1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please 2 see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. 3 Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated 4 errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does 5 not include the filing date.
6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
8 Plaintiff-Appellee,
9 v. NO. 28,402
10 MARVIN SMITH,
11 Defendant-Appellant.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SAN JUAN COUNTY 13 John A. Dean, Jr., District Judge
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General 15 Andrea Sassa, Assistant Attorney General 16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Appellee
18 Hugh W. Dangler, Chief Public Defender 19 Corey J. Thompson, Assistant Appellate Defender 20 Santa Fe, NM
21 for Appellant
22 MEMORANDUM OPINION
23 WECHSLER, Judge. 1 Defendant Marvin Smith appeals from the district court’s denial of his motion
2 to suppress the evidence obtained pursuant to Deputy Dustin Parsons’ stopping
3 Defendant for driving while intoxicated. Defendant argues that Deputy Parsons did
4 not have sufficient information from the individual who called dispatch or two
5 additional witnesses to justify stopping Defendant and, therefore, violated his Fourth
6 Amendment right against unreasonable search and seizure. However, the caller was
7 a known and reliable concerned citizen who apparently witnessed Defendant’s
8 driving, the information from the caller was bolstered by the two additional witnesses,
9 and the information was detailed enough for Deputy Parsons to identify the vehicle
10 in question. Because of these factors combined with the exigency of the possible
11 threat to public safety posed by a drunk driver, we hold that Deputy Parsons had a
12 reasonable suspicion sufficient to make a brief, investigatory stop of Defendant’s
13 vehicle. Therefore, we affirm.
14 BACKGROUND
15 On May 13, 2007, Vicky Bedonie called dispatch to report that there were three
16 men in Golden’s convenience store, at least one of whom was fighting with her, and
17 that they drove away from the store while “extremely intoxicated.” Deputy Parsons
18 responded to the “Attempt to Locate” dispatch (ATL), issued as a result of Ms.
2 1 Bedonie’s call, by driving to the convenience store, arriving within minutes of the
2 dispatch, and speaking with a clerk and a customer whose names and other identifying
3 information are unknown. At the store, the clerk and customer informed Deputy
4 Parsons that two men had entered the store and left intoxicated, driving a silver Ford
5 Taurus. Deputy Parsons did not have information as to why the clerk, customer, and
6 caller believed the men were intoxicated. Within minutes of this conversation, Deputy
7 Parsons located the vehicle a mile or two from the store, traveling in the direction the
8 clerk and customer had alleged. Without first observing any indication of erratic
9 driving, Deputy Parsons stopped and investigated Defendant for driving while under
10 the influence.
11 Defendant was charged with driving while under the influence of intoxicating
12 liquor or drugs (fourth or subsequent offense), contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 66-8-
13 102 (2008). Defendant filed a motion to suppress the evidence obtained pursuant to
14 Deputy Parsons’ stop, arguing that Deputy Parsons did not have reasonable suspicion
15 to stop Defendant or, in the alternative, that Defendant had a right to confront his
16 primary accuser, Ms. Bedonie. On December 6, 2007, the district court held a hearing
17 and denied Defendant’s motion to suppress, essentially finding that although
18 Defendant was not “specifically individualized” by the information from the caller or
3 1 the clerk and customer in the store, the ATL and the information provided at the store
2 from which the ATL originated, verified by Deputy Parsons, satisfied reasonable
3 suspicion requirements. Defendant therefore entered a guilty plea, “conditioned on
4 reservation of . . . appeal on [the] issue on validity of reasonable suspicion for
5 contact.” The court entered its judgment, accepting Defendant’s guilty plea for
6 driving under the influence of intoxicating liquor or drugs, a fourth degree felony.
7 Defendant appeals.
8 MOTION TO SUPPRESS
9 Defendant argues that his rights under the Fourth Amendment to the United
10 States Constitution and Article II, Section 10 of the New Mexico Constitution were
11 violated because “Deputy Parsons did not possess facts sufficient to detain
12 [Defendant] at the time of the seizure.” A district court’s denial of a motion to
13 suppress is a mixed question of fact and law that we review de novo, determining
14 “whether the law was correctly applied to the facts.” State v. Contreras, 2003-
15 NMCA-129, ¶ 4, 134 N.M. 503, 79 P.3d 1111. The facts in this case are not in
16 dispute; therefore, we review only the legal conclusions of the district court. See id.
17 Defendant argues on appeal that the New Mexico Constitution offers more
18 expansive protection against unreasonable search and seizure than the United States
4 1 Constitution. However, Defendant does not articulate how the state constitution has
2 been or should be expanded in the present case, and this argument was not made
3 below. Therefore, we address Defendant’s argument under the Fourth Amendment.
