[Cite as State v. Schubert, 2021-Ohio-1478.]
COURT OF APPEALS LICKING COUNTY, OHIO FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
STATE OF OHIO JUDGES: Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J. Plaintiff-Appellee Hon. William B. Hoffman, J. Hon. Earle E. Wise, Jr., J. -vs- Case No. 2020 CA 00040 ALAN SCHUBERT
Defendant-Appellant O P I N IO N
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS: Appeal from the Licking County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 2019 CR 00349
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: April 28, 2021
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant
WILLIAM C. HAYES APRIL CAMPBELL Licking County Prosecutor 46 ½ N. Sandusky Street Delaware, Ohio 43015 PAULA M. SAWYERS Assistant Prosecuting Attorney 20 S. Second Street, Fourth Floor Newark, Ohio 43055 Licking County, Case No. 2020 CA 00040 2
Hoffman, J. {¶1} Defendant-appellant Alan Schubert appeals the judgment entered by the
Licking County Common Pleas Court convicting him following his pleas of no contest to
two counts of aggravated vehicular homicide (R.C. 2903.06(A)(1)(a)), R.C.
2903.06(A)(2)(a)) and six counts of pandering obscenity involving a minor (R.C.
2907.321(A)(1), (5)), and sentencing him to an aggregate term of incarceration of twelve
years. Plaintiff-appellee is the state of Ohio.
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND CASE
{¶2} On June 20, 2018, Appellant was operating a Jeep Grand Cherokee in the
southbound lane of State Route 37 in Licking County at about 65-69 miles per hour. He
traveled into the northbound lane, colliding with a 2012 Chrysler 2000. The driver of the
Chrysler was traveling about 38 miles per hour at the point of impact, and attempted to
avoid a collision by applying her brakes and pulling to the right side of her lane of travel.
The driver of the Chrysler died as a result of injuries sustained in the collision. Appellant
was injured in the collision, and transported to Grant Medical Center.
{¶3} Police obtained a search warrant for Appellant’s blood which was collected
by the hospital. His blood tested positive for amphetamine and for methamphetamine.
After receiving the results of the blood test, police obtained a warrant for three cell phones
found at the scene of the crash. While executing the warrant on Appellant’s cell phone,
the forensic examiner found nude pictures of juvenile females. Based upon this
information, police applied for an additional search warrant to search the phone for child
pornography.
{¶4} Appellant was indicted by the Licking County Grand Jury with five second-
degree felony counts of pandering obscenity involving a minor, one fourth-degree felony Licking County, Case No. 2020 CA 00040 3
count of pandering obscenity involving a minor, one count of aggravated vehicular
homicide as a second degree felony, and one count of aggravated vehicular homicide as
a third degree felony.
{¶5} On October 10, 2019, Appellant filed a motion to suppress, arguing his
blood was not drawn and tested in substantial compliance with the Ohio Administrative
Code, and the initial search of his phone exceeded the scope of the warrant. Appellant
filed a supplemental motion to suppress on October 15, 2019, arguing his phone was
searched prior to police obtaining a warrant, the warrants for the searches of his blood
and phone were not supported by probable cause, the affiant for issuance of the warrants
usurped the inference-drawing function of the magistrate, the affiant used unreliable
information in obtaining the warrant, and the judge was misled by false information in the
warrant. Following an evidentiary hearing, the trial court overruled the motion to
suppress.
{¶6} Appellant entered a plea of no contest to all charges. He was convicted as
charged. The trial court merged all counts of pandering obscenity of a minor, and merged
the two counts of aggravated vehicular homicide. The trial court sentenced Appellant to
four years incarceration for pandering obscenity and to eight years incarceration on
aggravated vehicular homicide, to be served consecutively for an aggregate term of
twelve years incarceration. It is from the June 10, 2020 judgment of the Licking County
Common Pleas Court Appellant prosecutes his appeal, assigning as error:
I. THE TRIAL COURT SHOULD HAVE GRANTED SCHUBERT’S
MOTION TO SUPPRESS HIS BLOOD TEST RESULTS, BECAUSE THE Licking County, Case No. 2020 CA 00040 4
STATE FAILED TO PROVE THAT SCHUBERT’S BLOOD TESTS
COMPLIED WITH THE ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS AND R.C.
