State v. Sickler

488 N.W.2d 70, 1992 S.D. LEXIS 98, 1992 WL 171409

Opinions

MILLER, Chief Justice.

Shelby Sickler appeals his conviction of driving of a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol. We affirm.

PACTS

During the late afternoon of October 17, 1990, Marlyn Jacobsen, a county highway employee, was driving east on Highway 18 (near Canton, South Dakota) when he observed a 1976 Chevy pickup stopped in the driving lane. After Jacobsen passed the pickup, it began moving again. Jacobsen noticed the pickup was being driven “erratically.” In fact, the pickup caught up with Jacobsen and passed him when cars were approaching, forcing traffic from both directions onto the shoulder.

Jacobsen, concerned that the driver may harm someone, radioed the license plate number to the dispatcher of the civil defense channel.¹ Jacobsen radioed a second time to report the last location of the pickup, which had pulled off to the south and was sitting at the end of a gravel road near the intersection of Highways 18 and 11.

Sheriff Ken Albers was in his office when Jacobsen radioed the dispatcher. He drove to the intersection of Highways 18 and 11 and found a pickup meeting the description given by Jacobsen with the same license plate number. The engine was running and Sickler was in the driver’s seat “fiddling” with the radio. Sheriff Alb-ers noticed the strong odor of alcohol and the fact that Sickler had urinated on himself. (Sheriff Albers conducted no field sobriety tests and never searched the vehicle for empty containers.) Sheriff Albers was later joined by police officer Carroll Johnson.

Sheriff Albers placed Sickler under arrest and later advised him of his implied consent rights. He transported Sickler to the Minnehaha County Jail in Sioux Palls, where a blood sample was drawn. The blood test results later revealed Sickler’s blood alcohol level was 0.222%. Sickler was subsequently convicted for violating SDCL 32-23-1 and SDCL 32-23-4.6 (fourth conviction of SDCL 32-23-1). Sickler appeals.

DECISION

I.

Whether the trial court erred in denying Sickler’s discovery motion and his motion to suppress.

Sickler filed a five-page motion for discovery. In response to this motion, the trial court entered its standard discovery order pursuant to SDCL ch. 23A-13 and Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963).

"In furtherance of justice a trial court has inherent power on behalf of an accused in a criminal proceeding to compel production and to permit inspection of evidence in the possession or under the control of the States Attorney.” State v. Wade, 83 S.D. 337, 343, 159 N.W.2d 396, 400 (1968). Furthermore, “[a]n accused’s application for inspection or disclosure is a matter addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court which may be granted as an aid to the ascertainment of the truth or as a matter of fundamental fairness.” Id.

The trial court’s order included the following:

(1) Any relevant written or recorded statements made by defendant;

(2) The substance of any oral statement which the State intends to offer;

(3) Recorded testimony by defendant before the grand jury relating to the offense;

(4) Copy of defendant’s prior criminal record;

(5) Books, papers, documents, photographs, tangible objects, buildings or places, or copies or portions thereof which are material to the preparation of defendant’s case or intended for use by the State as evidence in chief or were obtained from or belong to defendant.

(6) Results or reports of physical or mental examinations, scientific tests or experiments.

Once the trial court has ordered production of certain evidence, State must expeditiously carry out and obey those orders. State v. Sahlie, 90 S.D. 682, 245 N.W.2d 476 (1976).

The hearing on the discovery motion was March 7, 1991. The trial court entered its order the same day. On April 10, 1991, Sickler renewed his motion for discovery since not all of the requested materials had been provided. The trial was scheduled for April 12, 1991. On April 11, 1991, the trial court held a hearing on the issue. By that time, Sickler had received a transcript from the sheriff of the radio log and a copy of Sickler’s prior criminal and driving record. The sheriff’s report regarding Sickler’s arrest was not provided because no such written report was ever made. Additionally, Sickler wanted information on the type of machine State used to test the blood; the machine’s name and model number and how it operated; whether it had been tested; and any other information which would have a bearing on the equipment’s integrity. This information from the State Chemist on the testing equipment had not been provided by the state’s attorney.

At the April 11th hearing, Sickler made a motion to suppress the results of the blood test and the State Chemist’s testimony because he had not received from the state’s attorney the information on the testing equipment and procedures used as had been required by the trial court’s order. This motion was denied. The trial court made the following comments:

Counsel, although I’m not happy with the fact you didn’t receive the information you requested, nevertheless, the State has accepted and used blood tests in these matters for a long period of time. And the method by which the State Chemists have been reporting the testing in this matter, has been an accepted method and an accepted type of test in this matter.

On the day of the trial, Sickler’s counsel was given an opportunity, over the lunch hour, to interview the State Chemist concerning both the blood test and the equipment used in analyzing blood. Although Sickler’s counsel spoke with the State Chemist before he testified, he did not ask the State Chemist any questions on cross-examination.