4 See State v. Torres, 2005-NMCA-070, ¶ 34, 137 N.M. 607, 113 P.3d 877 (reiterating
5 that we do not address issues that are unsupported by argument and authority); State
6 v. Snell, 2007-NMCA-113, ¶ 8, 142 N.M. 452, 166 P.3d 1106 (holding that the
7 defendant failed to preserve his state constitutional claim by not expressing in the
8 district court how the right had been interpreted more broadly than in the federal
9 constitution).
10 In Contreras, this Court, citing federal and state law, laid out the applicable law
11 under the Fourth Amendment regarding a defendant’s rights when arrested for driving
12 under the influence.
13 A brief detention for investigatory purposes is a seizure entitled 14 to Fourth Amendment protections. The Fourth Amendment requires that 15 all seizures be reasonable. A police officer may, in appropriate 16 circumstances approach a person for purposes of investigating possible 17 criminal behavior even though there is no probable cause to make an 18 arrest. The officer, looking at the totality of the circumstances, must be 19 able to form a reasonable suspicion that the individual in question is 20 engaged in or is about to be engaged in criminal activity. Reasonable 21 suspicion must be based on specific articulable facts and the rational 22 inferences that may be drawn from those facts. Reasonable suspicion is 23 dependent on both the content of information possessed by the police 24 and its degree of reliability. An anonymous tip, seldom reliable on its
5 1 own, must be suitably corroborated or exhibit sufficient indicia of 2 reliability to provide the police reasonable suspicion to make an 3 investigatory stop.
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1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please 2 see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. 3 Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated 4 errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does 5 not include the filing date.
6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
8 Plaintiff-Appellee,
9 v. NO. 28,402
10 MARVIN SMITH,
11 Defendant-Appellant.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SAN JUAN COUNTY 13 John A. Dean, Jr., District Judge
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General 15 Andrea Sassa, Assistant Attorney General 16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Appellee
18 Hugh W. Dangler, Chief Public Defender 19 Corey J. Thompson, Assistant Appellate Defender 20 Santa Fe, NM
21 for Appellant
22 MEMORANDUM OPINION
23 WECHSLER, Judge. 1 Defendant Marvin Smith appeals from the district court’s denial of his motion
2 to suppress the evidence obtained pursuant to Deputy Dustin Parsons’ stopping
3 Defendant for driving while intoxicated. Defendant argues that Deputy Parsons did
4 not have sufficient information from the individual who called dispatch or two
5 additional witnesses to justify stopping Defendant and, therefore, violated his Fourth
6 Amendment right against unreasonable search and seizure. However, the caller was
7 a known and reliable concerned citizen who apparently witnessed Defendant’s
8 driving, the information from the caller was bolstered by the two additional witnesses,
9 and the information was detailed enough for Deputy Parsons to identify the vehicle
10 in question. Because of these factors combined with the exigency of the possible
11 threat to public safety posed by a drunk driver, we hold that Deputy Parsons had a
12 reasonable suspicion sufficient to make a brief, investigatory stop of Defendant’s
13 vehicle. Therefore, we affirm.
14 BACKGROUND
15 On May 13, 2007, Vicky Bedonie called dispatch to report that there were three
16 men in Golden’s convenience store, at least one of whom was fighting with her, and
17 that they drove away from the store while “extremely intoxicated.” Deputy Parsons
18 responded to the “Attempt to Locate” dispatch (ATL), issued as a result of Ms.
2 1 Bedonie’s call, by driving to the convenience store, arriving within minutes of the
2 dispatch, and speaking with a clerk and a customer whose names and other identifying
3 information are unknown. At the store, the clerk and customer informed Deputy
4 Parsons that two men had entered the store and left intoxicated, driving a silver Ford
5 Taurus. Deputy Parsons did not have information as to why the clerk, customer, and
6 caller believed the men were intoxicated. Within minutes of this conversation, Deputy
7 Parsons located the vehicle a mile or two from the store, traveling in the direction the
8 clerk and customer had alleged. Without first observing any indication of erratic
9 driving, Deputy Parsons stopped and investigated Defendant for driving while under
10 the influence.
11 Defendant was charged with driving while under the influence of intoxicating
12 liquor or drugs (fourth or subsequent offense), contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 66-8-
13 102 (2008). Defendant filed a motion to suppress the evidence obtained pursuant to
14 Deputy Parsons’ stop, arguing that Deputy Parsons did not have reasonable suspicion
15 to stop Defendant or, in the alternative, that Defendant had a right to confront his
16 primary accuser, Ms. Bedonie. On December 6, 2007, the district court held a hearing
17 and denied Defendant’s motion to suppress, essentially finding that although
18 Defendant was not “specifically individualized” by the information from the caller or
3 1 the clerk and customer in the store, the ATL and the information provided at the store
2 from which the ATL originated, verified by Deputy Parsons, satisfied reasonable
3 suspicion requirements. Defendant therefore entered a guilty plea, “conditioned on
4 reservation of . . . appeal on [the] issue on validity of reasonable suspicion for
5 contact.” The court entered its judgment, accepting Defendant’s guilty plea for
6 driving under the influence of intoxicating liquor or drugs, a fourth degree felony.