4511.19.
II. THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION, ALSO
VIOLATING SCHUBERT’S FIFTH AND SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHTS, BY
NOT ALLOWING SCHUBERT TO PRESENT WITNESSES OR ASK
QUESTIONS AT THE SUPPRESSION HEARING ABOUT ISSUES
PROPERLY RAISED.
III. THE EVIDENCE AGAINST SCHUBERT SHOULD BE
REVERSED, BECAUSE AFFIDAVITS SUPPORTING THE SEARCH OF
SCHUBERT’S PHONE AND BLOOD DID NOT CONTAIN PROBABLE
CAUSE TO SUPPORT THEM. FURTHER, THE WARRANTS WERE
OVERBROAD AND NOT SUFFICIENTLY PARTICULAR.
IV. GOOD FAITH EXCEPTION DOES NOT APPLY TO CURE THE
INSUFFICIENT SEARCH WARRANTS IN SCHUBERT’S CASE.
I.
{¶7} In his first assignment of error, Appellant argues the court erred in failing to
suppress the results of his blood test. He argues the trial court was incorrect in finding
proof of substantial compliance was not required because the blood was drawn by the
hospital, and further the trial court erred in finding the State presented evidence his blood
was drawn and tested in substantial compliance with Department of Health regulations in
this particular case, as opposed to the hospital’s general protocol. Licking County, Case No. 2020 CA 00040 5
{¶8} There are three methods of challenging on appeal a trial court's ruling on a
motion to suppress. First, an appellant may challenge the trial court's findings of fact. In
reviewing a challenge of this nature, an appellate court must determine whether said
findings of fact are against the manifest weight of the evidence. State v. Fanning, 1 Ohio
St.3d 19, 437 N.E.2d 583 (1982); State v. Klein, 73 Ohio App.3d 486, 597 N.E.2d
1141(1991); State v. Guysinger, 86 Ohio App.3d 592, 621 N.E.2d 726(1993). Second, an
appellant may argue the trial court failed to apply the appropriate test or correct law to the
findings of fact. In that case, an appellate court can reverse the trial court for committing
an error of law. State v. Williams, 86 Ohio App.3d 37, 619 N.E.2d 1141 (1993). Finally,
assuming the trial court's findings of fact are not against the manifest weight of the
evidence and it has properly identified the law to be applied, an appellant may argue the
trial court has incorrectly decided the ultimate or final issue raised in the motion to
suppress. When reviewing this type of claim, an appellate court must independently
determine, without deference to the trial court's conclusion, whether the facts meet the
appropriate legal standard in any given case. State v. Curry, 95 Ohio App.3d 93, 641
N.E.2d 1172 (1994); State v. Claytor, 85 Ohio App.3d 623, 620 N.E.2d 906 (1993);
Guysinger, supra. As the United States Supreme Court held in Ornelas v. U.S., 517 U.S.
690, 116 S.Ct. 1657, 1663, 134 L.Ed.2d 911 (1996), “... as a general matter
determinations of reasonable suspicion and probable cause should be reviewed de novo
on appeal.”
{¶9} When ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court assumes the role of trier
of fact and is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and to evaluate the credibility Licking County, Case No. 2020 CA 00040 6
of witnesses. See State v. Dunlap, 73 Ohio St.3d 308, 314, 1995–Ohio–243, 652 N.E.2d
988; State v. Fanning , 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 20, 437 N.E.2d 583 (1982).
