[Cite as State v. Sears, 2023-Ohio-1925.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OTTAWA COUNTY
State of Ohio Court of Appeals No. OT-22-048
Appellee Trial Court No. 21 CR 236
v.
Jason Sears DECISION AND JUDGMENT
Appellant Decided: June 9, 2023
*****
James J. VanEerten, Ottawa County Prosecuting Attorney and Thomas A. Matuszak, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.
W. Alex Smith, for appellant.
MAYLE, J.
{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Jason Sears, appeals the August 4, 2022 judgment of
the Ottawa County Court of Common Pleas, convicting him of aggravated possession of
drugs and sentencing him to 36 months in prison. For the reasons that follow, we reverse
the trial court judgment. I. Background
{¶ 2} Jason Sears was indicted on three counts: (1) aggravated trafficking in
drugs, a violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(2) and (C)(1)(c), a third-degree felony (Count 1);
(2) aggravated possession of drugs, a violation of R.C. 2925.11(A) and (C)(1)(b), a third-
degree felony (Count 2); and (3) possession of heroin, a violation of R.C. 2925.11(A) and
(C)(6)(a), a fifth-degree felony (Count 3). Sears entered a plea of guilty to Count 2 and
the remaining counts were dismissed. The trial court found that Sears was not amenable
to community control and sentenced him to a prison term of 36 months. Sears’s
conviction and sentence were memorialized in a judgment entered on August 4, 2022.
Sears appealed. He assigns one error for our review:
The Court erred by imposing a sentence contrary to law.
II. Law and Analysis
{¶ 3} In his sole assignment of error, Sears argues that his sentence is contrary to
law because in fashioning his sentence, the trial judge considered information outside of
R.C. 2929.19(B)(1)(a). Specifically, Sears complains that the judge considered and relied
upon input from the Adult Parole Authority (“APA”) and the Sandusky County Probation
Department and did not limit its consideration to the record, the presentence investigation
report, victim impact statements, and information presented in person at the sentencing
hearing. He claims that the trial judge compounded this error by failing to inform him of
what information he received from the APA and Sandusky County, and by proceeding to
2. sentence him without allowing him to respond to the information they provided. Sears
maintains that the court violated his Crim.R. 32(A)(1) right of allocution.
{¶ 4} We review a challenge to a felony sentence under R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). R.C.
2953.08(G)(2) provides that an appellate court may increase, reduce, or otherwise modify
a sentence or may vacate the sentence and remand the matter to the sentencing court for
resentencing if it clearly and convincingly finds either of the following:
(a) That the record does not support the sentencing court’s findings
under division (B) or (D) of section 2929.13, division (B)(2)(e) or (C)(4) of
section 2929.14, or division (I) of section 2929.20 of the Revised Code,
whichever, if any, is relevant;
(b) That the sentence is otherwise contrary to law.
{¶ 5} Sears does not complain that his sentence violated R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(a); he
argues that his sentence was “otherwise contrary to law” under R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(b).
The Ohio Supreme Court has explained that a sentence is “otherwise contrary to law” if it
is “in violation of statute or legal regulations at a given time.” (Internal quotations
omitted.) State v. Bryant, Slip Opinion No. 2022-Ohio-1878, ¶ 22, quoting State v.
Jones, 163 Ohio St.3d 242, 2020-Ohio-6729, 169 N.E.3d 649, ¶ 34, quoting Black’s Law
Dictionary 328 (6th Ed.1990).
{¶ 6} Here, Sears argues that his sentence was contrary to law for two reasons: (1)
the trial judge considered information outside what he was permitted to consider under
R.C. 2929.19(B)(1)(a); and (2) he violated his right of allocution under Crim.R. 32(A)(1)
3. by failing to allow him to address new information before imposing his sentence. We
begin by addressing R.C. 2929.19(B)(1)(a).
