State v. Ritchey

2023 Ohio 1625

• Court: Ohio Court of Appeals
• Decided: May 15, 2023
• Docket: 2022-G-0025
• Status: Published

Opinion

[Cite as State v. Ritchey, 2023-Ohio-1625.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT GEAUGA COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO, CASE NO. 2022-G-0025

Plaintiff-Appellee, Criminal Appeal from the - vs - Court of Common Pleas

GAIL M. RITCHEY, Trial Court No. 2019 C 000083 Defendant-Appellant.

OPINION

Decided: May 15, 2023 Judgment: Affirmed

James R. Flaiz, Geauga County Prosecutor, and Nicholas A. Burling, Assistant Prosecutor, Courthouse Annex, 231 Main Street, 3rd Floor, Chardon, OH 44024 (For Plaintiff-Appellee).

Mark B. Marein and Steven L. Bradley, Marein & Bradley, 222 Leader Building, 526 Superior Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44114, and Edwin V. Hargate, 38106 Third Street, Willoughby, OH 44094 (For Defendant-Appellant).

MATT LYNCH, J.

{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Gail M. Ritchey, appeals her conviction for Murder.

For the following reasons, Ritchey’s conviction is affirmed.

{¶2} On June 6, 2019, the Geauga County Grand Jury returned an Indictment

charging Ritchey with Aggravated Murder, a felony in violation of R.C. 2903.01(A), and

Murder, a felony in violation of R.C. 2903.02(A). The charges were tried before a jury

between March 28 and April 4, 2022. The following relevant testimony was presented at

trial: {¶3} Cheryl Jenkins testified that, while delivering newspapers on the morning of

March 25, 1993, she discovered the body of a baby on a road in Geauga County. The

body was in “bad shape”: “he was missing an arm and a leg and the skin on his belly.”

She contacted law enforcement.

{¶4} Scott Neihus, the Chief of Police for Chardon, testified that in 1993 he was

a detective in the Geauga County Sheriff’s Office. On March 25 of that year, he

responded to a report that the body of an infant had been discovered on Sidley Road in

Thompson Township. Neihus accompanied the infant to Geauga Hospital where he was

pronounced dead and then transferred to the Cuyahoga County Coroner’s Office for

autopsy. Several days later, Neihus discovered a garbage bag in the tree line of Mosley

Road, “approximately two to three-tenths of a mile” from the location of the body. The

bag had been torn open and inside was a clear plastic bag containing a red liquid.

{¶5} Doctor Joseph Felo, the Chief Deputy Medical Examiner for Cuyahoga

County, testified as an expert in the field of forensic pathology to the following: Doctor

Robert Challener, now deceased, was the Chief Deputy Coroner for Cuyahoga County

who performed the autopsy of the child. Felo reviewed the autopsy protocol prepared by

Challener as well as microscopic slides of body tissues, toxicology and x-ray reports, and

autopsy photographs. Two anatomic diagnoses were made: “full term live born male

infant” and “postmortem injuries of head, neck, trunk and extremities.” Based on

Challener’s autopsy, the Geauga County Coroner classified the death as a “homicide”

and identified the cause of death as “undetermined violent cause.”

{¶6} Using a photograph of the right lung (except for “hilar remnants,” the left

lung was missing), Dr. Felo opined: “Based on the color and the circumstances, it gives

Case No. 2022-G-0025 an indication that this child breathed for some time because when the lungs are in the

womb, they are going to be more of a brown color and collapsed, much like the color of

the liver. So the fact that there is a more pink color means that the blood that was normally

present there has now been pushed out to allow for the air sacs to expand, so the color

helps with determining that this child was born alive or took a breath. * * * The surface

of the lung has a very uniform color, so it’s not blotchy or patchy which would be, with the

uniform color, would be the child breathed and it expanded the lungs and squeezed out

the blood that was in there while the child was developing in the womb, so now it’s

replaced with air. Had this been forced air into the lungs, it would be more of a splotchy

brown separated by the pink color. So that uniform color indicates breathing.”

{¶7} Considering Dr. Challener’s microscopic examination of the lung tissue, Dr.

Felo testified: “Portions are well aerated; that means air has gotten into the air sacs and

distended them. The scattered squames are the skin cells that are from the fetus while

in the womb. They get shed off and into the amniotic fluid which is the fluid that bathes

the baby while developing in the womb, so some of those are present in the air spaces.

