1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please 2 see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. 3 Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated 4 errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does 5 not include the filing date. 6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
8 Plaintiff-Appellee,
9 v. NO. 30,935
10 JESUS SENA,
11 Defendant-Appellant.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF QUAY COUNTY 13 Albert Mitchell, District Judge
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General 15 Ann M. Harvey, Assistant Attorney General 16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Appellee
18 Jacqueline Cooper, Acting Chief Public Defender 19 Kathleen T. Baldridge, Assistant Appellate Defender 20 Santa Fe, NM
21 for Appellant
22 MEMORANDUM OPINION
23 VIGIL, Judge. 1 Defendant appeals from the order revoking his probation. [RP 163] This
2 Court’s first calendar notice proposed summary affirmance. [CN1] Defendant filed
3 a memorandum in opposition, as well as a motion to amend the docketing statement.
4 [MIO] This Court’s second calendar notice proposed to deny the motion to amend the
5 docketing statement, proposed summary affirmance on original Issues 1, 2, and 3, and
6 proposed summary reversal on original Issue 4. Defendant has filed a memorandum
7 in opposition, stating that he continues to believe that the motion to amend the
8 docketing statement has merit and that he continues to oppose summary affirmance
9 on original Issues 1-3, and he agrees with summary reversal on Issue 4. Defendant’s
10 memorandum adds no new facts or legal authority, and we remain persuaded that the
11 analysis in the second calendar notice was correct and appropriate. The State has filed
12 a notice of non-opposition to proposed summary reversal on Issue 4. We deny
13 Defendant’s motion to amend; we affirm on original Issues 1, 2, and 3; and we reverse
14 and remand on original Issue 4.
15 DISCUSSION
16 Motion to Amend the Docketing Statement
17 Defendant’s motion to amend proposes adding the following issue: whether the
18 district court erred when it impliedly denied Defendant’s pro se habeas corpus
19 petition. Defendant moved the district court to dismiss the State’s motion to revoke
2 1 probation, on the basis that Rule 5-805 NMRA requires an adjudicatory hearing be
2 held within sixty days of the initial hearing and the adjudicatory hearing in
3 Defendant’s case commenced nearly six months after his arraignment on the probation
4 violation. [MIO 1, 9] We deny the motion to amend.
5 Defendant’s memorandum indicates that the district court was aware of the
6 petition but did not rule on it. [MIO 6] It is unclear whether Defendant requested that
7 the district court make a ruling on the petition. In any case, in the event the district
8 court’s action in not ruling on the petition can be considered to be a denial of it, this
9 Court does not have jurisdiction to review the district court’s denial of a habeas corpus
10 petition. See Rule 5-802(H)(2) NMRA (giving the Supreme Court exclusive
11 jurisdiction over habeas appeals). We deny Defendant’s motion to amend the
12 docketing statement to add this issue.
13 Issues 1-2: Sufficiency of the Evidence and the Standard for Finding a Probation 14 Violation
15 Defendant relies on State v. Franklin, 78 N.M. 127, 129, 428 P.2d 982, 984
16 (1967) and State v. Boyer, 103 N.M. 655, 658, 712 P.2d 1, 4 (Ct. App. 1985) to
17 support his contentions that there was insufficient evidence to support a revocation of
18 his probation and that the district court applied the wrong legal standard in
19 determining that Defendant had violated his probation. [MIO 26] We affirm.
20 “[P]roof presented at probation revocation hearings need only establish
3 1 reasonable certainty to satisfy the trial court of the truth of the violation, and need not
2 be proof beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Sanchez, 2001-NMCA-060, ¶ 11, 130
3 N.M. 602, 28 P.3d 1143. The State presented evidence that Defendant violated his
4 probation by testing positive for methamphetamine in a urine analysis test and then
5 admitting to having smoked methamphetamine two days before the test. [RP 75, ¶ 1;
6 RP 152] We see no reason why this evidence would be insufficient to prove by a
7 reasonable certainty that Defendant violated his probation. Moreover, the fact that
8 Defendant asserts that the district court judge may have determined that the State’s
9 evidence was clear and convincing, rather than that a violation was proven by a
10 reasonable certainty, was not preserved for this Court’s review on appeal. See State
11 v. Varela, 1999-NMSC-045, ¶ 25, 128 N.M. 454, 993 P.2d 1280 (stating that in order
12 to preserve an issue for appeal, a defendant must make a timely objection that
13 specifically apprises the trial court of the nature of the claimed error and invokes an
14 intelligent ruling thereon).
