Nebraska Advance Sheets 714 288 NEBRASKA REPORTS
judgment against the tenant be granted. There was no evi- dence establishing that the landlord was liable to the injured party, who fell into an elevator car stationed “‘about a foot’” below floor level.44 We directed that the cause be remanded for further proceedings consistent with our opinion. Although the facts in Kuhn were considerably different, the same prin- ciple applies to the instant case. The focus has been on the Tri-Par Investments rule. The circumstances dictate that we likewise remand the cause for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
(d) Resolution Under the circumstances of this case, we decline to direct entry of partial summary judgment in favor of SFI. Rather, we remand the cause for further proceedings.
VI. CONCLUSION The judgment of the district court granting Carroll’s motion for summary judgment and dismissing SFI’s complaint is reversed, and the cause is remanded to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. R eversed and remanded for further proceedings.
44 Id. at 432, 771 N.W.2d at 110.
State of Nebraska, appellee, v. Francisco C. Rodriguez, appellant. ___ N.W.2d ___
Filed August 1, 2014. No. S-13-325.
1. Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. Subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law for the court, which requires an appellate court to reach a conclusion independent of the lower court’s decision. 2. Statutes: Legislature: Intent: Appeal and Error. In construing a statute, an appellate court’s objective is to determine and give effect to the legislative intent of the enactment. Nebraska Advance Sheets STATE v. RODRIGUEZ 715 Cite as 288 Neb. 714
3. Statutes: Appeal and Error. An appellate court will not resort to interpreta- tion to ascertain the meaning of statutory words which are plain, direct, and unambiguous. 4. ____: ____. It is not within an appellate court’s province to read a meaning into a statute that is not there. 5. Pleas: Judgments: Collateral Attack. A motion to withdraw a plea is a collat- eral attack, because it seeks modification of a judgment in a manner other than by a proceeding in the original action. 6. Statutes: Legislature: Presumptions. The Legislature is presumed to know the general condition surrounding the subject matter of a legislative enactment, and it is presumed to know and contemplate the legal effect that accompanies the language it employs to make effective the legislation. 7. Statutes: Legislature: Intent. The intent of the Legislature may be found through its omission of words from a statute as well as its inclusion of words in a statute. 8. Appeal and Error. An appellate court is not obligated to engage in an analysis that is not necessary to adjudicate the case and controversy before it.
Appeal from the District Court for Sarpy County: David K. Arterburn, Judge. Reversed and remanded for further proceedings. Bilal A. Khaleeq and Daniel S. Reeker, of Khaleeq Law Firm, L.L.C., for appellant. Jon Bruning, Attorney General, and Nathan A. Liss for appellee. Heavican, C.J., Wright, Connolly, Stephan, McCormack, Miller-Lerman, and Cassel, JJ. Wright, J. NATURE OF CASE In 2013, Francisco C. Rodriguez moved to withdraw his guilty plea and to vacate his 2004 conviction for attempted possession of a controlled substance, a Class I misdemeanor. He alleged that before entering a guilty plea in the 2004 proceedings, he did not receive the proper advisement under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-1819.02(1) (Reissue 2008), and that he currently faced immigration consequences from the result- ing conviction. Because Rodriguez moved to withdraw his plea after he had completed his sentence of 2 years’ probation, the district Nebraska Advance Sheets 716 288 NEBRASKA REPORTS
court concluded that it did not have subject matter jurisdic- tion. We conclude that the court did have jurisdiction, and we reverse the judgment and remand the cause for further proceedings.
SCOPE OF REVIEW [1] Subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law for the court, which requires an appellate court to reach a conclusion independent of the lower court’s decision. State v. Clark, 278 Neb. 557, 772 N.W.2d 559 (2009).