{¶10} R.C. 4511.19(D)(1)(a) provides:
(D)(1)(a) In any criminal prosecution or juvenile court proceeding for
a violation of division (A)(1)(a) of this section or for an equivalent offense
that is vehicle-related, the result of any test of any blood or urine withdrawn
and analyzed at any health care provider, as defined in section 2317.02 of
the Revised Code, may be admitted with expert testimony to be considered
with any other relevant and competent evidence in determining the guilt or
innocence of the defendant.
{¶11} In order to be admitted pursuant to R.C. 4511.19(D)(1)(a), the sample must
be both withdrawn and analyzed by a health care provider. State v. Oliver, 9th Dist.
Summit No. 25162, 2010-Ohio-6306, ¶ 15. In the instant case, the blood sample was
withdrawn by a health care provider, but was not analyzed by a health care provider.
Therefore, we find the trial court erred in finding the results of Appellant’s blood test were
admissible with expert testimony pursuant to R.C. 4511.19(D)(1)(a).
{¶12} However, the trial court also found the blood test results to be admissible
because the State proved substantial compliance with OAC 3701-53-05.
{¶13} When results of blood tests are challenged in an aggravated-vehicular-
homicide prosecution which depends upon proof of an R.C. 4511.19(A) violation, the
State must show substantial compliance with R.C. 4511.19(D)(1) and Ohio Administrative Licking County, Case No. 2020 CA 00040 7
Code Chapter 3701–53 before the test results are admissible. State v. Mayl, 106 Ohio
St.3d 207, 2005-Ohio-4629, 833 N.E.2d 1216, ¶ 48. Substantial compliance does not
mean strict compliance, and errors which are de minimis, defined as “minor procedural
deviations,” will be excused. Id. at ¶49.
{¶14} Appellant argues the State failed to prove the blood draw complied with
OAC 3701-53-05(B), which requires when collecting a blood sample, an aqueous solution
of a non-volatile antiseptic shall be used on the skin, and no alcohol shall be used as a
skin antiseptic. The State failed to present the testimony of the person who conducted
the blood draw on Appellant; therefore, there is no testimony concerning what type of
antiseptic was used on Appellant’s skin. However, Dustin Abbott, an expert witness and
forensic scientist formerly employed by the Ohio State Highway Patrol crime lab who
conducted the drug testing on Appellant’s blood sample, testified whether the swab used
in the instant case contained alcohol or did not contain alcohol would have no effect on
the results of the drug test on Appellant’s blood. There was no alcohol detected in
Appellant’s tests; thus, the only relevant tests in the instant case were the drug tests. As
a result, the absence of evidence in this case concerning the type of swab used is a de
minimis violation which may be excused.
{¶15} Appellant argues the State failed to prove the blood was drawn in
substantial compliance with OAC 3701-53-05(C), which provides, ” Blood shall be drawn
with a sterile dry needle into a vacuum container with a solid anticoagulant, or according
to the laboratory protocol as written in the laboratory procedure manual based on the type
of specimen being tested.” Licking County, Case No. 2020 CA 00040 8
{¶16} Kelly Sims, an employee in the lab at Grant Medical Center, testified Grant
Medical Center protocol for collection of blood would require a medic to draw blood from
the IV line with a sterile syringe, place them in vials, and initial them. She further testified
the preservative in the lavender capped tubes used by the hospital is EDTA. Dustin
Abbott testified he is familiar with the industry standards for hospitals in Ohio, and the
anticoagulants used in different types of vials. He testified the lavender capped
vacutainer tubes in Ohio contain the anticoagulant is EDTA, which is a crystalized or
powdered substance placed in the tube in advance. He testified EDTA is added during
the manufacturing process and the tube is then vacuum sealed. He testified if the EDTA
is removed from the tube, the tube would no longer function and could not be used to
draw blood. He identified the tube he tested as having the lavender cap, and personally
observed the tube was in normal condition and the blood in the tube was not coagulated.
Another analyst in the lab had tested the blood sample for alcohol, and Abbott testified
the documentation, presented as State’s Exhibit 10 at the suppression hearing,
established the tubes were properly sealed when brought to the lab. We find the
testimony sufficient to demonstrate substantial compliance with OAC 3701-53-05(C).