15 Further, the district court’s written order revoking Defendant’s probation does
16 not use the words clear and convincing. [RP 163] Defendant does not indicate how
17 the alleged application of a clear and convincing standard prejudiced him when a clear
18 and convincing standard may be equivalent to/or a higher standard than the reasonable
19 certainty standard. State v. Fernandez, 117 N.M. 673, 677, 875 P.2d 1104, 1108 (Ct.
4 1 App. 1994) (“In the absence of prejudice, there is no reversible error.”); see In re
2 Ernesto M., 1996-NMCA-039, ¶ 10, 121 N.M. 562, 915 P.2d 318 (“An assertion of
3 prejudice is not a showing of prejudice.”).
4 We affirm the district court’s order revoking Defendant’s probation.
5 Confrontation
6 Since we issued the first calendar notice in February 2011, the New Mexico
7 Supreme Court has published its opinion in State v. Guthrie, 2011-NMSC-014, __
8 N.M. __, __ P.3d __. In Guthrie, our Supreme Court clarified that the standard
9 established in State v. Phillips, 2006-NMCA-001, 138 N.M. 730, 126 P.3d 546, was
10 “unnecessarily preoccupied with the reason a witness is absent, instead of considering
11 whether confrontation of the witness is essential to the truth-finding process in the
12 context of probation revocation.” Guthrie, 2011-NMSC-014, ¶ 2. Our Supreme
13 Court’s opinion in Guthrie overruled Phillips and reversed the Court of Appeals
14 opinion, establishing that the need-for-confrontation analysis is a “kind of spectrum
15 or sliding scale.”
16 On one end of the spectrum, where good cause for not requiring 17 confrontation is likely, we would include situations in which the state’s 18 evidence is uncontested, corroborated by other reliable evidence, and 19 documented by a reliable source without a motive to fabricate, or possibly 20 situations where the evidence is about an objective conclusion, a routine 21 recording, or a negative fact, making the demeanor and credibility of the 22 witness less relevant to the truth-finding process.
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1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please 2 see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. 3 Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated 4 errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does 5 not include the filing date. 6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
8 Plaintiff-Appellee,
9 v. NO. 30,935
10 JESUS SENA,
11 Defendant-Appellant.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF QUAY COUNTY 13 Albert Mitchell, District Judge
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General 15 Ann M. Harvey, Assistant Attorney General 16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Appellee
18 Jacqueline Cooper, Acting Chief Public Defender 19 Kathleen T. Baldridge, Assistant Appellate Defender 20 Santa Fe, NM
21 for Appellant
22 MEMORANDUM OPINION
23 VIGIL, Judge. 1 Defendant appeals from the order revoking his probation. [RP 163] This
2 Court’s first calendar notice proposed summary affirmance. [CN1] Defendant filed
3 a memorandum in opposition, as well as a motion to amend the docketing statement.
4 [MIO] This Court’s second calendar notice proposed to deny the motion to amend the
5 docketing statement, proposed summary affirmance on original Issues 1, 2, and 3, and
6 proposed summary reversal on original Issue 4. Defendant has filed a memorandum
7 in opposition, stating that he continues to believe that the motion to amend the
8 docketing statement has merit and that he continues to oppose summary affirmance
9 on original Issues 1-3, and he agrees with summary reversal on Issue 4. Defendant’s
10 memorandum adds no new facts or legal authority, and we remain persuaded that the
11 analysis in the second calendar notice was correct and appropriate. The State has filed
12 a notice of non-opposition to proposed summary reversal on Issue 4. We deny
13 Defendant’s motion to amend; we affirm on original Issues 1, 2, and 3; and we reverse
14 and remand on original Issue 4.