FACTS In January 2004, Rodriguez was charged by information with possession of a controlled substance. As a result of a plea agreement, the charge was reduced to attempted pos- session of a controlled substance, a Class I misdemeanor under Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 28-201(4)(e) (Cum. Supp. 2004) and 28-416(3) (Supp. 2003), and Rodriguez agreed to enter a plea of guilty. On March 23, 2004, Rodriguez appeared before the district court and received the following advisement about the immi- gration consequences of a guilty plea: But in addition to that, if a plea . . . is entered to a felony, besides the maximum sentence, there are indi- rect consequences that will follow you the rest of your life. . . . If you are not a United States citizen, a plea of guilty may subject you — to a felony may subject you to deportation. There are any other number of those indi- rect consequences that may occur if you plead guilty to a felony. After the advisement, Rodriguez entered a plea of guilty. The court accepted the plea, adjudged Rodriguez guilty, and sen- tenced him to 2 years’ probation. In February 2013, Rodriguez moved to withdraw his guilty plea and to vacate his conviction for attempted possession of a controlled substance. He alleged that he had not been properly advised of the immigration consequences of a guilty plea, as required by § 29-1819.02(1), and that he had “recently Nebraska Advance Sheets STATE v. RODRIGUEZ 717 Cite as 288 Neb. 714
discovered the immigration consequences of his plea when [i]mmigration authorities took him into custody.” The record does not reflect that the State raised any affirmative defenses in answer to Rodriguez’ motion. The district court concluded it did not have jurisdiction, because Rodriguez filed his motion after his sentence had been completed. It distinguished the case at bar from State v. Yos-Chiguil, 278 Neb. 591, 772 N.W.2d 574 (2009), and instead relied upon State v. Rodriguez-Torres, 275 Neb. 363, 746 N.W.2d 686 (2008). The court explained: [T]he Supreme Court in Yos-Chiguil did not overrule the holding of Rodriguez-Torres. The Court is, therefore, left with strong language from Rodriguez-Torres which states that Sec. 29-1819.02 “does not convey upon a court jurisdiction” to vacate a judgment or withdraw a plea “where a party has already completed his or her sentence.” Therefore, the Court can only conclude that the language of Rodriguez-Torres controls the present case. Consequently, the Court must find that [Rodriguez’] motion fails and must be overruled for lack of jurisdic- tion. It appears to this Court that had the Supreme Court in Yos-Chiguil found that the language of the statute clearly authorized relief beyond the end of a defendant’s sentence, it would have said so. The Court declined to do so. Therefore, while there is an apparent discrepancy between the two cases, this Court must follow the clear precedent that exists and leave it to the appellate courts to resolve the inconsistency. Rodriguez timely appeals. We moved the case to our docket pursuant to our statutory authority to regulate the dockets of the appellate courts of this state and ordered oral argument. See, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 24-1106(3) (Reissue 2008); Neb. Ct. R. App. P. § 2-111(E)(5)(a) (rev. 2008). ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR Rodriguez assigns, restated, that the district court erred in dismissing for lack of jurisdiction his motion to withdraw his guilty plea and vacate his conviction. Nebraska Advance Sheets 718 288 NEBRASKA REPORTS
ANALYSIS Jurisdiction Under § 29-1819.02 Rodriguez argues that the district court had jurisdiction under § 29-1819.02 to consider the motion to withdraw his guilty plea and to vacate his conviction. We set forth the rel- evant provisions of § 29-1819.02: (1) Prior to acceptance of a plea of guilty . . . to any offense punishable as a crime under state law, except . . . infractions . . . the court shall administer the following advisement on the record to the defendant: IF YOU ARE NOT A UNITED STATES CITIZEN, YOU ARE HEREBY ADVISED THAT CONVICTION OF THE OFFENSE FOR WHICH YOU HAVE BEEN CHARGED MAY HAVE THE CONSEQUENCES OF REMOVAL FROM THE UNITED STATES, OR DENIAL OF NATURALIZATION PURSUANT TO THE LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES. (2) . . . If, on or after July 20, 2002, the court fails to advise the defendant as required by this section and the defendant shows that conviction of the offense to which the defendant pleaded guilty . . . may have the consequences for the defendant of removal from the United States, or denial of naturalization pursuant to the laws of the United States, the court, on the defendant’s motion, shall vacate the judgment and permit the defend