{¶ 7} Under R.C. 2929.19(B)(1)(a), when sentencing an offender, a trial court
must consider the following information at the sentencing hearing: (1) the record; (2) any
information presented at the hearing by the offender, the prosecuting attorney, the victim
or the victim’s representative, and any other person approved by the trial court; (3) the
presentence investigation report; and (4) any victim impact statement. In State v. Fowler,
6th Dist. Ottawa No. OT-21-031, 2022-Ohio-3499, ¶ 15, we recognized that a sentence
may be “contrary to law” where the trial court relies on information from a source outside
of those authorized by R.C. 2929.19(B)(1)(a). Other Ohio courts have explained that
“[w]hatever the court considers for sentencing should be either part of the presentence
investigation or ‘presented’ at the sentencing hearing before allocution.” State v. Yates,
195 Ohio App.3d 33, 2011-Ohio-3619, 958 N.E.2d 640, ¶ 25 (2d Dist.); State v. Light,
11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2022-A-0055, 2023-Ohio-1187, ¶ 24 (11th Dist.).
{¶ 8} At the sentencing hearing, the trial judge indicated that he had considered
the PSI submitted by the Ottawa County Probation Department, but he also revealed that
the probation department had communicated with the APA and had spoken with the
probation department in Sandusky County, where Sears was facing other criminal
charges. The court told Sears that Sandusky County, the APA, and the Ottawa County
probation department all agreed that he is not amenable to community control. “So,” the
4. court told Sears, “I will find that you’re not amenable to community control.” It
immediately proceeded to sentence Sears.
{¶ 9} The PSI is part of the record on appeal here, as is the transcript of the
sentencing hearing. No one spoke at the hearing concerning any conversation with
Sandusky County or the APA, and the PSI does not document any such conversations.
The state appears to concede that there is no writing reflecting either the judge’s
conversation with the probation officer or the probation officer’s conversations with
Sandusky County or the APA. It argues instead that “[n]othing in R.C. 2929.19(A)
requires that information presented by any other person that is relevant to the imposition
of sentence must be presented in writing prior to sentencing.” (Emphasis in original.)
It insists that “a trial court must be permitted to communicate verbally with its own Adult
Probation Department; otherwise, the dilatory drudge of reducing all communications to
writing would frustrate effective communications between a trial court and its own Adult
Probation Department.”
{¶ 10} R.C. 2929.19(A) says that a trial court shall hold a sentencing hearing at
which “the offender, the prosecuting attorney, the victim or the victim’s representative *
* *, and, with the approval of the court, any other person may present information
relevant to the imposition of sentence in the case.” R.C. 2929.19(B)(1)(a) further states
that “[a]t the sentencing hearing, the court, before imposing sentence, shall * * *
[c]onsider the record, any information presented at the hearing by any person pursuant to
division (A) of this section, and, if one was prepared, the presentence investigation report
5. made pursuant to section 2951.03 of the Revised Code or Criminal Rule 32.2, and any
victim impact statement made pursuant to section 2947.051 of the Revised Code.”
(Emphasis added.)
{¶ 11} R.C. 2929.19(A) and (B)(1)(a) are clear and unambiguous, therefore, we
must assume that they mean what they say. See Hakim v. Kosydar, 49 Ohio St.2d 161,
164, 359 N.E.2d 1371 (1977), citing Chope v. Collins, 48 Ohio St.2d 297, 300, 358
N.E.2d 573, fn. 2 (1976) (“An unambiguous statute means what it says.”). By their plain
language, R.C. 2929.19(A) and (B)(1)(a) do not permit a trial judge who is sentencing a
defendant to rely on oral statements that are not presented in court or otherwise included
in the record or PSI. See also State v. Hale, 2014-Ohio-262, 7 N.E.3d 643, ¶ 30 (3d
Dist.) (Rogers, J., concurring) (“[T]he trial court must only consider what is properly on
the record at sentencing, and cannot rely on information outside of the record.”).
Accordingly, we are forced to conclude that the trial court violated R.C. 2929.19(B)(1)(a)
when it imposed a sentence after considering information of the type not enumerated in
the statute.
{¶ 12} The dissent contends that the oral communication the trial judge received
from the probation department introduced “nothing intrinsically new,” was not a
“surprise” to Sears, and “was presented by the trial court itself at sentencing.” It
characterizes our application of the plain language of the statute as producing an “absurd
and unnecessary” result.
