Opinion
SPEAR, J.
The defendant, Ruben Santiago, appeals from the judgment of conviction, rendered after a jury trial, of conspiracy to commit assault in the first degree in violation of General Statutes §§ 53a-48 (a)1 and 53a-59 (a) (l),2 rioting at a correctional institution in violation of General Statutes § 53a-179b,3 and possession of a weapon in a correctional institution in violation of General Statutes § 53a-174a.4 The defendant claims that the trial court (1) improperly restricted cross-examination of a prosecution witness concerning motive and bias in violation of the defendant’s sixth amendment right to confront witnesses,5 (2) abused its discretion by [22] admitting into evidence irrelevant and highly prejudicial hearsay testimony concerning the defendant’s gang affiliation, (3) violated the defendant’s due process rights to a fair trial by admitting into evidence various weapons found at the crime scene and by declining to charge the jury on informant testimony, and (4) improperly declined to charge the jury that specific intent was an element of the offense of rioting at a correctional institution. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
The jury reasonably could have found the following facts. On September 28, 1990, several inmates at the Enfield medium security correctional facility (Enfield) were observed assembling at a picnic table in the compound. The group, consisting of approximately ten inmates, raced onto the miniature golf course that was located in an open recreational area at the center of the compound. As the charging group of inmates reached the golf course, a fight erupted. A correction officer, Leonard Burke, observed a group of inmates beating the victim. Burke recognized the defendant “[a]s apart of the group that was beating on” the victim. Another inmate, Walter Gouch, saw the defendant put a weapon up his sleeve after stabbing the victim.
As another correction officer, Antonio Cancel, approached the group, the defendant fled and was pursued by Cancel throughout the compound. During the chase, Cancel observed an object resembling a shank6 in the defendant’s hand. Scott Loos, another correction officer who had pursued the defendant, also observed the weapon in the defendant’s hand and saw the defendant drop it on the ground. When the officers finally reached the defendant, several inmates encircled the officers and temporarily prevented them from apprehending the defendant. Correction officers and law [23] enforcement personnel retrieved several items from the compound, among which were an 8.5 inch metallic shank with tape wrapped around its handle, a razor blade wrapped in tape, and a pointed threaded metal rod.
The defendant was found guilty of the charges of conspiracy to commit assault in the first degree, rioting at a correctional institution and possession of a weapon in a correctional institution, and was acquitted of violating General Statutes §§ 53a-8 and 53a-55 (a) (1), first degree manslaughter as an accessory. This appeal followed.
I
The defendant first claims that the trial court improperly restricted the cross-examination of prosecution witness Gouch. Specifically, the defendant contends that the trial court violated his sixth amendment right to confront his accusers by precluding the questioning of Gouch with respect to whether he had received parole in exchange for giving statements to the police concerning the riot and for future testimony.7 The defendant contends that Gouch’s connection to the prosecuting authorities evidenced bias that the defendant should [24] have been permitted to explore fully on cross-examination. While we agree that the trial court improperly restricted cross-examination on this subject, we conclude that the error was harmless.
Preliminarily, we note that “[i]t is axiomatic that [a] defendant is entitled fairly and fully to confront and to cross-examine the witnesses against him.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Joyce, 243 Conn. 282, 307, 705 A.2d 181 (1997). Moreover, “[i]t is true that the scope and extent of cross-examination generally rest within the sound discretion of the trial court. . . . This discretion arises, however, only after the defendant has been permitted cross-examination and impeachment of a witness sufficient to satisfy the sixth amendment. . . . [A]n important function of cross-examination is the exposure [of] a witness’ motivation in testifying. . . . Cross-examination to elicit facts tending to show motive, interest, bias and prejudice is a matter of right and may not be unduly restricted.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Joyce, 45 Conn. App. 390, 397-98, 696 A.2d 993, cert. granted, 243 Conn. 904, 701 A.2d 336 (1997).
In resolving this claim, we are guided by the “well established guidelines for determining whether a defendant’s right of cross-examination has been unduly restricted. ‘[W]e consider the nature of the excluded inquiry, whether the field of inquiry was adequately [25] covered by other questions that were allowed, and the overall quality of the cross-examination viewed in relation to the issues actually litigated at trial.’ State v. Santiago, 224 Conn. 325, 331, 618 A.2d 32 (1992), quoting State v. Roma, 199 Conn. 110, 116, 505 A.2d 717 (1986).” State v. Lee, 30 Conn. App. 470, 486, 620 A.2d 1303 (1993), aff'd, 229 Conn. 60, 640 A.2d 553 (1994). In considering the nature of the excluded inquiry in the present case concerning Gouch’s relationship to the prosecuting authorities, we are guided by our Supreme Court’s holding that “[i]t is always relevant to the issue of bias that a witness may have a relationship to the prosecuting authorities in a criminal case.” Stale v. Santiago, supra, 332. The defendant does not claim that the parole authorities are part of the prosecutorial apparatus, but he does claim that the trial court improperly restricted the cross-examination of Gouch before defense counsel could adequately establish the connection between Gouch and the prosecution.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Opinion
SPEAR, J.