ant to withdraw the plea of guilty . . . and enter a plea of not guilty. . . . (3) With respect to pleas accepted prior to July 20, 2002, it is not the intent of the Legislature that a court’s failure to provide the advisement required by subsection (1) of this section should require the vacation of judg- ment and withdrawal of the plea or constitute grounds for finding a prior conviction invalid. Nothing in this section, however, shall be deemed to inhibit a court, in the sound exercise of its discretion, from vacating a judgment and permitting a defendant to withdraw a plea. [2-4] The question is whether a court lacks jurisdiction to consider a motion filed pursuant to § 29-1819.02(2) if the Nebraska Advance Sheets STATE v. RODRIGUEZ 719 Cite as 288 Neb. 714
defendant completed his or her sentence prior to filing the motion. In interpreting § 29-1819.02(2), we are guided by the following principles of statutory interpretation. In construing a statute, our objective is to determine and give effect to the leg- islative intent of the enactment. State v. Hernandez, 283 Neb. 423, 809 N.W.2d 279 (2012). An appellate court will not resort to interpretation to ascertain the meaning of statutory words which are plain, direct, and unambiguous. State v. Magallanes, 284 Neb. 871, 824 N.W.2d 696 (2012), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 133 S. Ct. 2359, 185 L. Ed. 2d 1082 (2013). “[I]t is not within an appellate court’s province to read a meaning into a statute that is not there.” State v. Nelson, 276 Neb. 997, 1003, 759 N.W.2d 260, 266 (2009). We addressed the application of § 29-1819.02(2) in State v. Yos-Chiguil, 278 Neb. 591, 772 N.W.2d 574 (2009). There, we considered the scope of the relief provided in that subsec- tion and rejected the argument that the relief was available only on direct review. We explained that “there is no language in the statute which would support such a limited construc- tion, and indeed, the language permitting the procedure to be initiated by motion would suggest otherwise.” Id. at 596, 772 N.W.2d at 579. Because the defendant in Yos-Chiguil had not completed his sentence at the time he moved to withdraw his plea, we declined to address “whether the remedy cre- ated by that subsection would extend to a defendant who had completed his or her sentence.” 278 Neb. at 597, 772 N.W.2d at 579. The district court in the instant case concluded that if § 29-1819.02(2) authorized relief after completion of a sen- tence, we would have addressed this fact in Yos-Chiguil. But in Yos-Chiguil, we did not reach this issue, because it was not before us. Our failure to address whether jurisdiction existed after completion of a sentence did not mean that we decided the question in a manner that would be adverse to Rodriguez in the case at bar. But now we are presented with the precise question whether the procedure in § 29-1819.02(2) may be utilized by a defend nt who has completed his or her sentence. Rodriguez a Nebraska Advance Sheets 720 288 NEBRASKA REPORTS
had completed his sentence of probation when he moved to withdraw his plea and vacate his conviction. The immigration consequences of his guilty plea did not arise until several years after he had completed his sentence. Based on the fact that Rodriguez had completed his sentence and in reliance on State v. Rodriguez-Torres, 275 Neb. 363, 746 N.W.2d 686 (2008), the district court concluded it lacked jurisdic- tion under § 29-1819.02 to consider Rodriguez’ motion. The State similarly argues that Rodriguez-Torres mandates a finding that jurisdiction under § 29-1819.02 is limited to motions filed before completion of a defendant’s sentence. We disagree. In Rodriguez-Torres, this court considered whether Daniel T. Rodriguez-Torres was allowed to bring a motion to withdraw his 1997 plea after his sentence was completed. We discussed whether § 29-1819.02 established a procedure by which he could withdraw his plea under those specific facts. We held that § 29-1819.02 failed to provide such a procedure and that there was “no legislatively authorized procedure” allow- ing Rodriguez-Torres to bring a motion to withdraw his plea, because it was entered and accepted before July 20, 2002. See Rodriguez-Torres, 275 Neb. at 368, 746 N.W.2d at 690. We concluded that as a result, the lower court lacked jurisdiction to address Rodriguez-Torres’ motion. The State relies upon Rodriguez-Torres, as did the district court, for the proposition that jurisdiction under § 29-1819.02 extends only to motions filed before a defendant has completed his or her sentence. This argument is based on our state- ment that [i]n § 29-1819.02, the Legislature gives a court discre- tion to vacate a judgment or withdraw a plea where a court has failed to provide the advisement required for pleas made on or after July 20, 2002. It does not, how- ever, convey upon a court jurisdiction to do so where a party has already completed his or her sentence. See Rodriguez-Torres, 275 Neb. at 367, 746 N.W.2d at 689. This is not the first time that the State has argued, based solely on Rodriguez-Torres, that the relief provided in § 29-1819.02(2) must be limited. In State v. Yos-Chiguil, Nebraska Advance Sheets STATE v. RODRIGUEZ 721 Cite as 288 Neb. 714