7 Defendant appeals.
8 MOTION TO SUPPRESS
9 Defendant argues that his rights under the Fourth Amendment to the United
10 States Constitution and Article II, Section 10 of the New Mexico Constitution were
11 violated because “Deputy Parsons did not possess facts sufficient to detain
12 [Defendant] at the time of the seizure.” A district court’s denial of a motion to
13 suppress is a mixed question of fact and law that we review de novo, determining
14 “whether the law was correctly applied to the facts.” State v. Contreras, 2003-
15 NMCA-129, ¶ 4, 134 N.M. 503, 79 P.3d 1111. The facts in this case are not in
16 dispute; therefore, we review only the legal conclusions of the district court. See id.
17 Defendant argues on appeal that the New Mexico Constitution offers more
18 expansive protection against unreasonable search and seizure than the United States
4 1 Constitution. However, Defendant does not articulate how the state constitution has
2 been or should be expanded in the present case, and this argument was not made
3 below. Therefore, we address Defendant’s argument under the Fourth Amendment.
4 See State v. Torres, 2005-NMCA-070, ¶ 34, 137 N.M. 607, 113 P.3d 877 (reiterating
5 that we do not address issues that are unsupported by argument and authority); State
6 v. Snell, 2007-NMCA-113, ¶ 8, 142 N.M. 452, 166 P.3d 1106 (holding that the
7 defendant failed to preserve his state constitutional claim by not expressing in the
8 district court how the right had been interpreted more broadly than in the federal
9 constitution).
10 In Contreras, this Court, citing federal and state law, laid out the applicable law
11 under the Fourth Amendment regarding a defendant’s rights when arrested for driving
12 under the influence.
13 A brief detention for investigatory purposes is a seizure entitled 14 to Fourth Amendment protections. The Fourth Amendment requires that 15 all seizures be reasonable. A police officer may, in appropriate 16 circumstances approach a person for purposes of investigating possible 17 criminal behavior even though there is no probable cause to make an 18 arrest. The officer, looking at the totality of the circumstances, must be 19 able to form a reasonable suspicion that the individual in question is 20 engaged in or is about to be engaged in criminal activity. Reasonable 21 suspicion must be based on specific articulable facts and the rational 22 inferences that may be drawn from those facts. Reasonable suspicion is 23 dependent on both the content of information possessed by the police 24 and its degree of reliability. An anonymous tip, seldom reliable on its
5 1 own, must be suitably corroborated or exhibit sufficient indicia of 2 reliability to provide the police reasonable suspicion to make an 3 investigatory stop. Because the facts surrounding the anonymous tip and 4 investigatory stop are viewed in light of the totality of the circumstances, 5 a deficiency in one consideration can be compensated for by the strength 6 in another consideration or by some indicia of reliability.
7 2003-NMCA-129, ¶ 5 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
8 In Contreras, “[p]ursuant to an anonymous call, police stopped and
9 subsequently arrested [the d]efendant.” Id. ¶ 2. The caller had described the
10 defendant’s vehicle and erratic driving. Id. Deputies on patrol found and stopped the
11 vehicle, not waiting to observe any erratic driving before the stop. Id. After stopping
12 the defendant, one of the deputies observed signs of intoxication, and the defendant
13 failed his field sobriety tests. Id. The defendant refused to take a breath test and was
14 subsequently charged with aggravated driving while under the influence. Id.
15 Similar to this case, the defendant in Contreras argued that “because the
16 deputies observed no suspicious or criminal behavior prior to the stop,” there was an
17 illegal seizure, in violation of the Fourth Amendment. Id. ¶ 3. Also similar to this
18 case, the defendant argued that his motion to suppress was governed by Florida v.
19 J.L., 529 U.S. 266, 272 (2000), which held that information about a defendant’s
20 appearance and location were not sufficient indicia of criminal activity. Contreras,
21 2003-NMCA-129, ¶¶ 3, 6. In J.L., the United States Supreme Court reiterated that “an
6 1 anonymous tip alone seldom demonstrates the informant’s basis of knowledge or
2 veracity[;] . . . however, there are situations in which an anonymous tip, suitably
3 corroborated, exhibits sufficient indicia of reliability to provide reasonable suspicion
4 to make the investigatory stop.” 529 U.S. at 270 (internal quotation marks and
5 citations omitted). We responded to the defendant’s argument in Contreras that his
6 case was controlled by J.L. because the anonymous tip was uncorroborated by the
7 police by reiterating that “there may be circumstances in which the danger alleged in
8 an anonymous tip might be so great as to justify a search without a specific showing
9 of reliability.” Contreras, 2003-NMCA-129, ¶ 6.