6. {¶ 13} First, the Ohio Supreme Court cautioned (in the same case cited by the
dissent), that “all courts should exercise restraint in the application of the absurd-result
exception [to the plain-meaning rule of construction], employing it in only those cases in
which the plain language of a statute results in an obviously unintended result.” State ex
rel. Clay v. Cuyahoga Cnty. Med. Examiner’s Office, 152 Ohio St.3d 163, 2017-Ohio-
8714, 94 N.E.3d 498, ¶ 26, citing Scalia & Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of
Legal Texts 239 (2012). Applying the plain language of R.C. 2929.19(B) to limit the
court’s consideration to information contained in the record, presented at the hearing by
certain enumerated witnesses, or included in the written PSI does not lead to “an
obviously unintended result.”
{¶ 14} Second, R.C. 2919.19A(A) does not list the trial judge among the people
who can present information at the hearing. It lists (1) the offender, (2) the prosecuting
attorney, (3) the victim or the victim’s representative, and (4) “with the approval of the
court, any other person.” Id. It would be absurd to interpret “with the approval of the
court, any other person” to include the trial judge himself when the legislature could just
have easily specified the trial judge among the people authorized to present information
at sentencing. Moreover, it is not implied anywhere that the trial judge may act as the
mouthpiece for the probation department. To the contrary, R.C. 2951.03(A) explicitly
requires the probation officer to generate “a written presentence investigation report”
reflecting the results of his or her investigation; there is no provision permitting just an
oral, off-the-record report. And despite the suggestion in the dissent to the contrary, there
7. is no exception permitting the trial court to consider information not specified in R.C.
2919.19(B) so long as it is “not intrinsically new” or is not a “surprise.”
{¶ 15} Turning to Crim.R. 32(A)(1), “[a]t the time of imposing sentence, the court
shall * * * [a]fford counsel an opportunity to speak on behalf of the defendant and
address the defendant personally and ask if he or she wishes to make a statement in his or
her own behalf or present any information in mitigation of punishment.”
{¶ 16} Sears complains here that the trial court referenced information previously
not disclosed to him, then immediately proceeded to sentencing without providing him
the opportunity to address this new information. The state does not directly dispute this
contention. Rather, it argues that “it would be incongruous for this court to tell the trial
court and its own Adult Probation Department that they collectively satisfied their
statutory obligations but nonetheless violated the Appellant’s right of allocution because
they satisfied their statutory obligations.” The state’s response ignores the fact that it is
possible (and expected) that the court and probation department can (and usually do)
satisfy their statutory obligations without violating a defendant’s right of allocution. All
a court must do to avoid violating the right of allocution is to provide an opportunity for
the defendant to address all information offered against him before imposing a sentence.
{¶ 17} In Yates, 195 Ohio App.3d 33, 2011-Ohio-3619, 958 N.E.2d 640, for
example, the trial court informed Yates that it had a report from his bail bondsperson
indicating that Yates had been transporting drugs interstate while out on bond. After the
court told Yates about the information received from the bondsperson, Yates raised his
8. hand, requesting to speak. The trial court cut him off, allowed no more discussion, then
sentenced him to five years’ imprisonment. On appeal, Yates argued, among other
things, that the trial court violated his right of allocution. The Second District Court of
Appeals agreed.
{¶ 18} The court recognized that the “‘Crim.R. 32 inquiry * * * represents a
defendant’s last opportunity to plead his case or express remorse.’” Id. at ¶ 19, quoting
State v. Green, 90 Ohio St.3d 352, 359-360, 738 N.E.2d 1208 (2000). It observed that a
defendant’s right of allocution is fulfilled “when the court’s conduct clearly shows the
defendant and his counsel that each has a right to make a statement before sentence is
imposed.” Id., citing Defiance v. Cannon, 70 Ohio App.3d 821, 828, 592 N.E.2d 884 (3d
Dist.1990). The court explained that “[a] trial court errs when it does not let the
defendant address new information introduced and considered by the trial court at
sentencing,” and such “error is presumed prejudicial because the defendant is prevented
from speaking at the appropriate time.” Id. at ¶ 21.