15 DISCUSSION
16 Motion to Amend the Docketing Statement
17 Defendant’s motion to amend proposes adding the following issue: whether the
18 district court erred when it impliedly denied Defendant’s pro se habeas corpus
19 petition. Defendant moved the district court to dismiss the State’s motion to revoke
2 1 probation, on the basis that Rule 5-805 NMRA requires an adjudicatory hearing be
2 held within sixty days of the initial hearing and the adjudicatory hearing in
3 Defendant’s case commenced nearly six months after his arraignment on the probation
4 violation. [MIO 1, 9] We deny the motion to amend.
5 Defendant’s memorandum indicates that the district court was aware of the
6 petition but did not rule on it. [MIO 6] It is unclear whether Defendant requested that
7 the district court make a ruling on the petition. In any case, in the event the district
8 court’s action in not ruling on the petition can be considered to be a denial of it, this
9 Court does not have jurisdiction to review the district court’s denial of a habeas corpus
10 petition. See Rule 5-802(H)(2) NMRA (giving the Supreme Court exclusive
11 jurisdiction over habeas appeals). We deny Defendant’s motion to amend the
12 docketing statement to add this issue.
13 Issues 1-2: Sufficiency of the Evidence and the Standard for Finding a Probation 14 Violation
15 Defendant relies on State v. Franklin, 78 N.M. 127, 129, 428 P.2d 982, 984
16 (1967) and State v. Boyer, 103 N.M. 655, 658, 712 P.2d 1, 4 (Ct. App. 1985) to
17 support his contentions that there was insufficient evidence to support a revocation of
18 his probation and that the district court applied the wrong legal standard in
19 determining that Defendant had violated his probation. [MIO 26] We affirm.
20 “[P]roof presented at probation revocation hearings need only establish
3 1 reasonable certainty to satisfy the trial court of the truth of the violation, and need not
2 be proof beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Sanchez, 2001-NMCA-060, ¶ 11, 130
3 N.M. 602, 28 P.3d 1143. The State presented evidence that Defendant violated his
4 probation by testing positive for methamphetamine in a urine analysis test and then
5 admitting to having smoked methamphetamine two days before the test. [RP 75, ¶ 1;
6 RP 152] We see no reason why this evidence would be insufficient to prove by a
7 reasonable certainty that Defendant violated his probation. Moreover, the fact that
8 Defendant asserts that the district court judge may have determined that the State’s
9 evidence was clear and convincing, rather than that a violation was proven by a
10 reasonable certainty, was not preserved for this Court’s review on appeal. See State
11 v. Varela, 1999-NMSC-045, ¶ 25, 128 N.M. 454, 993 P.2d 1280 (stating that in order
12 to preserve an issue for appeal, a defendant must make a timely objection that
13 specifically apprises the trial court of the nature of the claimed error and invokes an
14 intelligent ruling thereon).
15 Further, the district court’s written order revoking Defendant’s probation does
16 not use the words clear and convincing. [RP 163] Defendant does not indicate how
17 the alleged application of a clear and convincing standard prejudiced him when a clear
18 and convincing standard may be equivalent to/or a higher standard than the reasonable
19 certainty standard. State v. Fernandez, 117 N.M. 673, 677, 875 P.2d 1104, 1108 (Ct.
4 1 App. 1994) (“In the absence of prejudice, there is no reversible error.”); see In re
2 Ernesto M., 1996-NMCA-039, ¶ 10, 121 N.M. 562, 915 P.2d 318 (“An assertion of
3 prejudice is not a showing of prejudice.”).
4 We affirm the district court’s order revoking Defendant’s probation.
5 Confrontation
6 Since we issued the first calendar notice in February 2011, the New Mexico
7 Supreme Court has published its opinion in State v. Guthrie, 2011-NMSC-014, __
8 N.M. __, __ P.3d __. In Guthrie, our Supreme Court clarified that the standard
9 established in State v. Phillips, 2006-NMCA-001, 138 N.M. 730, 126 P.3d 546, was
10 “unnecessarily preoccupied with the reason a witness is absent, instead of considering
11 whether confrontation of the witness is essential to the truth-finding process in the
12 context of probation revocation.” Guthrie, 2011-NMSC-014, ¶ 2. Our Supreme
13 Court’s opinion in Guthrie overruled Phillips and reversed the Court of Appeals
14 opinion, establishing that the need-for-confrontation analysis is a “kind of spectrum
15 or sliding scale.”
