AlleN, J.
The origin and history of the inheritance tax are given in the case of
In re Morris,
138 N. C., 259, and in construing statutes upon this subject of taxation we have followed the rule of the New
York courts of a liberal construction to tbe end of taxing all property fairly and reasonably coming witbin their provisions.
Norris v. Durfey.
168 N. C., 323. There were inheritance tax laws in this State as early as 1847, but the first of the present system was adopted in 1901, and at each session of the General Assembly since then it has been retained as a part of our scheme of taxation.
At first only personal property was subject to the tax, but in 1905 the General Assembly declared its purpose to include real property, and while unden the acts of 1905, 1907, and 1909 the question was raised as to whether the machinery had been provided for taxing real property, this was put beyond question in the act of 1911 by provision, which is retained in the acts of 1913 and 1915.
In the original act and down to the act of 1913 the section of the Revenue Act devoted to this subject stated what property should be subject to the tax, and then provided that the tax on the excess of $2,000 should be levied as follows, thereby giving an exemption from taxation of property of the value of $2,000 to all legatees and devisees (S.
v. Bridges,
161 N. C., 258), and then followed in all of the acts from 1901 to 1911, inclusive, five subdivisions of the section, classifying the persons taking the estate by inheritance or by purchase and fixing the rate on each class.
In these acts devises and bequests to husband and wife and to religious, charitable, and educational institutions were exempt from tax, and in the first class subject to the tax were lineal issue, lineal ancestor, brothers and sisters, and one standing in the relation of child, who were taxed 7 5 cents on property of the value of $100, while in the fifth class were strangers and corporations, who were taxed on the excess over $2,000 and up to $5,000 at the rate of $5 on each $100 of property, and at a higher rate in excess of $5,000.
In 1913 the General Assembly struck out the clause preceding the classification, providing that the tax should only be on the excess over $2,000; also the provision exempting husband and wife and religious, charitable, and educational institutions from the tax, removed brother and sister from 'the first class to the second class, in which the rate was $3, and placed husband and wife in the first class, in which the rate war, raised to $1.
It also increased the rate in class five on strangers and corporations from $5 to $10 and omitted the provision theretofore in this classification allowing the tax only on property in excess of $2,000.
In the first class, after enumerating those in the class — lineal issue, lineal ancestor, husband, wife, and one standing in the relation of child — there is the following provision:
“The persons mentioned in this class, except as is hereinafter otherwise provided, shall be entitled to an exemption of $2,000 each:
Provided,
grandchildren shall be allowed only the single exemption of the child they represent:
Provided,
a widow shall he entitled to an exemption of $10,000 and each child under 21 years of age to an exemption of $5,000.”
In the act of 1915 the classification was reduced from five to three, a graduated tax proportioned to the value of the property was adopted, the persons in the first class remaining as in the act of 1913, except “adopted child” was substituted for “person in relation of child,” and strangers and corporations were placed in the third class.
The rate was increased on those in the first class when the property exceeded $25,000 in value, and was decreased on those in the third class.
After stating the rates applicable to the first class, there is this provision in this subdivision of the section: “The persons mentioned in this class shall be entitled to the following exemptions: • Widows, $10,000; each child under 21 years of age, $5,000; all other beneficiaries mentioned in this section, $2,000 each:
Provided,
grandchildren shall be allowed the single exemption of the child they represent”; and after the rates in subdivision three the following:
"Provided,
that no tax shall be imposed or collected under this section,” etc.
This statement of legislation upon the subject in this State shows an advancing tendency to include all property, to decrease exemptions, and to maintain a distinct classification of persons, the lineal descendant, lineal ancestor, husband and wife, being in the most favored class, and the stranger and the corporation in the class subject to the highest tax.
It also clearly appears that up to 1913 it was the policy of the State to allow an exemption of $2,000 to persons and corporations in all classes, as only property in excess of $2,000 was subejct to the tax, and that this policy was changed in the act of 1913 and the exemptions provided only applied- to those in the first class.
The act of 1915 manifests a purpose to continue the policy declared in the act of 1913, as it omits the provision, preceding the classification,- limiting the tax to property in excess of $2,000, and the exemptions have the same placing in the first class.
It was, however, necessary to change the phraseology of. the act, as a graduated tax was adopted apd the five classifications were reduced to three.