278 Neb. 591, 772 N.W.2d 574 (2009), the State alleged that this same statement in Rodriguez-Torres supported a find- ing that the relief provided in § 29-1819.02(2) was available only on direct review. We rejected this argument, because it “overstate[d] our holding in Rodriguez-Torres and overlook[ed] a critical difference” between the facts in Rodriguez-Torres and in the case then before us. See Yos-Chiguil, 278 Neb. at 595, 772 N.W.2d at 578. In Rodriguez-Torres, the plea sought to be withdrawn was accepted in 1997, long before the enactment of § 29-1819.02. The same was not true of the plea sought to be withdrawn in Yos-Chiguil. Because of this distinction, we held that the discussion of jurisdiction in Rodriguez-Torres must be limited to pleas entered before July 20, 2002. See Yos-Chiguil, supra. But our focus on the fact that Rodriguez-Torres had com- pleted his sentence was dicta. As we will explain below, whether his sentence was completed was not crucial to our decision that the court lacked jurisdiction to consider the motion to withdraw his plea entered before July 20, 2002. And to the extent Rodriguez-Torres stated that § 29-1819.02 does not apply to a defendant who has already completed his or her sentence, we conclude such statement is inconsistent with the statutory language. Section 29-1819.02(2) creates a statutory remedy for a court’s failure to give the appropriate immigration advisement before accepting a plea of guilty. The Legislature, however, has limited this remedy to a defendant who seeks to withdraw a plea which was accepted on or after July 20, 2002. See id. As to such pleas, the plain language of § 29-1819.02(2) pro- vides that where a defendant has shown that he or she did not receive the proper advisement and that he or she may face immigration consequences as a result of the plea, a court must permit withdrawal of the plea. Where these requirements are met, a court is required to grant relief. See id. However, a defendant whose plea was accepted prior to July 20, 2002, is not entitled to this statutory relief. Section 29-1819.02(3) does not create a procedure for withdrawal of a plea accepted before July 20, 2002. Section 29-1819.02(3) is a statement of the Legislature’s intent to impose a time-based Nebraska Advance Sheets 722 288 NEBRASKA REPORTS
limitation on the pleas that may be withdrawn due to the lack of immigration advisement. “With respect to pleas accepted prior to July 20, 2002, it is not the intent of the Legislature that a court’s failure to provide the advisement required . . . should require the vacation of judgment and withdrawal of the plea . . . .” § 29-1819.02(3). This language clearly establishes a legislative intent to limit this remedy to pleas accepted on or after July 20, 2002. For a defendant whose plea was accepted before July 20, 2002, the statute provides neither relief in the form of withdrawal of a plea entered without the proper immi- gration advisement nor a procedure for obtaining such relief. See § 29-1819.02(3). [5] A court’s jurisdiction under § 29-1819.02 to consider motions seeking the statutory relief provided therein is also limited to pleas accepted on or after July 20, 2002. When a collateral attack is not raised in a recognized proceeding, a district court lacks jurisdiction over the claim. See State v. Dunster, 270 Neb. 773, 707 N.W.2d 412 (2005). A motion to withdraw a plea is a collateral attack, because it seeks modi- fication of a judgment “in a manner other than by a proceed- ing in the original action.” See State v. Keen, 272 Neb. 123, 127, 718 N.W.2d 494, 498 (2006). The only recognized pro- cedure for seeking withdrawal of a plea under § 29-1819.02 is limited to pleas accepted on or after July 20, 2002. See § 29-1819.02(2). Given this limitation, whether Rodriguez-Torres had com- pleted his sentence was not relevant to our decision that we lacked jurisdiction. Even if Rodriguez-Torres had moved to withdraw his plea before completing his sentence, the court would have lacked jurisdiction over his motion filed pursu- ant to § 29-1819.02 and could not have granted him any relief under the statute. Therefore, our statement in State v. Rodriguez-Torres, 275 Neb. 363, 746 N.W.2d 686 (2008), that a court’s jurisdiction to withdraw a plea under § 29-1819.02 is limited to a defendant whose sentence has not been completed was dicta. Unlike the situation in Rodriguez-Torres, the plea sought to be withdrawn in the instant case was accepted after July 20, 2002, and the district court was not deprived of jurisdiction Nebraska Advance Sheets STATE v. RODRIGUEZ 723 Cite as 288 Neb. 714