10 We analyzed the tip in Contreras to determine whether it justified the stop. We
11 first stated that the anonymous tip that identified “‘a grey van towing a red Geo’ . . .
12 was sufficient for [the deputy] to easily find the vehicle that was the subject of the
13 dispatch.” Id. ¶ 9. We asserted that the tip was from “a motorist who described a
14 specific vehicle and its ‘erratic driving,’ indicating that the caller was an eyewitness,
15 and lending credibility to the anonymous claim.” Id. ¶ 12. We concluded that the
16 deputy could consider this factor in his evaluation of the totality of the circumstances.
17 Id. We then balanced “the possible threat of drunk driving to the safety of the public
18 with [the d]efendant’s right to be free from unreasonable seizure” and stated that “it
7 1 is the imminent threat to public safety that distinguishes these [driving while under the
2 influence] cases from J.L.” Id. ¶¶ 13-15. We therefore held that “under the totality
3 of circumstances, [the deputy’s] stop of [the d]efendant’s vehicle was reasonable.”
4 Id. ¶ 21.
5 We find Contreras to be controlling. We note that at the suppression hearing,
6 citing State v. Rivera, 2007-NMCA-104, 142 N.M. 427, 166 P.3d 488, rev’d on other
7 grounds, 2008-NMSC-056, 144 N.M. 836, 192 P.3d 1213, Defendant argued that
8 because Contreras dealt with an anonymous tip, it did not apply to the case at bar.
9 The district court indicated agreement, prompting Defendant to instead argue the
10 applicability of J.L. We do not read Rivera as limiting Contreras to cases only
11 dealing with anonymous tips. Rather, in Rivera, this Court stated that Contreras did
12 not apply because we were not addressing whether reasonable suspicion existed for
13 a seizure. Rivera, 2007-NMCA-104, ¶ 13. This discussion in no way limited
14 Contreras to cases only involving anonymous tips.
15 Indeed, Contreras is almost identical to the case at bar. In both cases, callers
16 initially informed dispatch that they suspected a driver of driving while under the
17 influence, and in both cases an officer easily identified the vehicle described based on
18 the information provided. The only substantial difference is that in our case the caller
8 1 was identified and the officer verified the information received from dispatch with two
2 eyewitnesses at the location from which the vehicle was seen leaving. In Contreras,
3 we stated that tips are “more reliable if it is apparent that the informant observed the
4 details personally” and held that “even though the caller was anonymous, there was
5 no reason for [the deputy] to presume that the informant was not reliable or that the
6 description given was not credible.” 2003-NMCA-129, ¶ 12. In the present case, the
7 caller was not anonymous and “observed the details personally.” Id. As such, the fact
8 that the caller was identified and the information was verified by additional
9 eyewitnesses only strengthens the totality of circumstances that Deputy Parsons could
10 consider. See id.
11 The caller was an identified concerned citizen and is deemed reliable because
12 she witnessed the drunk driver and the subject vehicle. The information from the
13 caller was verified and bolstered by two additional witnesses, and the information was
14 detailed enough for Deputy Parsons to identify the vehicle in question. When we
15 consider these factors together with “the exigency of the possible threat to public
16 safety that a drunk driver poses,” Deputy Parsons had a reasonable suspicion
17 sufficient to make a brief, investigatory stop of Defendant’s vehicle. See id. ¶ 21.
18 CONFRONTATION CLAUSE
9 1 Defendant alternatively argues that he “was denied his constitutional right to
2 confront his accuser,” Ms. Bedonie. The State responds that Defendant did not
3 preserve this argument below, to which Defendant fails to respond. The State
4 alternatively argues that the right to confrontation does not apply to a hearing for a
5 motion to suppress. We agree with the State on both points. Defendant failed to
6 preserve this argument below, and we generally do not consider issues not preserved.
7 See Rule 12-216(A) NMRA (“To preserve a question for review it must appear that
8 a ruling or decision by the district court was fairly invoked.”). Moreover, our
9 Supreme Court held that “the protections of the Confrontation Clause [do not] extend
10 to a suppression hearing.” Rivera, 2008-NMSC-056, ¶ 23.
11 CONCLUSION
12 Deputy Parsons had reasonable suspicion to stop Defendant for driving while
13 intoxicated. Therefore, we affirm.
14 IT IS SO ORDERED.
15 _______________________________ 16 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
10 1 WE CONCUR:
2 _____________________________ 3 ROBERT E. ROBLES, Judge
4 _____________________________ 5 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge