MEYER, Justice.
Defendant was indicted for first-degree murder. He was tried noncapitally to a jury and found guilty as charged. Judge Parker sentenced him to a mandatory term of life imprisonment. Defendant appeals to this Court as of right from the first-degree murder conviction.
The State’s evidence showed that on 5 November 1992, defendant Kenneth Sidberry, Jarvis Mason, Rodney Arnold, Alfred Pickett, and the victim, Shammon Mattocks, were in the area of 109 Market Street in Jacksonville, North Carolina. Mason and Mattocks began arguing about $500.00 defendant and Mason believed that Mattocks had stolen from them. Mason shot Mattocks in the forehead with a .25-caliber weapon causing his death.
The State’s evidence indicated that, just before Mason pulled the trigger, defendant had told Mason to “go ahead.” There was also evidence that the gun used to shoot Mattocks was defendant’s gun and that defendant gave it to Mason during the argument with the victim. All of the witnesses to the shooting who testified for the State either had criminal records or were in jail at the time of the trial, awaiting sentencing.
Defendant’s evidence showed that defendant had been riding a motorbike behind the crime scene during the shooting and thus was not involved in the argument over money and that defendant did not own a gun. Defendant’s evidence also showed that defendant heard a shot, saw the victim lying on the ground, then drove his motorbike first to his grandmother’s and then to the home of his aunt, with whom he lived.
Additional facts will be addressed as necessary to an understanding of the issues.
In his first assignment of error, defendant contends that the trial court erred by permitting the State to cross-examine him regarding prior guilty pleas on which prayer for judgment had been continued, thus improperly chilling his right to testify. Prior to this trial, defendant pled guilty to two unrelated charges of sale and delivery of cocaine. Prayer for judgment on these crimes was continued by the judge, pending the disposition of the murder charge. The judge explained that he continued prayer for judgment because he did not want to interfere with defendant’s right to testify in the murder case. Defendant made a motion
in limine
to prohibit the State from cross-examining defendant regarding these guilty pleas if defendant chose to testify. This motion was denied. Defendant argues that this was constitutional error, chilling his constitutional right to testify and precluding the jury from directly assessing defendant’s credibility.
North Carolina Rule of Evidence 609(a) provides:
For the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness, evidence that he has been convicted of a crime punishable by more than 60 days confinement shall be admitted if elicited from him or established by public record during cross-examination or thereafter.
N.C.G.S. § 8C-1, Rule 609(a) (1993). Defendant argues that a prayer for judgment continued is not a final judgment and should not be treated as a conviction for purposes of Rule 609. We disagree.
Rule 609(a) allows a party, for the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness, to elicit whether the witness has been convicted of a crime punishable by more than sixty days’ confinement. The permissible scope of inquiry is restricted to the name of the crime, the time and place of conviction, and the punishment imposed.
State v. Lynch,
334 N.C. 402, 432 S.E.2d 349 (1993). “It is settled law in this State that a plea of guilty, freely, understandingly, and voluntarily entered, is equivalent to a conviction of the offense charged.”
State v. Watkins,
283 N.C. 17, 27, 194 S.E.2d 800, 808,
cert. denied,
414 U.S. 1000, 38 L. Ed. 2d 235 (1973).
Here, defendant was told by his attorney and by the judge during the plea hearing in his case for sale and delivery of cocaine that the entry of pleas of guilty had potential consequences in his pending murder trial and further, that if he were convicted of less than first-degree murder, these convictions could be used to enhance punishment under the Fair Sentencing Act. The judge determined that defendant understood the impact of his guilty pleas and then accepted the guilty pleas after finding a factual basis for the pleas. Accordingly, we find that the trial court did not err in ruling that the State could cross-examine defendant regarding these prior guilty pleas if defendant chose to testify.
In his next assignment of error, defendant contends that the trial court erred by failing to allow Mai Pickett, his aunt with whom he lived, to testify regarding an exculpatory statement made by defendant. Defendant notes that in this case, his evidence showed that he was sixteen years old; he saw the victim lying on the street, found his grandmother who lived nearby, called his aunt from his grandmother’s home, and then rode his motorbike home to his aunt’s. Defendant arrived at his home distraught and on the verge of tears. Defendant then recounted the events of the shooting to his aunt, who was a trusted adult and caretaker. Defendant told his aunt about the shooting within an hour of the shooting.
North Carolina Rule of Evidence 803(2) provides that testimony of a witness as to a statement made by the declarant relating to a startling event and made while the declarant was under the stress of that event is not excludable under the hearsay rule. N.C.G.S. § 8C-1, Rule 803(2) (1993);
State v. Sneed,
327 N.C. 266, 393 S.E.2d 531 (1990). This Court has held that for a statement to be admitted as an excited utterance, “there must be (1) a sufficiently startling experience suspending reflective thought and (2) a spontaneous reaction, not one resulting from reflection or fabrication.”
State v. Smith,
315 N.C. 76, 86, 337 S.E.2d 833, 841 (1985).
In this case, defendant first talked to his aunt on the telephone after the shooting from his grandmother’s house. He called his aunt to tell her where he was and that he was on his way home. Defendant did not mention the shooting on the phone. Instead, he waited until after he had ridden home, an hour after the shooting, to tell her what had happened. These facts indicate a lapse of time sufficient to manufacture a statement and that the statement lacked spontaneity.
See State v. Fullwood,
323 N.C. 371, 373 S.E.2d 518 (1988) (about an hour after victim’s death, defendant told police officer that victim had stabbed him; statement not admitted because defendant had time to manufacture statement and it was not made spontaneously),
sentence vacated on other grounds,
494 U.S. 1022, 108 L. Ed. 2d 602 (1990),
on remand,
329 N.C. 233, 404 S.E.2d 842 (1991).
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MEYER, Justice.
Defendant was indicted for first-degree murder. He was tried noncapitally to a jury and found guilty as charged. Judge Parker sentenced him to a mandatory term of life imprisonment. Defendant appeals to this Court as of right from the first-degree murder conviction.
The State’s evidence showed that on 5 November 1992, defendant Kenneth Sidberry, Jarvis Mason, Rodney Arnold, Alfred Pickett, and the victim, Shammon Mattocks, were in the area of 109 Market Street in Jacksonville, North Carolina. Mason and Mattocks began arguing about $500.00 defendant and Mason believed that Mattocks had stolen from them. Mason shot Mattocks in the forehead with a .25-caliber weapon causing his death.
The State’s evidence indicated that, just before Mason pulled the trigger, defendant had told Mason to “go ahead.” There was also evidence that the gun used to shoot Mattocks was defendant’s gun and that defendant gave it to Mason during the argument with the victim. All of the witnesses to the shooting who testified for the State either had criminal records or were in jail at the time of the trial, awaiting sentencing.
Defendant’s evidence showed that defendant had been riding a motorbike behind the crime scene during the shooting and thus was not involved in the argument over money and that defendant did not own a gun. Defendant’s evidence also showed that defendant heard a shot, saw the victim lying on the ground, then drove his motorbike first to his grandmother’s and then to the home of his aunt, with whom he lived.
Additional facts will be addressed as necessary to an understanding of the issues.
In his first assignment of error, defendant contends that the trial court erred by permitting the State to cross-examine him regarding prior guilty pleas on which prayer for judgment had been continued, thus improperly chilling his right to testify. Prior to this trial, defendant pled guilty to two unrelated charges of sale and delivery of cocaine. Prayer for judgment on these crimes was continued by the judge, pending the disposition of the murder charge. The judge explained that he continued prayer for judgment because he did not want to interfere with defendant’s right to testify in the murder case. Defendant made a motion
in limine
to prohibit the State from cross-examining defendant regarding these guilty pleas if defendant chose to testify. This motion was denied. Defendant argues that this was constitutional error, chilling his constitutional right to testify and precluding the jury from directly assessing defendant’s credibility.
North Carolina Rule of Evidence 609(a) provides:
For the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness, evidence that he has been convicted of a crime punishable by more than 60 days confinement shall be admitted if elicited from him or established by public record during cross-examination or thereafter.
N.C.G.S. § 8C-1, Rule 609(a) (1993). Defendant argues that a prayer for judgment continued is not a final judgment and should not be treated as a conviction for purposes of Rule 609. We disagree.
Rule 609(a) allows a party, for the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness, to elicit whether the witness has been convicted of a crime punishable by more than sixty days’ confinement. The permissible scope of inquiry is restricted to the name of the crime, the time and place of conviction, and the punishment imposed.
State v. Lynch,
334 N.C. 402, 432 S.E.2d 349 (1993). “It is settled law in this State that a plea of guilty, freely, understandingly, and voluntarily entered, is equivalent to a conviction of the offense charged.”
State v. Watkins,
283 N.C. 17, 27, 194 S.E.2d 800, 808,
cert. denied,
414 U.S. 1000, 38 L. Ed. 2d 235 (1973).
Here, defendant was told by his attorney and by the judge during the plea hearing in his case for sale and delivery of cocaine that the entry of pleas of guilty had potential consequences in his pending murder trial and further, that if he were convicted of less than first-degree murder, these convictions could be used to enhance punishment under the Fair Sentencing Act. The judge determined that defendant understood the impact of his guilty pleas and then accepted the guilty pleas after finding a factual basis for the pleas. Accordingly, we find that the trial court did not err in ruling that the State could cross-examine defendant regarding these prior guilty pleas if defendant chose to testify.
In his next assignment of error, defendant contends that the trial court erred by failing to allow Mai Pickett, his aunt with whom he lived, to testify regarding an exculpatory statement made by defendant. Defendant notes that in this case, his evidence showed that he was sixteen years old; he saw the victim lying on the street, found his grandmother who lived nearby, called his aunt from his grandmother’s home, and then rode his motorbike home to his aunt’s. Defendant arrived at his home distraught and on the verge of tears. Defendant then recounted the events of the shooting to his aunt, who was a trusted adult and caretaker. Defendant told his aunt about the shooting within an hour of the shooting.
North Carolina Rule of Evidence 803(2) provides that testimony of a witness as to a statement made by the declarant relating to a startling event and made while the declarant was under the stress of that event is not excludable under the hearsay rule. N.C.G.S. § 8C-1, Rule 803(2) (1993);
State v. Sneed,
327 N.C. 266, 393 S.E.2d 531 (1990). This Court has held that for a statement to be admitted as an excited utterance, “there must be (1) a sufficiently startling experience suspending reflective thought and (2) a spontaneous reaction, not one resulting from reflection or fabrication.”
State v. Smith,
315 N.C. 76, 86, 337 S.E.2d 833, 841 (1985).
In this case, defendant first talked to his aunt on the telephone after the shooting from his grandmother’s house. He called his aunt to tell her where he was and that he was on his way home. Defendant did not mention the shooting on the phone. Instead, he waited until after he had ridden home, an hour after the shooting, to tell her what had happened. These facts indicate a lapse of time sufficient to manufacture a statement and that the statement lacked spontaneity.
See State v. Fullwood,
323 N.C. 371, 373 S.E.2d 518 (1988) (about an hour after victim’s death, defendant told police officer that victim had stabbed him; statement not admitted because defendant had time to manufacture statement and it was not made spontaneously),
sentence vacated on other grounds,
494 U.S. 1022, 108 L. Ed. 2d 602 (1990),
on remand,
329 N.C. 233, 404 S.E.2d 842 (1991). Therefore, we find that the trial court properly excluded Mai Pickett’s testimony on the grounds that it was inadmissible hearsay.
In his final assignment of error, defendant contends that the trial court erred by allowing Alfred Pickett’s pretrial statement into evidence as corroboration of his testimony because the statement was inconsistent with Pickett’s in-court testimony. Alfred Pickett was a key witness for the State. Over defendant’s objection, Police Detective Carol Lynch was permitted to read into evidence notes that she had taken during an interrogation of Pickett prior to trial, as corroboration of Pickett’s testimony. Defendant argues that Lynch should not have been allowed to read these notes because they included significant contradictions and a material noncorroborative addition to the testimony.
In support of this argument, defendant relies on this Court’s decision in
State v. Burton,
322 N.C. 447, 368 S.E.2d 630 (1988). In
Burton,
we held that “ ‘prior statements as to facts not referred to in
his trial testimony
and not tending to add weight or credibility
to it are not admissible as corroborative evidence. Additionally, the witness’s
prior contradictory statements may not be admitted under the guise of corroborating
his testimony.’ ”
Id.
at 450, 368 S.E.2d at 632 (quoting
State v. Ramey,
318 N.C. 457, 469, 349 S.E.2d 566, 573-74 (1986)) (emphasis in original).
Defendant maintains that there were two discrepancies between Pickett’s testimony and his pretrial statement to Officer Lynch. The first concerned whether defendant handed Mason the murder weapon just prior to the shooting. During direct examination and cross-examination, Pickett testified that he did not see defendant give Mason the gun prior to the shooting. However, Lynch’s notes, read at trial, indicated that Pickett stated Mason got the gun from defendant, that defendant had the gun in his pants and then gave it to Mason.
The second discrepancy concerned a comment made during an argument among Mason, Pickett, and defendant on the day following the shooting. Pickett testified that on 6 November 1992, he accused defendant of acting wrongly on the previous day by telling Mason what to do. Pickett did not testify that Mason had said anything to defendant on that date. However, Lynch’s notes indicated that Mason had said, “I shouldn’t have listened to you [defendant].” Defendant argues that this was significant because Pickett’s testimony at trial did not indicate that Mason had listened or responded to defendant, but the pretrial statement indicates that Mason was responding to defendant’s request when shooting the victim.
We agree with defendant that Alfred Pickett’s pretrial statement contained significant discrepancies from his testimony at trial and should not have been admitted as corroborative evidence. However, we find that the error was harmless. Prior to Pickett’s corroborative statement being read to the jury, Rodney Arnold had testified that he saw defendant give Mason the gun during the argument. Anthony Winchip, a witness for the State, had also testified that defendant admitted giving the gun to Mason. As to the second discrepancy complained of, there is overwhelming evidence that Mason listened to or carried through on defendant’s advice to shoot Shammon Mattocks. Therefore, we conclude that there is no reasonable possibility that, had the error not occurred, a different result would have been reached at trial.
In conclusion, we hold that there was no prejudicial error in defendant’s conviction for first-degree murder and in the imposition of the mandatory sentence of life imprisonment.
NO ERROR.