{¶ 19} The court emphasized that although the trial judge let Yates and his counsel
speak at the beginning of the sentencing hearing, he did not let Yates speak again
between discussing the bondsperson’s report and imposing the sentence. It found that the
report constituted new information, and it was unknown whether defense counsel had
been made aware of the report before the hearing. Moreover, it was unclear whether the
trial judge had relied on the report in imposing the sentence. The court, therefore,
reversed and remanded for resentencing. It clarified that on remand, the trial court should
9. determine whether it considered the bond report for purposes of sentencing. Id. at ¶ 26.
It instructed that “[i]If the bond report was considered for sentencing, then the trial court
should determine whether Yates or his counsel was apprised of the bond-report
information before their opportunity for allocution”; “[i]f not, then Yates should be given
an opportunity to respond to the bond-report information before he is resentenced.”
{¶ 20} Finally, the court was concerned that the report of the bail bondsperson was
not part of the record on appeal. It cautioned that “[i]n reviewing the propriety of a trial
court’s sentencing decision, an appellate court must have before it the evidence and other
information upon which the trial court relied in making its sentencing decision.” The
court held that “if the trial court wishes to take the report of the bail bondsperson into
consideration in determining a proper sentence, it should append it to, and preserve it
with, the presentence-investigation report.” Id. at ¶ 27.
{¶ 21} Similarly, in Fowler, 6th Dist. Ottawa No. OT-21-031, 2022-Ohio-3499,
involving an aggravated-vehicular homicide conviction that arose from a motorcycle
accident, the trial judge informed Fowler that he lives very close to the site of the
accident, and his wife had told him “that she could hear [the] motorcycle leaving town
and knew by the pitch of the engine and how quickly it was moving up the road that there
would be an accident.” Id. at ¶ 9. The court told Fowler that his wife “knew that from a
half a mile, a mile away, so it was predictable not only, it was probable” that an accident
would occur. Id. After saying this, the trial judge did not give Fowler or his attorney an
opportunity to respond to this information before announcing his sentence.
10. {¶ 22} We found, first, that the trial court erred by considering information other
than that permitted by R.C. 2929.19(B)(1)(a). And, like the Yates court, we also found
that the trial judge violated the defendant’s right of allocution by not allowing him to
respond to the new information that he obtained from his wife. We observed that
“[w]hen the court (as opposed to the state or a third party) introduces the new
information, there is a higher likelihood that the court actually considered the new
information in arriving at its sentence, and, consequently, a higher likelihood of prejudice
to the defendant.” Fowler at ¶ 17.
{¶ 23} Here, as in Yates and Fowler, the trial judge did not allow Sears an
opportunity to respond to the new information before proceeding to sentence him.
Sears’s Crim.R. 32(A)(1) right of allocution was, therefore, violated.
{¶ 24} Having found that the trial court violated R.C. 2929.19(B)(1)(a) and
Crim.R. 32(A)(1), we must next determine whether these errors constitute reversible
error. The state emphasizes that Sears did not object when the trial court disclosed that it
had information that had come from Sandusky County and the APA. It maintains,
therefore, that this court should employ a plain-error standard of review under Crim.R. 52
and find that the lower court did not commit plain error. It argues secondarily that if we
find that the trial court committed error, we should find that any such error was harmless.
{¶ 25} Harmless error is “[a]ny error, defect, irregularity, or variance which does
not affect substantial rights * * *.” Crim.R. 52(A). Plain error is error that affects
substantial rights. Crim.R. 52(B). An “error that affects substantial rights” is one that
11. affects the outcome. State v. Rogers, 143 Ohio St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459, 38 N.E.3d
860, ¶ 22. To show that an error affected substantial rights, the defendant must
demonstrate that there was a “reasonable probability that the error resulted in prejudice.”
(Emphasis in original.) Id.
{¶ 26} Ohio courts have recognized that when a trial court imposes a sentence that
is contrary to law, the sentencing errors affect the defendant’s substantial rights. State v.
Masciarelli, 7th Dist. Belmont No. 15 BE 0016, 2017-Ohio-170, ¶ 26; State v. Walters,
4th Dist. Adams No. 15CA1009, 2016-Ohio-5783, ¶ 25. But more specific to this case,
courts have found prejudice where these particular errors—violations of R.C.
2929.19(B)(1)(a) and Crim.R. 32(A)(1)—occurred.