based on the date of the plea. Therefore, it is now neces- sary for us to determine whether a court lacks jurisdiction to consider a motion filed pursuant to § 29-1819.02(2) if the defendant completed his or her sentence prior to fil- ing the motion. We conclude that it does not. To the extent that our statement in Rodriguez-Torres can be interpreted to limit the relief provided in § 29-1819.02(2) to a defendant whose sentence has not been completed, such interpretation is expressly disapproved. We have previously held that all a defendant must show to withdraw a plea under § 29-1819.02 is (1) that the court failed to give all or part of the advisement and (2) that the defendant faces an immigration consequence which was not included in the advisement given. State v. Medina-Liborio, 285 Neb. 626, 829 N.W.2d 96 (2013). See, also, State v. Mena-Rivera, 280 Neb. 948, 791 N.W.2d 613 (2010). We have also rejected the argument that a defendant seeking to withdraw a plea pursu- ant to § 29-1819.02 is required to show prejudice, because “our case law ‘has made clear that only two elements must be met before a defendant can withdraw his or her plea [pur- suant to § 29-1819.02]; and prejudice is not one of them.’” Medina-Liborio, 285 Neb. at 630, 829 N.W.2d at 99, quot- ing Mena-Rivera, supra (alteration in original). For the same reasons, we now conclude that it is not a required element of § 29-1819.02(2) that a defendant file such motion before his or her sentence is completed. Section 29-1819.02 imposes no requirement that a motion to withdraw a plea must be filed before a defendant completes his or her sentence. Statutory language is to be given its plain and ordinary meaning. And it is well established that it is not within the province of the courts to read a meaning into a stat- ute that is not there or to read anything direct and plain out of a statute. Medina-Liborio, supra. [6,7] Had the Legislature intended to limit the relief pre- scribed in § 29-1819.02(2) to those defendants who have not completed their sentences, it would have included such a limitation in the statute. We find it significant that the Legislature did not do so. “[T]he ‘Legislature is presumed to know the general condition surrounding the subject matter Nebraska Advance Sheets 724 288 NEBRASKA REPORTS
of the legislative enactment, and it is presumed to know and contemplate the legal effect that accompanies the language it employs to make effective the legislation.’” In re Invol. Dissolution of Wiles Bros., 285 Neb. 920, 928, 830 N.W.2d 474, 481 (2013), quoting State ex rel. Wagner v. Gilbane Bldg. Co., 276 Neb. 686, 757 N.W.2d 194 (2008). Furthermore, “the intent of the Legislature may be found through its omission of words from a statute as well as its inclusion of words in a stat- ute.” See Lozier Corp. v. Douglas Cty. Bd. of Equal., 285 Neb. 705, 714, 829 N.W.2d 652, 660 (2013). The lack of any requirement in § 29-1819.02 that a defendant must not have completed his or her sentence is in stark contrast to the requirements under the Nebraska Postconviction Act, Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 29-3001 to 29-3004 (Reissue 2008 & Cum. Supp. 2012). Only “[a] prisoner in cus- tody under sentence” may file a motion under its provisions. See § 29-3001(1). The fact that § 29-1819.02 does not include a similar requirement or use the term “prisoner” is indicative of the Legislature’s intent. Notably, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-1819.03 (Reissue 2008), the Legislature’s statement of its intent in enacting § 29-1819.02, includes no language that would suggest the statutory relief was meant to be available only to a defendant whose sentence has not been completed. Because § 29-1819.03 pertains to the same subject matter as § 29-1819.02, the two statutes “should be conjunctively considered and construed to determine the intent of the Legislature.” See State v. Hernandez, 283 Neb. 423, 427, 809 N.W.2d 279, 283 (2012). As explained by the Legislature in § 29-1819.03, the prob- lem sought to be remedied by § 29-1819.02 was a broad prob- lem that existed “in many instances involving an individual who is not a citizen of the United States and who is charged with an offense punishable as a crime under state law.” The Legislature created the immigration advisement as a specific remedy to this problem. See § 29-1819.03. The broad objective of the immigration advisement was “to promote fairness.” See id. This objective would not be achieved by limiting the appli- cation of § 29-1819.02 to those defendants whose sentences Nebraska Advance Sheets STATE v. RODRIGUEZ 725 Cite as 288 Neb. 714