{¶17} Lastly, Appellant argues the evidence did not demonstrate substantial
compliance with OAC 3701-53-05(F), which requires all blood samples to be refrigerated
when not in transit or under examination.
{¶18} Kelly Sims testified her job duties at Grant Medical Center included taking
blood products collected in a Level 1 or 2 trauma from the emergency department to the
lab. She testified she took the vials of blood in the instant case from the emergency
department to the lab, where they were analyzed. She testified the blood vials were then Licking County, Case No. 2020 CA 00040 9
stored in laboratory refrigerators until they were released to the Ohio State Highway
Patrol. Dustin Abbott testified samples are refrigerated in the lab at all times except when
they were directly undergoing examination. We find the testimony sufficient to
demonstrate substantial compliance with OAC 3701-53-05(F).
{¶19} We find the trial court did not err in finding the State demonstrated
substantial compliance with the Ohio Administrative Code, and therefore the trial court
did not err in finding the results of the blood drug test to be admissible. The first
assignment of error is overruled.
II.
{¶20} In his second assignment of error, Appellant argues the court erred in failing
to allow him to present witnesses and cross-examine the State’s witnesses concerning
false statements made in the affidavits submitted to obtain the search warrants, as well
as his allegation police searched his phone prior to obtaining the warrant.
{¶21} In the memorandum in support of his supplemental motion to suppress,
Appellant argued statements attributed to paramedics concerning his drug use, which
were included in the affidavit supporting the warrant to search his blood, were false. He
also argued at the suppression hearing a police report identified two of the phones found
at the scene as belonging to Appellant and one to the victim, which suggested police
searched Appellant’s phone prior to seeking a warrant, and such facts were deliberately
excluded from the search warrant affidavit. He attached no affidavits or evidentiary
materials to his motion to support his claims of false or misleading statements made in
the affidavits. Licking County, Case No. 2020 CA 00040 10
{¶22} In State v. Khaliq, 5th Dist. Licking No. 15-CA-64, 2017-Ohio-7136, this
Court discussed what a defendant must provide in order to challenge the affidavit
submitted by police in order to obtain a search warrant:
Appellant asserts his motion to suppress presented allegations of
deliberate falsehood or reckless disregard for the truth. We disagree.
In State v. Jackson, Ninth Dist. App. No. 14CA100953, 2015–Ohio–
3520, the Ninth District held,
“There is * * * a presumption of validity with respect to the affidavit
supporting [a] search warrant.” Franks, 438 U.S. at 171, 98 S.Ct. 2674. “In
Franks v. Delaware * * *, the United States Supreme Court squarely
addressed the issue of when a defendant, under the Fourth Amendment, is
entitled to a hearing to challenge the veracity of the facts set forth in the
warrant affidavit after the warrant has been issued and executed.” State v.
Roberts, 62 Ohio St.2d 170, 177, 405 N.E.2d 247 (1980).
“To mandate an evidentiary hearing, the challenger's attack must be
more than conclusory and must be supported by more than a mere desire
to cross-examine. There must be allegations of deliberate falsehood or of
reckless disregard for the truth, and those allegations must be accompanied
by an offer of proof. They should point out specifically the portion of the
warrant affidavit that is claimed to be false; and they should be
accompanied by a statement of supporting reasons. Affidavits or sworn or
otherwise reliable statements of witnesses should be furnished, or their Licking County, Case No. 2020 CA 00040 11
absence satisfactorily explained. Allegations of negligence or innocent
mistake are insufficient.”
Franks at 171, 98 S.Ct. 2674.
Moreover, “[e]ven if a defendant makes a sufficient preliminary
showing, a hearing is not required unless, without the allegedly false
statements, the affidavit is unable to support a finding of probable cause.”