It is bcause of this change in language and on account of the use of the words in the first class in stating the exemptions, “all other beneficiaries in this
section,
$2,000,” that the defendants contend that by proper construction the act of 1915 gives an exemption of $10,000
to widows, $5,000 to eacb child under 21, and that the husband, the child over 21, the grandfather, grandmother, the brother, sister, the remotest kinsman, the stranger and the corporation are classified together, and are alike subject to the exemption of $2,000.
This construction would lead to unnatural and irrational consequences, and “It is presumed that the Leislature does not intend an absurdity, or that absurd consequences shall flow from its enactments. Such a result will, therefore, be avoided, if the terms of the act admit of it, by a reasonable construction of the statute. By an absurdity, as the term is here used, is meant anything which is so irrational, unnatural, or inconvenient that it cannot be supposed to have been within the intention of men of ordinary intelligence and discretion. The presumption against absurd consequences of legislation is, therefore, no more than the presumption that the legislators are gifted with ordinary good sense.” Black on Interpretation of Laws, page 104.
The widow and the children under 21, named in the exemptions, are persons to whom the deceased owner of the property owed the legal duty of support, and as between these the act gives the widow $10,000 and the child $5,000, and the child over 21 has; only an exemption of $2,000.
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AlleN, J.
The origin and history of the inheritance tax are given in the case of
In re Morris,
138 N. C., 259, and in construing statutes upon this subject of taxation we have followed the rule of the New
York courts of a liberal construction to tbe end of taxing all property fairly and reasonably coming witbin their provisions.
Norris v. Durfey.
168 N. C., 323. There were inheritance tax laws in this State as early as 1847, but the first of the present system was adopted in 1901, and at each session of the General Assembly since then it has been retained as a part of our scheme of taxation.
At first only personal property was subject to the tax, but in 1905 the General Assembly declared its purpose to include real property, and while unden the acts of 1905, 1907, and 1909 the question was raised as to whether the machinery had been provided for taxing real property, this was put beyond question in the act of 1911 by provision, which is retained in the acts of 1913 and 1915.
In the original act and down to the act of 1913 the section of the Revenue Act devoted to this subject stated what property should be subject to the tax, and then provided that the tax on the excess of $2,000 should be levied as follows, thereby giving an exemption from taxation of property of the value of $2,000 to all legatees and devisees (S.
v. Bridges,
161 N. C., 258), and then followed in all of the acts from 1901 to 1911, inclusive, five subdivisions of the section, classifying the persons taking the estate by inheritance or by purchase and fixing the rate on each class.
In these acts devises and bequests to husband and wife and to religious, charitable, and educational institutions were exempt from tax, and in the first class subject to the tax were lineal issue, lineal ancestor, brothers and sisters, and one standing in the relation of child, who were taxed 7 5 cents on property of the value of $100, while in the fifth class were strangers and corporations, who were taxed on the excess over $2,000 and up to $5,000 at the rate of $5 on each $100 of property, and at a higher rate in excess of $5,000.
In 1913 the General Assembly struck out the clause preceding the classification, providing that the tax should only be on the excess over $2,000; also the provision exempting husband and wife and religious, charitable, and educational institutions from the tax, removed brother and sister from 'the first class to the second class, in which the rate was $3, and placed husband and wife in the first class, in which the rate war, raised to $1.
It also increased the rate in class five on strangers and corporations from $5 to $10 and omitted the provision theretofore in this classification allowing the tax only on property in excess of $2,000.
In the first class, after enumerating those in the class — lineal issue, lineal ancestor, husband, wife, and one standing in the relation of child — there is the following provision:
“The persons mentioned in this class, except as is hereinafter otherwise provided, shall be entitled to an exemption of $2,000 each:
Provided,
grandchildren shall be allowed only the single exemption of the child they represent:
Provided,
a widow shall he entitled to an exemption of $10,000 and each child under 21 years of age to an exemption of $5,000.”
In the act of 1915 the classification was reduced from five to three, a graduated tax proportioned to the value of the property was adopted, the persons in the first class remaining as in the act of 1913, except “adopted child” was substituted for “person in relation of child,” and strangers and corporations were placed in the third class.
The rate was increased on those in the first class when the property exceeded $25,000 in value, and was decreased on those in the third class.
After stating the rates applicable to the first class, there is this provision in this subdivision of the section: “The persons mentioned in this class shall be entitled to the following exemptions: • Widows, $10,000; each child under 21 years of age, $5,000; all other beneficiaries mentioned in this section, $2,000 each:
Provided,
grandchildren shall be allowed the single exemption of the child they represent”; and after the rates in subdivision three the following:
"Provided,
that no tax shall be imposed or collected under this section,” etc.