have not been completed and excluding those who had com- pleted their sentences. Section 29-1819.02 was enacted to address immigration consequences that could arise subsequent to a plea of guilty regardless of whether the sentence imposed as a result of the plea has been completed. The dissent determines that the plain language of § 29-1819.02(2) limits its application to those individuals whose sentences have not been completed, because the statute uses the word “defendant.” But if the Legislature had meant to limit the relief in § 29-1819.02(2) to only those individ uals still serving a sentence, it would have done so by a plain statement to that effect and not by inclusion of a single word that has no relationship to the completion of a sentence. As commonly understood, the term “defendant” refers to an indi- vidual “accused in a criminal proceeding” and does not indi- cate whether that person has completed his or her sentence. See Black’s Law Dictionary 508 (10th ed. 2014). A more appropriate word to highlight whether or not an individual has served his or her sentence would have been “prisoner,” which the Legislature did not use. We note that the Legislature did use “prisoner” in the Nebraska Postconviction Act. See § 29-3001(1). Far from clearly indicating a limitation on relief, we inter- pret the term “defendant” in § 29-1819.02(2) as identifying to whom this subsection applies. Section 29-1819.02(2) does not make generic reference to “defendants” or “a defendant.” It refers to “the defendant.” See id. When used in such a context, “the” modifies “defendant” to indicate that it “refers to someone or something previously mentioned or clearly understood from the context or the situation.” See Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged 2368 (1993). As such, in § 29-1819.02(2), “the defendant” is a reference to a particular individual either “pre- viously mentioned” in the statute or “clearly understood from the context” and not an allusion to the current status of being accused. There is only one person identifiable from the context of § 29-1819.02(2)—the one moving to vacate his or her plea in the criminal proceeding in which he or she was accused. Nebraska Advance Sheets 726 288 NEBRASKA REPORTS
For purposes of that criminal proceeding, the individual who was accused is always “the defendant.” Therefore, we do not agree that the Legislature’s use of “defendant” demonstrates an intent to limit the application of § 29-1819.02(2). We find nothing in § 29-1819.02 that requires a motion to withdraw to be brought prior to completion of a sentence. The only time-based limitation imposed by the statute is that the plea sought to be withdrawn must have been accepted on or after July 20, 2002. See § 29-1819.02(2). Thus, we conclude that as to pleas entered on or after July 20, 2002, § 29-1819.02 gives a court jurisdiction to consider a motion to withdraw such plea or vacate the judgment regardless of whether a defendant has completed his or her sentence. The district court erred in dismissing Rodriguez’ motion for lack of jurisdiction. Common-Law P rocedure [8] Rodriguez argues that the district court had jurisdiction over his motion under the common-law procedure for with- drawing a plea, as set forth in State v. Gonzalez, 285 Neb. 940, 830 N.W.2d 504 (2013). Because we conclude that the court had jurisdiction to consider Rodriguez’ motion under § 29-1819.02, we do not consider whether there was alternative jurisdiction under a common-law procedure for withdrawing a plea. An appellate court is not obligated to engage in an analy- sis that is not necessary to adjudicate the case and controversy before it. Holdsworth v. Greenwood Farmers Co-op, 286 Neb. 49, 835 N.W.2d 30 (2013). CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the district court dismissing Rodriguez’ motion and remand the cause for further proceedings. R eversed and remanded for further proceedings. Cassel, J., concurring. I write separately only to make plain an important matter inherent in the court’s opinion. There is no excuse for failing to Nebraska Advance Sheets STATE v. RODRIGUEZ 727 Cite as 288 Neb. 714
administer the statutory advisement.1 It takes only a moment. The wording is succinct. The statute specifies the precise lan- guage. Judges have no reason to improvise or summarize. The “cost” of timely giving advisements is miniscule compared to the “benefit” of avoiding plea withdrawals years after the resulting judgments have been fully executed. Judges should fully and timely comply with the statutory mandate. And the practicing bar should ensure that judges do so.