State v. Cubic, 9th Dist. Medina No. 09CA0005–M, 2009–Ohio–5051, 2009
WL 3068751, ¶ 11, citing Roberts at 178, 405 N.E.2d 247, quoting Franks
at 171–172, 98 S.Ct. 2674.
Appellant's motion to suppress asserts the affidavit in support of the
search warrant included “untrue” or “limited” statements. Appellant does not
allege deliberate falsehood or reckless disregard for the truth. The motion
was not supported by affidavits or sworn, reliable statements of witnesses;
nor did Appellant explain the failure to attach affidavits or statements of
witnesses. We find the trial court did not error in denying the motion without
granting Appellant an oral hearing.
{¶23} Id. at ¶¶ 23-25.
{¶24} In the instant case, Appellant alleged the affidavit used to obtain the search
warrant for his blood included a representation paramedics responding to the scene told
police Appellant admitted to drug use. He alleged paramedics at the scene denied
Appellant said anything about drug use. Appellant did not support his motion by affidavits
or sworn statements of the paramedics, nor did he explain his failure to attach affidavits Licking County, Case No. 2020 CA 00040 12
of statements of these witnesses. We find the trial court did not err in denying his motion
without giving Appellant an oral hearing on the truth or falsity of these statements.
{¶25} Further, we note Appellant filed a post-hearing memorandum with the trial
court, and attached an affidavit of one of the paramedics on the scene stating he did not
“recall” Appellant stating he had taken “illicit drugs” or consumed alcohol prior to the
accident, and if Appellant made any such statements they would have been documented
in the patient care report. The affidavit sets forth the affiant was dispatched to provide
mutual aid to the Hebron Fire Department; thus, multiple units were at the scene of the
crash. We note the affidavit used to obtain the warrant for Appellant’s blood referred to
“paramedics” in plural form, and stated when asked if there were any substances in his
system, Appellant stated there were “numerous substances” in his system. Assuming
arguendo if attached to his original motion the affidavit of the paramedic would have
entitled Appellant to a Franks hearing on the issue, contra to Appellant’s argument before
this Court, it does not affirmatively establish there are false statements in the affidavit.
{¶26} Finally, the trial court did not rely on the statements of the paramedics in
considering whether the affidavit was sufficient to support probable cause for the warrant
for Appellant’s blood. The trial court specifically stated at the hearing he would accept
Appellant’s representation he made no statements at the scene as true in evaluating the
evidence. Supp. Tr. 14. Further, the trial court’s judgment entry specifically states, “The
defendant was unable to make a statement about how the crash occurred or what would
have caused it.” Judgment Entry, June 3, 2020. Therefore, Appellant has not
demonstrated prejudice from the trial court’s failure to allow him to cross-examine Licking County, Case No. 2020 CA 00040 13
witnesses and present testimony concerning the alleged false statements attributed to
paramedics in the search warrant affidavit.
{¶27} As to Appellant’s claim his phone was illegally searched prior to obtaining a
warrant, and his claim police mispresented their knowledge of ownership of the cell
phones in the affidavit to obtain the warrant, Appellant made nothing more than a
conclusory allegation in his supplemental motion to suppress. While at the suppression
hearing he argued he believed the phone was searched prior to the warrant because of
a statement in a report concerning ownership of the three phones found at the scene, he
did not attach this report to his motion in support of this claim, nor has he proffered the
report as an attachment to his post-hearing memorandum. We find the trial court did not
err in finding his inquiry into the alleged misrepresentation in the warrant to be barred
pursuant to Franks, supra.
{¶28} The second assignment of error is overruled.
III., IV.
{¶29} In his third assignment of error, Appellant argues the warrant to search his
blood and the two warrants for the search of his phone are not supported by probable
cause. In his fourth assignment of error, he argues the searches are not otherwise valid
under the good faith doctrine in spite of the lack of probable cause.
{¶30} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Section 14,
Article I, Ohio Constitution, prohibit the government from conducting unreasonable
searches and seizures of persons or their property. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct.
