specifically, Williams sought to introduce a statement of Billy, which
was tape-recorded by Williams’s step-mother, Lisa. In the recording, Lisa accuses Billy
of abusing B.C. and letting Williams take the fall for it, and Billy responds, “you got lucky,
you can’t prove anything because you didn’t hit record.” The trial court did not admit the
hearsay statement, finding it too ambiguous to be of any probative value. The defense
sought its admission pursuant to Evid. R. 804(B)(3), as a statement against interest. The
rule provides:
A statement that was at the time of its making so far contrary to the
declarant’s pecuniary or proprietary interest, or so far tended to subject the
declarant to civil or criminal liability, or to render invalid a claim by the
declarant against another, that a reasonable person in the declarant’s
position would not have made the statement unless the declarant believed
it to be true. A statement tending to expose the declarant to criminal liability,
whether offered to exculpate or inculpate the accused, is not admissible
unless corroborating circumstances clearly indicate the trustworthiness of
the statement.
{¶ 29} We agree that this recorded statement was inadmissible as it was too
equivocal to satisfy the requirement that it was made against the utterer’s penal interest. -17-
The trial court properly held a pre-trial in-camera hearing, and considered the potential
testimony of four witnesses, which confirmed that the statement was in fact made by Billy,
but none of them presented sufficient corroborating evidence to consider the statement
as any admission of criminal liability for a sexual assault. The trial court did not abuse
its discretion by refusing to admit the proffered evidence.
{¶ 30} The First and Fourth Assignments of Error are overruled.
VI. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse its Discretion in Finding that the Risk of Unfair
Prejudice Arising from the Admission of Evidence of Williams’s Sexual
Orientation Outweighed its Probative Value
{¶ 31} In his fifth Assignment of Error, Williams alleges as follows:
ELICITING TESTIMONY FROM APPELLANT’S CHILD’S MOTHER AS TO
HER OBSERVATIONS OF HIS SEXUAL PREFERENCE
{¶ 32} The question asked by defense counsel regarding the witness’s
observation of Williams’s sexual tendencies was excluded by the trial court on the basis
of relevancy. Evid. R. 402 provides that relevant evidence is generally admissible. Evid.
R. 401 defines relevant evidence as “evidence having any tendency to make the
existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more
probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Evid. R. 403 directs the
court to exclude relevant evidence if its “probative value is substantially outweighed by
the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or of misleading the jury.”
{¶ 33} In the case before us, we agree that the issue of Williams’s sexual -18-
orientation may have been relevant. Since no expert testified to substantiate the known
behavior of sex offenders and the correlation of their sexual orientation, it was within the
province of the jury to determine whether the fact of his sexual orientation made the
factual allegation of the sexual assault more or less probable. However, we conclude
that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that the probative value of that
evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice that could arise by
its admission. Accordingly, we find no error in the court’s ruling that the question and
answer regarding sexual orientation should be stricken.
{¶ 34} Therefore, the Fifth Assignment of Error is overruled.
VII. Statements Made by the Victim to Medical Professionals Were Admissible
{¶ 35} In his Sixth Assignment of Error, Williams alleges as follows:
DR. VAVUL-ROEDIGER’S RENDITIONS OF THE MINOR’S
ACCUSATIONS VIOLATED CONFRONTATION PRECLUSIONS, AND
THUS THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ALLOWING THE SAME
{¶ 36} Williams argues that the trial court erred by allowing the admission of
hearsay statements made by B.C. to the social worker and the pediatrician that identified
Williams as the perpetrator of the sexual assault. “Statements made for purposes of
medical diagnosis or treatment are admissible under Evid.R. 803(4) as exceptions to the
rule against hearsay.” State v. McNew, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22902, 2009-Ohio-5531,
¶ 17, citing State v. Dever, 64 Ohio St.3d 401, 596 N.E.2d 436 (1992); State v. Chappell,
97 Ohio App.3d 515, 646 N.E.2d 1191 (8th Dist. 1994). The hearsay exception allows the
admission of statements made not only to licensed physicians, but also to psychologists -19-
and social workers, so long as the function of the person to whom the statement is made
was diagnosis or treatment. Id., citing State v. Sheppard, 164 Ohio App.3d 372, 2005-
Ohio-6065, 842 N.E.2d 561 (5th Dist.); Chappell at 531, 646 N.E.2d 1191.
{¶ 37} In the case before us, the State asserts that the questions the pediatrician
and the social worker asked B.C. about possible sexual abuse were for the purpose of
diagnosis and/or treatment. The admission or exclusion of relevant evidence rests within
the sound discretion of the trial court. State v. Sage, 31 Ohio St.3d 173, 180, 510 N.E. 2d
343 (1987). We have held the admission of hearsay is harmless error where the declarant
was also a witness and examined regarding matters identical to those contained in the
hearsay statements. State v. Smith, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20828, 2006-Ohio-45, ¶16.