1 See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-1819.02(1) (Reissue 2008).
Connolly, J., dissenting. I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-1819.02 (Reissue 2008), a person who has served his sentence can obtain an order permitting him to withdraw a plea and plead not guilty. Regardless of when the person entered the plea of guilty or no contest, § 29-1819.02 does not provide a remedy after the sentence is served. At that point, it’s over. To recap the provisions of § 29-1819.02, subsection (1) sets out the immigration advisement that a trial court must give to defendants before accepting a plea of guilty or no contest. The advisement must inform a defendant that if he or she is not a U.S. citizen, a conviction for the charged offense could have the immigration consequence of removal from the country or denial of naturalization. Subsection (2) provides a remedy for persons who entered an unadvised plea on or after July 20, 2002, if the person shows that he or she faces one of the unadvised immigration conse- quences.1 In that circumstance, “the court, on the defendant’s motion, shall vacate the judgment and permit the defendant to withdraw the plea of guilty or nolo contendere and enter a plea of not guilty.”2
1 See State v. Yos-Chiguil, 278 Neb. 591, 772 N.W.2d 574 (2009). 2 § 29-1819.02(2). Nebraska Advance Sheets 728 288 NEBRASKA REPORTS
Subsection (3) provides that this statutory remedy is unavailable for persons who entered a plea before July 20, 2002. But it also provides that “[n]othing in this section . . . shall be deemed to inhibit a court, in the sound exercise of its discretion, from vacating a judgment and permitting a defend ant to withdraw a plea.”3 The first case we decided under § 29-1819.02 was State v. Rodriguez-Torres.4 I agree that we later clarified its holding, but I disagree that our statements were dicta. There, the mov- ant entered his pleas before July 2002, but he had completely served his sentence. We quoted the language of subsection (3) and recognized that § 29-1819.02 gives a court discretion “to vacate a judgment or withdraw a plea.”5 But we held that nei- ther § 29-1819.02 nor any other statute creates a procedure for vacating a judgment and withdrawing a plea after a person has already served a sentence for a criminal conviction. Later, in State v. Yos-Chiguil,6 we clarified that Rodriguez-Torres is lim- ited to subsection (3), for unadvised pleas entered before July 20, 2002. But we reaffirmed our holding in Rodriguez-Torres, as clarified, in State v. Chiroy Osorio.7 So those statements are not dicta, even if they do not apply to persons who entered unadvised pleas on or after July 20, 2002. In Yos-Chiguil, we also clarified that Rodriguez-Torres did not decide whether a common-law remedy exists to withdraw a plea after a person has already served a sentence, because the issue was not presented.8 We rejected the State’s argument that the remedy under § 29-1819.02(2) was not available because the Court of Appeals had dismissed the defendant’s direct appeal. We stated that “it is the failure to give the required advisement and the occurrence of an immigration consequence of which the defendant was not advised which trigger the
3 § 29-1819.02(3). 4 State v. Rodriguez-Torres, 275 Neb. 363, 746 N.W.2d 686 (2008). 5 Id. at 367, 746 N.W.2d at 689. 6 Yos-Chiguil, supra note 1. 7 State v. Chiroy Osorio, 286 Neb. 384, 837 N.W.2d 66 (2013). 8 See Yos-Chiguil, supra note 1. Nebraska Advance Sheets STATE v. RODRIGUEZ 729 Cite as 288 Neb. 714
statutory remedy in § 29-1819.02(2).”9 And by holding that the defendant could seek the remedy, we implicitly determined that § 29-1819.02(2) authorizes a collateral attack on a final judgment—at least for petitioners still serving a sentence.10 But in Yos-Chiguil, we specifically declined to decide the issue presented here: “In this case, [the defendant] was serving his sentence at the time he filed his motion to withdraw his plea pursuant to § 29-1819.02(2). We therefore need not decide whether the remedy created by that subsection would extend to a defendant who had completed his or her sentence.”11 In State v. Gonzalez,12 we recognized a limited common-law remedy for collaterally attacking a final judgment and with- drawing a plea. But the trial court had given the immigration advisement to the petitioner, so she was not entitled to relief under § 29-1819.02(2). Moreover, she was still serving a sen- tence of probation when she filed her motion. So we were not presented with the issue whether the remedy under subsection (2) is available to a petitioner who did not receive the advise- ment but has served his or her sentence. But the majority’s conclusion that the remedy under § 29-1819.02(2) applies to a person who has served a sentence is contrary to the statute’s plain language. To repeat, under § 29-1819.02(2), if a defendant shows that he or she entered an unadvised plea on or after July 20, 2002, and that he or she faces one of the unadvised immigration consequences, “the court, on the defendant’s motion, shall vacate the judgment and permit the defendant to withdraw the plea of guilty or nolo contendere and enter a plea of not guilty.” The statute unam- biguously limits the procedure to a criminal “defendant.”