16 On one end of the spectrum, where good cause for not requiring 17 confrontation is likely, we would include situations in which the state’s 18 evidence is uncontested, corroborated by other reliable evidence, and 19 documented by a reliable source without a motive to fabricate, or possibly 20 situations where the evidence is about an objective conclusion, a routine 21 recording, or a negative fact, making the demeanor and credibility of the 22 witness less relevant to the truth-finding process. On this side of the 23 good-cause spectrum, live testimony and cross examination offer almost
5 1 no utility to the fact-finding process.
2 On the “no good cause” end of the spectrum, evidence is contested 3 by the defendant, unsupported or contradicted, and its source has a motive 4 to fabricate; it is about a subjective, judgment-based observation that is 5 subject to inference and interpretation, and makes a conclusion that is 6 central to the necessary proof that the defendant violated probation. In 7 such a case, the state’s failure to produce the witness, for almost any 8 reason, deprives a defendant of due process. Between the two extremes 9 there is no bright-line rule for determining good cause[.]
10 Id. ¶¶ 40, 41.
11 We hold that the State’s evidence presented to support Defendant’s probation
12 violation is on the “good cause” end of the spectrum; that is, there is good cause for
13 not requiring confrontation in this case. The probation officer who did testify
14 produced a document from the records on Defendant’s probation, written in
15 Defendant’s handwriting and with Defendant’s signature, in which Defendant
16 admitted to smoking methamphetamine while on probation contrary to the terms and
17 conditions of his probation agreement. [RP 151-52] Defendant did not deny that the
18 document was his statement and an admission, in his own handwriting and with his
19 signature, to a violation of the terms and conditions of his probation agreement.
20 We affirm the district court’s decision to admit the testimony of the probation
21 officer who was present at the hearing and the document containing Defendant’s
22 admissions.
23 Abscond Time
6 1 The district court’s decision to add 53 days abscond time to Defendant’s
2 sentence was based on taking judicial notice of the time between when a bench
3 warrant was issued on January 16, 2010, for Defendant’s failure to appear, and when
4 the bench warrant was served on Defendant on March 10, 2010. [RP 160, 163] The
5 applicable statute, NMSA 1978, Section 31-21-15 (1989), and our case law require
6 the State to prove that: (1) the State unsuccessfully attempted to serve the warrant on
7 the defendant, or (2) any attempt to serve the defendant would have been futile. See
8 State v. Jimenez, 2004-NMSC-012, ¶ 8, 135 N.M. 442, 90 P.3d 461.
9 In this case, the State failed to introduce sufficient evidence to satisfy its burden
10 of proof under the statute and the case law. The State only established that Defendant
11 failed to report to his probation officer after November 19, 2009, and that efforts to
12 locate him proved unsuccessful. [MIO 23] The State did not show that it entered the
13 bench warrant into the National Crime Information Center database, it did not
14 introduce evidence concerning what steps were taken to actually serve Defendant, and
15 it failed to establish that the warrant could not be served on Defendant with reasonable
16 diligence. [MIO 24]
17 As mentioned above, the State has filed a notice of non-opposition to the
18 proposed reversal on this issue. [Ct. App. File] Because the district court erred in
19 adding 53 days of abscond time onto Defendant’s sentence, we reverse and remand
7 1 for correction of the order revoking probation, [RP 163] giving Defendant credit for
2 time spent on probation from January 16, 2010 through March 10, 2010.
3 CONCLUSION
4 We deny Defendant’s motion to amend the docketing statement; we affirm on
5 Issues 1, 2, and 3; and we reverse and remand on Issue 4.
6 IT IS SO ORDERED.
7 ______________________________ 8 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge 9 WE CONCUR:
10 _________________________________ 11 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge
12 _________________________________ 13 CYNTHIA A. FRY, Judge