{¶ 27} In Fowler, we found that because the trial judge’s comments demonstrated
that he took new, outside information into consideration and relied on it when deciding
on a sentence, the error was not harmless. See Fowler at ¶ 18. Additionally, the Yates
court explained that when a trial court does not allow the defendant to address new
information introduced and considered by the trial court at sentencing, “error is presumed
prejudicial because the defendant is prevented from speaking at the appropriate time.”
Yates at ¶ 21. We emphasized in Fowler that when it is the court—as opposed to the
state or a third party—that introduces the new information, “there is a higher likelihood
that the court actually considered the new information in arriving at its sentence, and,
consequently, a higher likelihood of prejudice to the defendant.” Fowler at ¶ 17. See
also Light, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2022-A-0055, 2023-Ohio-1187, at ¶ 27-28 (finding
12. that despite his failure to object, defendant suffered prejudice when court relied on “new
information” that was “not otherwise part of the record,” then proceeded to sentencing
without allowing defendant to respond); State v. Castle, 4th Dist. Lawrence No. 03CA24,
2004-Ohio-1992, ¶ 9 (“The failure to grant allocution is not harmless error when a
defendant is denied the opportunity to address evidence introduced and considered by the
trial court at sentencing.”).
{¶ 28} Here, there is no question that the trial court considered and relied on
information that was not contained in the record, presented at the sentencing hearing, or
included in the PSI. There is also no question that this information was relayed without
giving Sears an opportunity to respond. Specifically, the court said that Sandusky
County, the APA, and the Ottawa County probation department all agreed that he is not
amenable to community control. “So,” the court told Sears, “I will find that you’re not
amenable to community control.” (Emphasis added.) Because it is clear that the court
relied on information outside R.C. 2929.19(B)(1)(a) that was not presented at the
sentencing hearing before allocution, in violation of Crim.R. 32(A)(1), we conclude that
Sears’s sentence was contrary to law and the trial court’s errors were not harmless.
{¶ 29} The dissent contends that any error here was harmless because there is no
suggestion that Sears was taken by surprise by information coming from the APA or the
Sandusky County probation department. But that puts this court in the position of
deeming what is or is not surprising to a person being sentenced. If the information was
properly offered before allocution—i.e., because it was (1) contained in the record; (2)
13. presented at the hearing by the offender, the prosecuting attorney, the victim or the
victim’s representative, and any other person approved by the trial court before
allocution; (3) included in the presentence investigation report; or (4) referenced in any
victim impact statement and presented before allocution—we would not be forced to
make such an assessment. But it was not, and according to Ohio case law, we presume
Sears was prejudiced.
{¶ 30} We find Sears’s sole assignment of error well-taken.
III. Conclusion
{¶ 31} The trial judge considered and relied on information of a type not
enumerated in R.C. 2929.19(B)(1)(a), which it introduced without providing Sears an
opportunity to respond, also violating his right of allocution under Crim.R. 32(A)(1).
These errors were not harmless. As such, Sears’s sentence was contrary to law. We find
his sole assignment of error well-taken, reverse the August 4, 2022 judgment of the
Ottawa County Court of Common Pleas, and remand to the trial court for resentencing.
The state is ordered to pay the costs of this appeal under App.R. 24.
Judgment reversed and remanded.
14. State of Ohio v. Jason Sears C.A. No. OT-22-048
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27. See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.
Christine E. Mayle, J. ____________________________ JUDGE Charles E. Sulek, J. CONCUR. ____________________________ JUDGE
Myron C. Duhart, P.J. DISSENTS AND WRITES SEPARATELY.
DUHART, P.J., dissenting.
{¶ 32} I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that a sentencing judge may not
rely on previously disclosed oral communications from the judge’s own probation
department, especially where, as here, the communication has introduced nothing
intrinsically new to the sentencing calculation.
{¶ 33} In the instant case, the trial court, addressing Sears’ amenability to
community control, stated simply:
I’ve certainly considered the Presentence Report that I received from the
[Ottawa County] Probation Department who attempted to do the most
15. thorough job they could without your participation in at least parts of it.
They have spoken with Sandusky County and with, they’ve had
communication with the Adult Parole Authority, all of whom it is their
opinion that you’re not amenable to community control. And it is the
opinion of [the Ottawa County] Probation Department that, again, you’re
not amenable to community control. So I will find that you are not
amenable to community control.