In the present case, the declarant, B.C., was a witness at trial, and his testimony was
consistent with the statements he previously made to the doctor and the social worker
that Williams was the person who sexually assaulted him. B.C. was very familiar with his
cousin, Williams, and no evidence suggests that he was confused or mistaken about the
identity of his abuser. Both the doctor and the social worker referred to statements made
by B.C. to explain their interview process to evaluate his need for treatment, and to
conduct therapy sessions. Both the doctor and the therapist testified that when Williams
was discussed, B.C.’s reaction and behavior was consistent with victims of sexual abuse,
which led to an appropriate treatment plan. Therefore, the doctor and social worker’s
testimony was properly allowed under the medical-diagnosis-or-treatment exception to
the rule against hearsay testimony. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing
the testimony of the doctor and social worker to be admitted.
{¶ 38} We further conclude that the admission of the doctor’s testimony did not rise -20-
to the level of a Confrontation Clause violation. In State v. Dever, 64 Ohio St.3d 401,
596 N.E.2d 436 (1992), the Supreme Court of Ohio applied the analysis in White v. Illinois,
502 U.S. 346, 112 S.Ct. 736, 116 L.Ed.2d 848 (1992), concluding that the defendant’s
right of confrontation was not infringed when hearsay statements from medical
professionals are admitted for the purpose of diagnosis or treatment of a young child who
is the victim of a sexual assault. “The admission into evidence of a hearsay statement
pursuant to a firmly rooted hearsay exception does not violate a defendant's right of
confrontation.” The Court in Dever clarified “that a trial court does not abuse its discretion
when it admits a child declarant’s statements made for the purpose of medical diagnosis
or treatment pursuant to Evid.R. 803(4).” Id. at 412. We acknowledge that a Confrontation
Clause issue may bar the admission of evidence that would otherwise be allowed
pursuant to an exception to the hearsay rule, under specific circumstances where the
hearsay evidence is inherently unreliable. State v. Issa, 93 Ohio St. 3d 49, 752 N.E. 2d
904 (2001). However, the facts surrounding the victim’s identification of Williams were not
inherently unreliable; he initially told his Aunt when she became his guardian, after he
was removed from an abusive household, his facts remained consistent, and no evidence
suggested a motive for fabrication. Furthermore, the victim in this case testified, and
was subject to cross-examination, which satisfied Williams’s right of confrontation. The
trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the doctor and the social worker to testify
to statements made by their patient as part of the diagnosis and treatment process.
{¶ 39} Therefore, the Sixth Assignment of Error is overruled
VIII. Defense Counsel Was Not Ineffective
{¶ 40} In his Seventh and Eighth Assignments of Error, Williams alleges that his -21-
counsel was ineffective. Specifically, he asserts as follows:
TRIAL COUNSEL WAS INEFFECTIVE IN BOTH FAILING TO
OBJECT TO ANESSA GILBRIDE TESTIFYING AS AN EXPERT, AND IN
FAILING TO MOVE FOR A MISTRIAL UPON GILBRIDE AND DR. VAVUL-
ROEDIGER’S COMMENTARY ON THE CHILD’S VERACITY.
TRIAL COUNSEL WAS INEFFECTIVE IN FAILING TO OBJECT TO
THE MINOR’S VIDEOTAPED CARE HOUSE INTERVIEW BEING
VIEWED BY THE JURY
{¶ 41} To establish a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant has
the burden of demonstrating that: 1) the performance of defense counsel was seriously
flawed and deficient; and 2) there is a reasonable probability that the result of the
defendant's trial or legal proceeding would have been different had defense counsel
provided proper representation. State v. LeGrant, 2d Dist. Miami No. 2013-CA-44, 2014-
Ohio-5803, ¶ 26, citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80
L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). Therefore, to reverse a conviction based on ineffective assistance
of counsel, it must be demonstrated that trial counsel's conduct fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness, and that counsel’s deficiencies were serious enough to
create a reasonable probability that, but for the deficiencies, the result of the trial would
have been different.