The defendant, Ruben Santiago, appeals from the judgment of conviction, rendered after a jury trial, of conspiracy to commit assault in the first degree in violation of General Statutes §§ 53a-48 (a)1 and 53a-59 (a) (l),2 rioting at a correctional institution in violation of General Statutes § 53a-179b,3 and possession of a weapon in a correctional institution in violation of General Statutes § 53a-174a.4 The defendant claims that the trial court (1) improperly restricted cross-examination of a prosecution witness concerning motive and bias in violation of the defendant’s sixth amendment right to confront witnesses,5 (2) abused its discretion by [22] admitting into evidence irrelevant and highly prejudicial hearsay testimony concerning the defendant’s gang affiliation, (3) violated the defendant’s due process rights to a fair trial by admitting into evidence various weapons found at the crime scene and by declining to charge the jury on informant testimony, and (4) improperly declined to charge the jury that specific intent was an element of the offense of rioting at a correctional institution. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
The jury reasonably could have found the following facts. On September 28, 1990, several inmates at the Enfield medium security correctional facility (Enfield) were observed assembling at a picnic table in the compound. The group, consisting of approximately ten inmates, raced onto the miniature golf course that was located in an open recreational area at the center of the compound. As the charging group of inmates reached the golf course, a fight erupted. A correction officer, Leonard Burke, observed a group of inmates beating the victim. Burke recognized the defendant “[a]s apart of the group that was beating on” the victim. Another inmate, Walter Gouch, saw the defendant put a weapon up his sleeve after stabbing the victim.
As another correction officer, Antonio Cancel, approached the group, the defendant fled and was pursued by Cancel throughout the compound. During the chase, Cancel observed an object resembling a shank6 in the defendant’s hand. Scott Loos, another correction officer who had pursued the defendant, also observed the weapon in the defendant’s hand and saw the defendant drop it on the ground. When the officers finally reached the defendant, several inmates encircled the officers and temporarily prevented them from apprehending the defendant. Correction officers and law [23] enforcement personnel retrieved several items from the compound, among which were an 8.5 inch metallic shank with tape wrapped around its handle, a razor blade wrapped in tape, and a pointed threaded metal rod.
The defendant was found guilty of the charges of conspiracy to commit assault in the first degree, rioting at a correctional institution and possession of a weapon in a correctional institution, and was acquitted of violating General Statutes §§ 53a-8 and 53a-55 (a) (1), first degree manslaughter as an accessory. This appeal followed.
I
The defendant first claims that the trial court improperly restricted the cross-examination of prosecution witness Gouch. Specifically, the defendant contends that the trial court violated his sixth amendment right to confront his accusers by precluding the questioning of Gouch with respect to whether he had received parole in exchange for giving statements to the police concerning the riot and for future testimony.7 The defendant contends that Gouch’s connection to the prosecuting authorities evidenced bias that the defendant should [24] have been permitted to explore fully on cross-examination. While we agree that the trial court improperly restricted cross-examination on this subject, we conclude that the error was harmless.
Preliminarily, we note that “[i]t is axiomatic that [a] defendant is entitled fairly and fully to confront and to cross-examine the witnesses against him.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Joyce, 243 Conn. 282, 307, 705 A.2d 181 (1997). Moreover, “[i]t is true that the scope and extent of cross-examination generally rest within the sound discretion of the trial court. . . . This discretion arises, however, only after the defendant has been permitted cross-examination and impeachment of a witness sufficient to satisfy the sixth amendment. . . . [A]n important function of cross-examination is the exposure [of] a witness’ motivation in testifying. . . . Cross-examination to elicit facts tending to show motive, interest, bias and prejudice is a matter of right and may not be unduly restricted.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Joyce, 45 Conn. App. 390, 397-98, 696 A.2d 993, cert. granted, 243 Conn. 904, 701 A.2d 336 (1997).