{¶ 34} With this statement, the trial court merely disclosed that it had
considered both the recommendation of its own probation department, over whose
work the trial court has supervisory power, and the reasons and underlying support
for that recommendation. See R.C. 2301.27(A)(1)(a) (providing that the court shall
supervise the work of its probation officers).
{¶ 35} The majority’s interpretation of R.C. 2929.19(A) and (B)(1)(a) renders
unlawful the trial court’s objectively reasonable action in this case. “‘[I]t is the duty of
the courts, if the language of a statute fairly permits * * * so to construe the statute as to
avoid [an unreasonable or absurd] result.’” State ex rel. Clay v. Cuyahoga County
Medical Examiner’s Office, 152 Ohio St.3d 163, 2017-Ohio-8714, 94 N.Ed.3d 498, ¶ 24,
citing State ex rel. Cooper v. Savord, 153 Ohio St.367, 92 N.E.2d 390 (1950), paragraph
one of the syllabus. In my opinion, the majority’s interpretation of R.C. 2929.19(A) and
(B)(1)(a) yields an absurd and unnecessary result in that it prevents a trial judge from
relying on communications from his or her own probation department.
16. {¶ 36} As indicated above, R.C. 2929.19(A) provides that a trial court shall hold a
sentencing hearing at which “the offender, the prosecuting attorney, the victim or the
victim’s representative * * * and, with the approval of the court, any other person may
present information relevant to the imposition of sentence in this case.” And R.C.
2929.19(B)(1) states that “[a]t the sentencing hearing the court, before imposing
sentence, shall * * * [c]onsider the record,” including “any information presented at the
hearing by any person pursuant to division (A) of this section.” Although the statute does
not specify trial judges among the people authorized to present information at sentencing,
it also makes no exclusions for them. To the contrary, it allows any person having the
court’s approval to present information relevant to the imposition of sentence.
{¶ 37} I reject the majority’s suggestion that this interpretation of the law would
render a trial judge a “mouthpiece” for the probation department. Instead, it would permit
a trial court to consider and to put on the record relevant information that had already
been relayed to it by that department.
{¶ 38} By contrast, the majority’s interpretation of the law, when taken to its
logical conclusion, would compel the absurd result that a trial court would have to
disregard oral communications received from the very probation department over whose
work the trial court has supervisory authority. See R.C. 2301.(A)(1)(a) (providing that the
trial court shall supervise the work of its probation department).
{¶ 39} For all of the foregoing reasons, I would find that the trial court lawfully
considered information concerning Sears’ amenability to community control that was
17. obtained through the trial court’s own probation department and, thereafter, was
presented by the trial court itself at sentencing. In this way, the trial court’s action is
easily and fairly viewed as conforming with the plain language of the applicable statutes.
{¶ 40} Regarding the alleged violation of Crim.R. 32(A)(1), Sear’s right of
allocution, I would note that at the time of sentencing in this case, Sears was on parole
and was actively involved with the Sandusky County probation department. Any
suggestion that he was taken by surprise by information coming from the APA or the
Sandusky County probation department concerning his amenability to community control
defies credibility. In this way, Sears’ case is materially distinguishable from Fowler,
where the trial judge’s wife was the source of new and outside information that was
relied upon by the trial court but could not have been known by the defendant to exist.
Sears’ case is also distinguishable from Yates, where the trial judge prevented the
defendant from speaking after the defendant had raised his hand, indicating his desire to
do so. In the instant case, Sears, upon hearing of the recommendations of the other
correctional authorities, made absolutely no attempt to challenge or to otherwise address
them. Nor did his counsel make any attempt to object. Under the circumstances, I, unlike
the majority, would find that any violation of Crim.R. 32(A)(1) was, at most, harmless
error.
{¶ 41} In sum, because the trial court in this case candidly disclosed that it had
relied upon a relevant and proper communication from its probation department, and
because the communication in question addressed nothing intrinsically new or surprising
18. to the defendant that would result in any unfair prejudice, I respectfully dissent and
would affirm the judgment of the trial court.
This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at: http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.
19.