{¶ 42} As discussed above, we have concluded that the testimony of the social
worker and the pediatrician who identified Williams as the person named by the victim as
his sexual abuser was properly admissible. Williams further objects to the testimony of
the social worker and the pediatrician on the assumption that their testimony corroborated -22-
the veracity or credibility of the victim’s identification of Williams as the person who
committed the offenses. We agree that a witness is generally not allowed to testify
regarding the veracity of another witness, as questions of credibility are solely within the
province of the jury. State v. Stowers, 81 Ohio St.3d 260, 261, 690 N.E.2d 881 (1998);
State v. Boston, 46 Ohio St. 3d 108, 545 N.E. 2d 1220 (1989). However, it is permissible
for the expert witness to convey his or her opinion that the child has in fact been sexually
abused, based on the expert’s professional opinion that the child’s conduct is consistent
with children who have been abused. State v. Rosas, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22424,
2009-Ohio-1404, ¶ 42; State v. Britta, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2009-L-017, 2010-Ohio-971, ¶
67-68. “Only statements directly supporting the veracity of a child witness are prohibited.”
State v. Cashin, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 09AP-367, 2009-Ohio-6419, ¶ 20.
{¶ 43} Our review of the record does not reveal that either of the medical
professionals directly stated that B.C. was being truthful or that his accusations should be
considered credible. The statements made by the social worker and the pediatrician
were limited to opinions that B.C.’s behavior was consistent with children who had been
abused, but neither of them specifically testified that in their opinion B.C. was telling the
truth. The credibility of the victim’s identification of Williams as the offender was left for
the jury to decide based on the victim’s live testimony and his videotaped interview.
{¶ 44} We also conclude that counsel was not ineffective when he did not object
to allowing the social worker to testify as an expert. As identified by Evid. R. 702(C), a
witness is qualified to testify as an expert when specialized knowledge, training and
experience provide the basis for relevant evidence that would assist the trier of fact in
understanding the evidence or a fact at issue that is beyond common experience. State -23-
v. Muhleka, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 19827, 2004-Ohio-1822, ¶ 76. The social worker
who testified was licensed by the State of Ohio to provide therapy, and had significant
experience with providing therapy to victims of abuse. Under the circumstances of this
case, we find no grounds for a mistrial based on the qualifications of the professional
witnesses and the admissibility of their testimony.
{¶ 45} We also conclude that counsel was not ineffective when he did not object
to allowing the jury to view the videotape of the victim’s interview at Care House. At trial,
the victim’s live testimony was consistent with the videotape, and the defense was given
the opportunity to cross-examine the victim before the jury, which allowed questions to
challenge the witness’s credibility. It was a matter of trial strategy to allow the jury to
observe the differences in the live and taped testimony to help them judge credibility, as
some details were different. Evid. R. 613(B) specifically allows impeachment by
admission of prior inconsistent statements. It is significant that in the video the child first
stated that the sexual assault only happened once, then he changed his statement to say
it happened again. A defense strategy to allow the jury to compare the victim’s two
versions of the events could have benefited the defense if the jury had decided to convict
on one count of Rape instead of two counts. “Trial counsel is entitled to a strong
presumption that his or her conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable assistance,
and a defendant, in order to overcome the presumption that counsel is competent, must
show that counsel's decisions were ‘not trial strategies prompted by reasonable
professional judgment.’ ” State v. Few, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25161, 2012-Ohio-5407,
¶ 10, quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674
(1984). “Hindsight is not permitted to distort the assessment of what was reasonable in -24-
light of counsel's perspective at the time, and a debatable decision concerning trial
strategy cannot form the basis of a finding of ineffective assistance of counsel.” Id. at ¶
11, quoting State v. Nabors, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24582, 2012-Ohio-4757, ¶ 17. Even
if unsuccessful, strategic decisions will not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.
Id., citing State v. Carter, 72 Ohio St.3d 545, 558, 651 N.E.2d 965 (1995). Generally,
the decision regarding which defense to pursue at trial is a matter of trial strategy, and
trial strategy decisions are not a basis of a finding of ineffective assistance of counsel.
State v. Moss, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22496, 2008-Ohio-6969, ¶ 35, citing State v.
Murphy, 91 Ohio St.3d 516, 524, 747 N.E.2d 765 (2001); State v. Dixon, 101 Ohio St.3d
328, 2004-Ohio-1585, 805 N.E.2d 1042, ¶ 52
{¶ 46} Williams has not established that his counsel’s performance was seriously
flawed or deficient or that there is a reasonable probability that the verdict would have
been different had defense counsel objected to the admissibility of the videotaped
interview, or the qualifications of the social worker to testify as an expert. We view defense
counsel’s decision not to object to the videotape as a strategic decision that did not
constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.
{¶ 47} The Seventh and Eighth Assignments of Error are overruled.
IX. Conclusion
{¶ 48} All assignments of error having been overruled, the judgment of the trial
court is Affirmed.
............. -25-
HALL and WELBAUM, JJ., concur.
Copies mailed to:
Mathias H. Heck, Jr. Carley J. Ingram Brock A. Schoenlein Hon. Steven K. Dankof