9 Id. at 596, 772 N.W.2d at 579. See, also, State v. Medina-Liborio, 285 Neb. 626, 829 N.W.2d 96 (2013) (citing Yos-Chiguil, supra note 1, and State v. Mena-Rivera, 280 Neb. 948, 791 N.W.2d 613 (2010)). 10 But see State v. Gonzalez, 285 Neb. 940, 830 N.W.2d 504 (2013) (citing our decisions in Yos-Chiguil, supra note 1, and State v. Kluge, 198 Neb. 115, 251 N.W.2d 737 (1977), disapproved on other grounds, State v. Minshall, 227 Neb. 210, 416 N.W.2d 585 (1987)). 11 Yos-Chiguil, supra note 1, 278 Neb. at 596-97, 772 N.W.2d at 579. 12 See Gonzalez, supra note 10. Nebraska Advance Sheets 730 288 NEBRASKA REPORTS
It is true that by permitting collateral attacks under § 29-1819.02(2), we have not strictly construed the term “defendant,” and we have probably been generous in the stat- ute’s application. A person convicted of a crime under a final judgment is obviously no longer a “defendant” in the literal sense of being a person accused of a crime.13 But our expanded use of the term to include incarcerated persons who are col- laterally attacking a final judgment is consistent with the way that we have used the term “defendant” in postconviction cases to include those serving sentences. It is also consistent with the Legislature’s intent to provide fairness to individuals who entered unadvised pleas. But even under the most generous interpretation of the term “defendant,” Rodriguez has served his time and is no longer a defendant. Moreover, the remedy under § 29-1819.02(2) has three conjunctive parts. If a movant proves a claim for relief, a court must (1) vacate the judgment, (2) permit the defendant to withdraw the plea of guilty or no contest, and (3) permit the defendant to enter a plea of not guilty. But how can a court permit a person to enter a plea of not guilty when he or she has already served his or her entire sentence? The underlying crim- inal proceeding is done. It’s over. Obviously, double jeopardy prevents the State from recharging the person with a crime for which he or she has already been punished.14 In contrast, the double jeopardy issue does not arise if the movant is still serv- ing his or her sentence. Even if a conviction is challenged in a collateral attack, double jeopardy does not preclude a retrial if the defendant’s conviction was set aside because of an error in the proceedings leading to the conviction.15 But because the statute contemplates the availability of a new trial, it makes no sense to conclude that the Legislature intended the statutory remedy to apply to a person who has completely served his or her sentence.
13 See Black’s Law Dictionary 508 (10th ed. 2014). 14 See, e.g., State v. Huff, 282 Neb. 78, 802 N.W.2d 77 (2011). 15 See United States v. Tateo, 377 U.S. 463, 84 S. Ct. 1587, 12 L. Ed. 2d 448 (1964). Nebraska Advance Sheets STATE v. RODRIGUEZ 731 Cite as 288 Neb. 714
Nor do I believe the common-law remedy that we recog- nized in Gonzalez16 is available here. There, we recognized a limited common-law procedure for collaterally attacking a final judgment and withdrawing a plea if two conditions are met: (1) [T]he [Nebraska Postconviction] Act is not, and never was, available as a means of asserting the ground or grounds justifying withdrawing the plea and (2) a consti- tutional right is at issue. In sum, this common-law proce- dure exists to safeguard a defendant’s rights in the very rare circumstance where due process principles require a forum for the vindication of a constitutional right and no other forum is provided by Nebraska law.17 We have permitted a person who has served his sentence to seek relief under the common-law procedure.18 But here, Rodriguez has not shown that a constitutional right is at stake. He claims that the court’s incorrect advisement under § 29-1819.02(1) prevented him from knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waiving his rights (presumably, his trial rights). The State, however, correctly argues that we have stated a trial court’s failure to warn a defendant of immigration conse- quences does not implicate a constitutional right.19 Rodriguez cites no authority to support his bare assertion to the contrary. I conclude that because Rodriguez has no remedy available under § 29-1819.02(2) and has failed to show that a constitu- tional right is at stake under the common-law procedure, the judgment of the district court should be affirmed. Heavican, C.J., joins in this dissent.
16 See Gonzalez, supra note 10. 17 Id. at 949-50, 830 N.W.2d at 511. Accord State v. Yuma, 286 Neb. 244, 835 N.W.2d 679 (2013). 18 See Yuma, supra note 17. 19 See State v. Yos-Chiguil, 281 Neb. 618, 798 N.W.2d 832 (2011) (citing Smith v. State, 287 Ga. 391, 697 S.E.2d 177 (2010)). See, also, Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 130 S. Ct. 1473, 176 L. Ed. 2d 284 (2010).