1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968); State v. Andrews, 57 Ohio St.3d 86, 87, 565 N.E.2d 1271
(1991). In determining the sufficiency of probable cause in an affidavit submitted for a Licking County, Case No. 2020 CA 00040 14
search warrant, a trial judge or magistrate must make a practical, common-sense decision
whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit, including the veracity and
basis of knowledge of persons supplying hearsay information, there is a fair probability
that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place. State v. George,
45 Ohio St.3d 325, at paragraph one of the syllabus (1980), citing Illinois v. Gates, 462
U.S. 213, 238–239 (1983). As a reviewing court, we must accord great deference to the
issuing judge's determination of probable cause. See George, at paragraph two of the
syllabus. Doubtful or marginal cases should be resolved in favor of upholding the warrant.
Id. The totality of the circumstances must be examined in determining whether probable
cause existed for a search warrant. Illinois v. Gates, supra. “Probable cause” means only
the probability and not a prima facie showing of criminal activity. George, supra, at 644.
See, also, Beck v. Ohio (1964), 379 U.S. 89 (1964).
{¶31} In George, supra, the Ohio Supreme Court held:
From the foregoing language, it is clear that reviewing courts may
not substitute their own judgment for that of the issuing magistrate by
conducting a de novo determination as to whether the affidavit contains
sufficient probable cause upon which the reviewing court would issue the
search warrant. On the contrary, reviewing courts should accord great
deference to the magistrate's determination of probable cause, and doubtful
or marginal cases in this area should be resolved in favor of upholding the
warrant. Gates, supra, at 237, fn. 10, 103 S.Ct. at 331, fn. 10. It is equally
important to note that, in this context, “reviewing court” clearly includes a Licking County, Case No. 2020 CA 00040 15
trial court conducting a suppression hearing as well as the appellate courts,
insofar as we are all conducting the same “after-the-fact scrutiny” of the
sufficiency of the affidavit.
{¶32} 45 Ohio St.3d at 330, 544 N.E.2d at 645.
{¶33} Search warrants and their accompanying affidavits enjoy a presumption of
validity. State v. Hmedian, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2014CA000117, 2014-Ohio-5728, ¶ 16,
citing State v. Wallace, 7th Dist. Nos. 11 MA 137–11, MA 155, 2012–Ohio–6270. The
duty of a reviewing court is to ensure probable cause existed at the time the search
warrant was executed. Gates, supra, at 214.
{¶34} The affidavit in support of the search warrant for Appellant’s blood stated as
follows:
On or about June 20, 2018, Troopers with the Ohio State Highway
Patrol responded to a two vehicle crash on State Route 37, north of Refugee
Road in Union Township, Licking County, Ohio. Upon arrival, Troopers
observed William Schubert’s vehicle, a 2001 Silver Jeep Grand Cherokee,
in the southbound lane with heavy damage to the left front side of the
vehicle. Troopers also observed a black Chrysler 200 in the grass off to the
east side of the roadway. The driver of the Chrysler 200 was pronounced
deceased at the scene.
Based on the observations by the Troopers, it was determined that
the Chrysler 200 was traveling northbound and Mr. Schubert was traveling Licking County, Case No. 2020 CA 00040 16
southbound. These observations included but are not limited to, fluid trails
from the vehicles, scratches and marks on the roadway. Moreover, it was
determined that Mr. Schubert had [g]one left of center, striking the Chrysler
200 head on. After impact, the Chrysler 200 went off the east side of the
road into the grass. Mr. Schubert’s vehicle proceeded back into the
southbound lane, and came to a final stop facing southbound.
Paramedics on scene briefly interviewed Mr. Schubert. When asked
if he had any drugs in his system, Mr. Schubert indicated that numerous
substance[s] were in his system. Trooper’s [sic] also observed Mr. Schubert
touching his head. Mr. Schubert’s eyes also were pinkish in color,
consistent with drug use.