In resolving this claim, we are guided by the “well established guidelines for determining whether a defendant’s right of cross-examination has been unduly restricted. ‘[W]e consider the nature of the excluded inquiry, whether the field of inquiry was adequately [25] covered by other questions that were allowed, and the overall quality of the cross-examination viewed in relation to the issues actually litigated at trial.’ State v. Santiago, 224 Conn. 325, 331, 618 A.2d 32 (1992), quoting State v. Roma, 199 Conn. 110, 116, 505 A.2d 717 (1986).” State v. Lee, 30 Conn. App. 470, 486, 620 A.2d 1303 (1993), aff'd, 229 Conn. 60, 640 A.2d 553 (1994). In considering the nature of the excluded inquiry in the present case concerning Gouch’s relationship to the prosecuting authorities, we are guided by our Supreme Court’s holding that “[i]t is always relevant to the issue of bias that a witness may have a relationship to the prosecuting authorities in a criminal case.” Stale v. Santiago, supra, 332. The defendant does not claim that the parole authorities are part of the prosecutorial apparatus, but he does claim that the trial court improperly restricted the cross-examination of Gouch before defense counsel could adequately establish the connection between Gouch and the prosecution.
While we find that the trial court’s restriction of the cross-examination of Gouch was improper, we also find that the error was harmless. Specifically, we note that “[ajlthough the outright denial of a defendant’s opportunity to impeach a witness for motive, bias and interest implicates the constitutional protection of the confrontation clause, such a denial is subject to harmless error analysis.” State v. Colton, 227 Conn. 231, 253, 630 A.2d 577 (1993), on appeal after remand, 234 Conn. 683, 663 A.2d 339 (1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1140, 116 S. Ct. 972, 133 L. Ed. 2d 892 (1996), citing United States v. Anderson, 881 F.2d 1128, 1139 (D.C. Cir. 1989). “The correct inquiiy for identifying harmless constitutional error is to ask whether, ‘assuming that the damaging potential of the cross-examination were fully realized, a reviewing court might nonetheless say that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” State v. Santiago, supra, 224 Conn. 333, quoting Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 684, 106 S. Ct. 1431, 89 L. [26] Ed. 2d 674 (1986); States v. Oehman, 212 Conn. 325, 332, 562 A.2d 493 (1989); see also State v. Francis, 228 Conn. 118, 124, 635 A.2d 762 (1993). “Whether such error is harmless in a particular case depends upon a number of factors, such as the importance of the witness’ testimony in the prosecution’s case, whether the testimony was cumulative, the presence or absence of evidence corroborating or contradicting the testimony of the witness on material points, the extent of cross-examination otherwise permitted, and, of course, the overall strength of the prosecution’s case.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Santiago, supra, 333.
In the present case, the defendant contends that Gouch was “the state’s only witness who could provide direct evidence of [the defendant’s] active participation in the assault on [the victim].” Our examination of the record reveals that, in addition to the testimony of Gouch, an inmate, there was testimony from several correction officers who directly observed and testified to the facts that the defendant was among the group of assaulting inmates and that, during a chase by correction officers throughout the yard, he had a long, pointed, sharp-edged metal object in his hand. Additionally, a correction officer testified that he observed the defendant drop the object, which appeared to be a shank, to the ground during the chase. We are persuaded that Gouch’s testimony was merely cumulative of myriad other evidence in the record that constituted a strong case against the defendant for conspiracy to commit first degree assault.
We note also that Gouch’s credibility was effectively attacked during cross-examination when Gouch admitted that he had lied in claiming that he had seen the defendant throw down a knife after the victim was stabbed. Gouch’s credibility was also impeached by evidence of his prior felony convictions. Most telling, however, was the jury’s acquittal of the defendant on the manslaughter count, where Gouch was the only [27] witness who claimed to have actually seen the defendant repeatedly stab the victim. Accordingly, we find that the trial court’s improper restriction of the cross-examination of Gouch was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
II
The defendant next claims that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting into evidence prejudicial and irrelevant hearsay testimony that the defendant was affiliated with the Latin Kings. We decline to review the prejudice and relevancy claims as they were not made at trial and the hearsay claim was not preserved.
The defendant claims that evidence that he was affiliated with the Latin Kings should not have been admitted because of its highly prejudicial impact.8 The defendant, however, made no claim of prejudice to the trial court. His two earlier successful objections were made on the ground of hearsay, not prejudice. The record reveals that “again” was the only word spoken by defense counsel after the subject question and answer. Given this context, it is clear that the court allowed the answer [28] to stand because it was not offered for the truth of the statement, but rather to explain the witness’ actions. The prejudice and relevancy claims that the defendant now raises on appeal were never presented to the trial court. We will not, therefore, consider them on appeal. See Practice Book § 4061; In re Michael A., 47 Conn. App. 105, 110, 703 A.2d 1146 (1997); Biggs v. Warden, 26 Conn. App. 52, 57, 597 A.2d 839, cert. denied, 221 Conn. 902, 600 A.2d 1029 (1991).