“This Court will overturn the trial court’s decision to suppress or not to suppress if we find the trial court has exercised its discretion to an end or purpose not justified by, and clearly against reason and evidence.” State v. Smith, 477 N.W.2d 27, 31 (S.D.1991); State v. Zachodni, 466 N.W.2d 624 (S.D.1991). Based on the record in this case, we believe the trial court did not abuse its discretion.

It is worth noting that “[t]he state’s conduct in the present case is hardly in keeping with the prosecutor’s ‘overriding obligation, shared by the court, to see that defendant receives a fair trial, however guilty he may be.’ ” Sahlie, 245 N.W.2d at 479 (quoting State v. Sha, 292 Minn. 182, 193 N.W.2d 829, 831 (1972)). However, we believe that the prosecutor’s violations of the court’s discovery order resulted only in harmless error.

II.

Whether the trial court erred in denying Sickler’s motion to suppress the blood alcohol test results because the test was not performed in a reasonable, medically approved manner.

Sickler argues that the blood sample was not withdrawn in a reasonable, medically approved manner pursuant to Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 757, 86 S.Ct. 1826, 16 L.Ed.2d 908 (1966). Bodily substance samples are not subject to the exclusionary rule under the Fourth Amendment if they are taken (1) incident to a lawful arrest, (2) by a reliable and accepted method of obtaining such sample, (3) in a reasonable, medically approved manner, and (4) where there is probable cause to believe that the evidence sought exists. State v. Lanier, 452 N.W.2d 144, 145 (S.D. 1990); Schmerber, supra. As we stated earlier, this court will only overturn the trial court’s decision not. to suppress if the trial court has exercised its discretion to an end or purpose not justified by, and clearly against, reason and evidence. Smith, supra.

Sheriff Albers testified that typically blood samples for DUI arrests in Lincoln County are taken at a hospital; however, Sickler was transported directly to the Minnehaha County Jail due to his “extremely unruly behavior.” Blood tests do not have to be performed in a hospital; see Lanier, supra; however, we do require the blood test to be performed under conditions “which provide a medically approved manner for the specific purpose of drawing blood.” Id., 452 N.W.2d at 146. “A crucial factor in analyzing the magnitude of the intrusion is the extent to which the procedure may threaten the safety or health of the individual.” Id.

The blood sample was taken at the Minnehaha County Jail by Deputy Sheriff Alan J. Penning, a licensed practical nurse with expanded medical capabilities. Penning has been licensed by the South Dakota Board of Nursing as an LPN since 1984 and he completed additional training for the expanded role position. One of his specialized areas is venipuncture (drawing of blood).2 Penning testified that when he entered “the tank” where Sickler was being held, Sickler was on his back on the floor. Penning straddled Sickler to check out the veins in his arms. He testified that it took him five to ten minutes to do this because, “[h]e didn’t have very good veins. In the room we were at didn’t have very good lights.” Later, Sickler was taken to another room and helped to a chair where an officer restrained him in a “semi-sitting” position while Penning withdrew the blood. Sheriff Albers was not in the room when the blood was withdrawn because he thought his presence might upset Sickler.

Penning testified: “I took Mr. Sickler into another room, with a deputy from the Minnehaha County Sheriff’s Office, and we attempted to calm him down, quiet him down, so we could do the procedure. We tried one needle stick and he pulled away, because he was in — talking with us at the same time. And we had to do a second stick in order to obtain the blood.”

Based upon the foregoing, the procedure employed in no way threatened the safety or health of Sickler, and thus was not overly intrusive. We are convinced that the blood sample was withdrawn in a reason able, medically approved manner by a qualified nurse.

III.

Whether the trial court erred in denying Sickler’s motion to dismiss because of the insufficiency of the evidence to justify a verdict against Sickler as a matter of law.

Sickler argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss because the evidence was insufficient to convict him of driving a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol. The record reveals, however, that there was more than ample evidence to convict Sickler.

Furthermore, neither party made any objections, took any exceptions or proposed any additional instructions. The general rule is that when no objections were made by the defendant to any instructions of the court, and the defendant proposed no instructions, there is no question concerning the instructions before this court on appeal. State v. Holloway, 482 N.W.2d 306 (S.D.1992); Carlson v. First Nat. Bank, 429 N.W.2d 463 (S.D.1988); State v. White Mountain, 332 N.W.2d 726 (S.D.1983); State v. Halverson, 87 S.D. 110, 203 N.W.2d 421 (1973).

Finally, we have reviewed Sickler’s argument that no probable cause existed for his arrest and that he did not receive his implied consent rights. We find these arguments totally lacking in merit.

Affirmed.

WUEST, SABERS and AMUNDSON, JJ., concur. HENDERSON, J., dissents.

Footnotes

1

. The dispatcher is located in the sheriffs office.

2

. Penning further testified that this was the first blood sample he had withdrawn for blood alcohol testing.