{¶35} Excising the reported statements Appellant made to the paramedics
concerning substances in his system, as discussed in Appellant’s second assignment of
error, we find the trial court did not err in denying Appellant’s motion to suppress on the
basis the warrant was not supported by probable cause. The positioning of the vehicles
and marks on the roadway led the Ohio State Highway Patrol to conclude Appellant
caused a fatal head-on collision by traveling into the wrong lane of travel. The trooper
noted Appellant’s eyes were pinkish in color, consistent with drug use. Applying the highly
deferential standard to the issuing magistrate’s finding of probable cause, we find the
affidavit supports the conclusion there was a fair probability evidence of the cause of the
crash would be found in Appellant’s blood sample. Licking County, Case No. 2020 CA 00040 17
{¶36} We next turn to the first warrant issued for the search of three cell phones
found at the scene. The affidavit in support of this warrant indicates Appellant’s blood
test results were positive for both amphetamine and methamphetamine. The affiant
further stated there were no witnesses to the crash, and three cell phones were found
outside of the vehicles at the scene of the crash. The affidavit states:
Affiant avers, based on his knowledge, training and experience, the
digital devices in question, may contain additional evidence into the criminal
investigation. The digital device may contain personal identifiers for the
owner, also date and time stamps for incoming and outgoing calls, text
messages and/or Internet browsing information. The affiant submits the
digital device in question may contain evidence to phone conversations,
texting and/or video related to the crimes referenced. Also, the use of cloud
storage has become so closely tied with many devices that the cloud
storage functions as an extension of their digital devices; for this reason, a
person may have data on the cloud storage that is not present on the digital
device. For these reasons, the affiant requests authorization to seize, listen
to, read, review and copy, operate and maintain the above described
property and convert it to human readable form as necessary. (Emphasis
added).
{¶37} At the point in time when police sought the warrant for the three cell phones
found at the scene, they were aware Appellant had drugs in his system at the time of the Licking County, Case No. 2020 CA 00040 18
crash, and thus had information as to the probable cause of the crash. The repeated use
of the word “may” in the affidavit, as highlighted above, demonstrates the officer did not
have a fair probability to believe evidence of the cause of the crash was in the cell phone
date, but rather was merely speculating. In virtually every crash a cell phone is likely to
be found, whether in the grass at the scene, in the car, on the driver’s person, in a purse,
or in a briefcase. The paragraph of the affidavit, cited above to support a fair probability
evidence of the crime in the instant case would be found in the cell phones, includes no
details which suggest this particular crash was caused by cell phone use. The affidavit
in the instant case could be used to seek a warrant in any case in which a cell phone was
found anywhere in the car, on the driver’s person, or near the scene of a collision. We
decline to adopt a rule police may obtain a warrant to search every cell phone found in a
car crash on the speculation evidence of texting or other improper cell phone use while
driving “may” be found in the phone. We therefore conclude the trial court erred in finding
the warrant for the search of the three cell phones was supported by probable cause.
{¶38} However, our inquiry into the initial search of the cell phones does not end
with our conclusion the warrant was not supported by probable cause. Having determined
the search warrant was not supported by probable cause, we next consider whether the
“good faith exception” to the exclusionary rule set forth in United States v. Leon, 468 U.S.
897 (1984), and adopted by the Ohio Supreme Court in State v. Wilmoth, 22 Ohio St.3d
251 (1986), applies in the instant case. Under the “good faith exception,” the exclusionary
rule should not be applied so as to bar the use in the prosecution's case-in-chief of
evidence obtained by officers acting in objectively reasonable reliance on a search
warrant issued by a detached and neutral magistrate but ultimately found to be Licking County, Case No. 2020 CA 00040 19
unsupported by probable cause. State v. George, 45 Ohio St.3d 325, 330 (1980), citing
Leon, supra at 918-23, 926. However, even under the “good faith exception,” suppression
of evidence is appropriate where any of the following occurs:
* * * the magistrate or judge * * * was misled by information in an
affidavit that the affiant knew was false or would have known was false
except for his reckless disregard of the truth * * *; (2) * * * the issuing
magistrate wholly abandoned his judicial role * * *; (3) an officer purports to
rely upon * * * a warrant based upon an affidavit so lacking in indicia of
probable cause as to render official belief in its existence entirely
unreasonable; or (4) * * * depending on the circumstances of the particular
case, a warrant may be so facially deficient-i.e. in failing to particularize the
place to be searched or the things to be seized-that the executing officers
cannot reasonably presume it to be valid.