This statement of legislation upon the subject in this State shows an advancing tendency to include all property, to decrease exemptions, and to maintain a distinct classification of persons, the lineal descendant, lineal ancestor, husband and wife, being in the most favored class, and the stranger and the corporation in the class subject to the highest tax.
It also clearly appears that up to 1913 it was the policy of the State to allow an exemption of $2,000 to persons and corporations in all classes, as only property in excess of $2,000 was subejct to the tax, and that this policy was changed in the act of 1913 and the exemptions provided only applied- to those in the first class.
The act of 1915 manifests a purpose to continue the policy declared in the act of 1913, as it omits the provision, preceding the classification,- limiting the tax to property in excess of $2,000, and the exemptions have the same placing in the first class.
It was, however, necessary to change the phraseology of. the act, as a graduated tax was adopted apd the five classifications were reduced to three.
It is bcause of this change in language and on account of the use of the words in the first class in stating the exemptions, “all other beneficiaries in this
section,
$2,000,” that the defendants contend that by proper construction the act of 1915 gives an exemption of $10,000
to widows, $5,000 to eacb child under 21, and that the husband, the child over 21, the grandfather, grandmother, the brother, sister, the remotest kinsman, the stranger and the corporation are classified together, and are alike subject to the exemption of $2,000.
This construction would lead to unnatural and irrational consequences, and “It is presumed that the Leislature does not intend an absurdity, or that absurd consequences shall flow from its enactments. Such a result will, therefore, be avoided, if the terms of the act admit of it, by a reasonable construction of the statute. By an absurdity, as the term is here used, is meant anything which is so irrational, unnatural, or inconvenient that it cannot be supposed to have been within the intention of men of ordinary intelligence and discretion. The presumption against absurd consequences of legislation is, therefore, no more than the presumption that the legislators are gifted with ordinary good sense.” Black on Interpretation of Laws, page 104.
The widow and the children under 21, named in the exemptions, are persons to whom the deceased owner of the property owed the legal duty of support, and as between these the act gives the widow $10,000 and the child $5,000, and the child over 21 has; only an exemption of $2,000.
With this spirit manifested in the act to graduate the exemption according to dependency and relationship, is it reasonable to conclude that the General Assembly intended to place the child over 21, who is in the first class as to rate, with the stranger and the corporation in the third class as to exemption, and to say that each should have the same exemption of $2,000?
Again, it is provided in the first subdivision that “Grandchildren shall be allowed the single exemption of the child they represent,” and under the construction for which the defendants contend, if a decedent died testate, leaving an estate of $20,000, which amount was to be divided among his five grandchildren, who were the heirs of an only son, and five of his friends, who were strangers in blood, each legatee to receive a legacy of $2,0'00; the grandchildren collectively would only be allowed an exemption of $2,000, and would have to pay inheritance tax on the remaining $8,000,
while the stranger m blood would have to pay no tax at all,
as the grandchildren together would only be entitled to the exemption of their father or mother, $2,000, and each stranger would have an exemption of $2,000.
We cannot think the Legislature intended such results, and that the word “section” in the phrase, “All other beneficiaries in this section,” refers to the first subdivision of the section, and'not to the whole section.
Immediately after the levy of the graduated taxes in the first classification, the act says: “The persons mentioned in
this class
shall be
entitled to the following exemptions,” thereby declaring that lineal issue, lineal ancestor, adopted child, husband and wife, who are the persons mentioned in the first class, shall have the exemption, and that brothers and sisters, who are in the second class, and remote kinsmen, strangers, and corporations, who are in the third class, shall be excluded from the exemption.
Again, in the third classification in the act of 1915 the word “section” is used in such connection as to indicate clearly that it is confined to that subdivision, thus furnishing additional evidence that the General Assembly was referring to the subdivisions in the use of the word.
This is not a strained construction, as both Webster and the .Century define section to be a division, a portion, a paragraph, and Cyc., 35, p. 1282, “A distinct part or portion; the subdivision of a chapter; the division of a law or other writing or instrument; a part separate from the rest; a division; a portion; a distinct part or portion of a book or writing; the subdivision of a chapter, the division of law or other writing; a paragraph,” which would justify applying it to the whole section or to a subdivision, and it has been held to refer to a subdivision of a section in
Carter v. Barnes,
87 S. C., 105;
In re Dossier,
35 Ran., 683;
Spring v. Collector,
78 Ill., 105.
We are of opinion that the estate is liable for the tax, as the plaintiff contends.
Reversed.