With respect to the hearsay claim, the defendant’s counsel said, “All right, all right,” after the court stated that it was allowing the answer to stand in view of the state’s claim that the statement was not offered for its truthfulness. The state’s two earlier attempts to adduce evidence regarding the Latin Kings were not so limited.9 [29] Hearsay can be admitted to explain a person’s actions. See O’Shea v. Mignone, 35 Conn. App. 828, 833, 647 A. 2d 37, cert. denied, 231 Conn. 938, 651 A.2d 263 (1994); State v. Robinson, 213 Conn. 243, 257-58, 567 A.2d 1173 (1989). The record clearly shows that the defendant acquiesced in what appears to have been a correct ruling by the court. We note also that evidence of the defendant’s affiliation with the Latin Kings was admitted in the defense case without objection.10 We therefore find no merit in this claim.
Ill
The defendant next claims that the trial court violated his due process right to a fair trial by admitting into [30] evidence the shank, razor blade and metal rod. The defendant contends that these items were highly prejudicial, inflammatory, and lacked relevance because the state did not attempt to link them to either the defendant or any other inmate who used a weapon during the riot. We disagree.
We first address the defendant’s contention that this claim is of constitutional magnitude. This claim is solely of an evidentiary nature. It is well settled that “ [t]he trial court’s ruling on evidentiary matters will be overturned only upon a showing of a clear abuse of the court’s discretion. . . . We will make every reasonable presumption in favor of upholding the trial court’s ruling, and only upset it for a manifest abuse of discretion.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Coleman, 241 Conn. 784, 789, 699 A.2d 91 (1997).
With respect to the defendant’s contention that the evidence was irrelevant, we have stated that “[rjelevant evidence is evidence that has a logical tendency to aid the trier in the determination of an issue. . . . One fact is relevant to another if in the common course of events the existence of one, alone or with other facts, renders the existence of the other either more certain or more probable. . . . Evidence is not rendered inadmissible because it is not conclusive. All that is required is that the evidence tend to support a relevant fact even to a slight degree, so long as it is not prejudicial or merely cumulative.” (Emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 788-89.
The state contends that the shank, razor blade and metal rod were admitted as evidence of a disturbance involving weapons at Enfield. “In order for a defendant [31] to be found guilty of rioting at a correctional institution, he must plan or lead the disturbance, or take part in the disturbance at the correctional facility.” State v. Rivera, 30 Conn. App. 224, 232, 619 A.2d 1146, cert. denied, 225 Conn. 913, 623 A.2d 1024 (1993). This evidence tended to prove that a disturbance did, in fact, take place. Under the circumstances of this case, we cannot say that the trial court’s admission into evidence of the shank, razor blade and metal rod was an abuse of discretion.11 Accordingly, this claim is without merit.
IV
The defendant next claims that the trial court improperly declined to charge the jury on informant testimony, thereby violating his due process right to a fair trial. The defendant contends that the trial court was bound to instruct the jury to scrutinize carefully Couch’s testimony for bias. Not only is there an absence of authority to support this proposition, but, in fact, “[a] criminal defendant is not entitled to an instruction singling out any witness who testifies for the state regarding that witness’ possible motivation for testifying falsely.” (Emphasis added.) State v. Sinchak, 47 Conn. App. 134, 143, 703 A.2d 790 (1997), cert. granted on other grounds, 243 Conn. 964, 707 A.2d 1266 (1998). Moreover, our Supreme Court has stated that “[t]o require the court to single out witnesses upon request for comment upon their interest in the outcome of the case as a motive to falsify their testimony would not only constitute regression in the progress achieved in permitting the jury to identify and weigh such motives for themselves, but would also, in many circumstances, frustrate the efforts of the trial judge to deliver evenly balanced instructions to the jury to consider the interest in the [32] outcome of all the witnesses, testifying for both sides. In some circumstances, to require such an instruction would invade the province of the jury which has repeatedly been held by this court to be the sole body to determine the credibility of witnesses.” State v. Cooper, 182 Conn. 207, 217-18, 438 A.2d 418 (1980). Accordingly, we conclude that the defendant’s claim is without merit.
V
The defendant finally claims that the trial court violated his due process right to a fair trial by declining to charge the jury that specific intent is an element of the offense of rioting at a correctional institution under § 53a-179b. The defendant has offered no authority to support his proposition that specific intent is an element of the offense of rioting at a correctional institution. We reject the claim because we have previously held that “the offense of rioting at a correctional institution does not require any particular scienter; it is not a specific intent crime.” (Emphasis added.) State v. Nelson, 44 Conn. App. 264, 270, 689 A.2d 481 (1997); see also State v. Nixon, 32 Conn. App. 224, 250, 630 A.2d 74 (1993), aff'd, 231 Conn. 545, 651 A.2d 1264 (1995).
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.