{¶39} Leon, supra at 923.
{¶40} Nothing in the record suggests the affiant knew information in the affidavit
was false, or would have known it was false but for reckless disregard of the truth. The
record does not demonstrate the magistrate wholly abandoned his judicial role. While we
found the affidavit did not provide sufficient probable cause to support the warrant, we do
not find it so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to render official belief in its existence
entirely unreasonable. The affidavit notes there were no witnesses to the crash, and
while the existence of drugs in Appellant’s system provided an explanation for his driving, Licking County, Case No. 2020 CA 00040 20
it was possible the phones would reveal further evidence of distracted driving either on
Appellant’s part or on the part of the victim. Finally, the warrant was not so facially
deficient no executing officer could reasonably presume it was valid. The warrant set
forth the three phones to be searched and the places in such phones where data might
be located. We therefore find the good faith exception applied to the first warrant for
Appellant’s cell phone, and the trial court did not err in denying his motion to suppress all
evidence seized from the cell phone.
{¶41} The affidavit for the second warrant for Appellant’s phone stated while
executing the warrant on the three phones found at the scene, the forensic examiner
observed photographs of nude young females, which from his training and experience he
believed to be juvenile females. We find this affidavit provided probable cause for the
further search of the phone for evidence of the crime of pandering obscenity involving a
minor. Licking County, Case No. 2020 CA 00040 21
{¶42} Appellant’s third and fourth assignments of error are overruled.
{¶43} The judgment of the Licking County Common Pleas Court is affirmed.
By: Hoffman, J. Gwin, P.J. and Wise, Earle, J. concurs in part; dissents in part Licking County, Case No. 2020 CA 00040 22
Wise, Earle, J., concurs in part and dissents in part.
{¶ 44} I concur in part and respectfully dissent in part.
{¶ 45} I concur with the majority through paragraph 37.
{¶ 46} As to the application of the "good faith exception," I dissent.
{¶ 47} The warrant for the search of the three cell phones found at the accident
scene plainly lacked probable cause. The affidavit, set out in paragraph 36 of the majority
opinion, provided mere speculation that a possible list of data "may" be found upon a
search of the phones. The types of data sought by the warrant, almost certain to be found
in any cell phone, was not linked with any particularity as to how it would lead to evidence
of a crime. There was simply no evidence of appellant’s use of a cell phone or phones at
the time of the accident. It is possible appellant could have been using a phone or phones.
It is just as possible at any accident scene. Does this justify a warrant for the search of
every cell phone found at every accident?
{¶ 48} In Leon and Wilmoth, supra, the United States and Ohio Supreme Courts
have found the good faith exception applies where there was objective reasonable
reliance by the officers on the warrant issued by a detached and neutral magistrate.
However, the exception does not apply if the warrant is "so facially deficient—i.e., in failing
to particularize the place to be searched or the things to be seized—that the executing
officers cannot reasonably presume it to be valid." Leon, 468 U.S. at 923. The Leon court
applied the good faith exception where it found the warrant "was supported by much more
than a 'bare bones' affidavit." Id. at 926. Licking County, Case No. 2020 CA 00040 23
{¶ 49} I would find the affidavit here to be based upon nothing more than
speculation. This is just the type of "bare bones" affidavit which cannot be the basis of
objective reasonable reliance on a warrant.
{¶ 50} I find the good faith exception does not apply in this case and would affirm
appellant’s fourth assignment of error.