And then [Dr. Challener] describes atelectasis, that’s collapsed or non-expanded air

sacs.”

{¶8} Dr. Felo independently reviewed the three existing slides of lung tissue from

the child. He concluded:

[L]ess than 5 percent of all lung tissues consist of non-expanded air spaces primarily in the subpleural regions; that’s my microscopic description of atelectasis; so those are areas of the lungs that did not get air introduced into them into the sacs and they are mostly at the furthest away areas. When we breathe in it goes to the pleural surface; that’s the outer surface of the lungs. Those are areas that the air is least likely to get in, so that’s not surprising. And that was less than 5 percent of all of the tissues I looked at. * * * 3

Case No. 2022-G-0025 [A]pproximately 40 percent of all lung tissues consist of rounded and distended optically clear air spaces. What that means is those are the alveolar sacs which is where the business of the lung- where air which has oxygen exchange[s] with blood circulating through the body so that we breathe in oxygen and we expel carbon dioxide; that’s what the alveoli, the alveolar air sacs are. About 40 percent of those are rounded and distended; that means they are over- expanded and they have been cleared out of any debris which would be normal in the lung tissues. My third conclusion is that approximately 55 percent to 60 percent of all lung tissues consist of non-distended open air spaces and almost all have cellular and acellular eosinophilic material within the air spaces. What that means is the majority of the lung tissues have open air spaces caused by the child breathing and they’re not over-distended. They are not collapsed. These are evidence that this child breathed. And almost all of them have acellular and cellular eosinophilic, which means pink underneath the microscope, material. Those cells are normal cells that help secrete liquid to keep the air sacs open and there’s also some debris which is from the amniotic fluid that Doctor Challener specifically called squames. So that is normal air sacs for an infant of certainly less than 24 hours of life. And then finally I say that all lung tissues are well preserved; that means that there’s no signs of decomposition or breakdown with no evidence of autolysis which is the chemical breakdown and/or no bacterial colonies which is something that often will occur in body tissues. The bacteria, as I described, can colonize and breakdown the tissues. There’s no evidence of that type of decomposition change.

{¶9} With respect to the 40 percent of the tissues that were “rounded and

distended,” Dr. Felo explained that this can be caused by “forced air into the lungs” or

“bacterial overgrowth [which] can cause gasses to form.” The lack of evidence of

decomposition precluded the possibility of bacterial overgrowth causing the distention.

{¶10} With respect to the 55 to 60 percent of “non-distended open air spaces,” Dr.

Felo explained this was indicative of passive or normal breathing: “It’s not too much air

coming in where it’s getting over-expanded but it’s enough air so that it opens up those

air spaces.”

Case No. 2022-G-0025 {¶11} Based on the foregoing, Dr. Felo asserted to a reasonable degree of

scientific certainty that it was a live birth of a near or full term infant. Felo could offer no

opinion as to how long the baby was alive or how long the baby had been exposed. He

described the child’s life as “not long” which could mean seconds or hours.

{¶12} Don Seamon, a detective with the Geauga County Sheriff’s Office, testified

that, in 2018, the effort was undertaken to use DNA from the child’s tooth bud and

compare it with online DNA databases in order to determine the child’s family. Eventually,

through such efforts, law enforcement was able to identify Ritchey as the mother of the

child.

{¶13} Detective Seamon interviewed Ritchey and a videorecording of that

interview was played for the jury. In the interview, Ritchey (age 23 at the time of birth)

stated that she did not realize that she was pregnant until about three months prior to

delivery, when she ceased to menstruate. She was unaware of how far along she was in

the pregnancy. She did not tell anyone that she was pregnant. She was working for a

family as a nanny in Shaker Heights. During a weekday in “winter,” she gave birth at the

Shaker Heights residence. She did not look at the child and was not aware of its sex.

She does not remember if the child moved or made any noise although it was “possible”

the child might have done so. Not knowing what to do, she put the child in a garbage bag

and put the bag in the trunk of her car. Several days or a week later she spent a weekend

at Camp Koinonia in Ashtabula County. During the weekend she drove someplace “I

don’t know where” and laid the bag in the woods. She was not aware that the child had

been found until the police contacted her parents as part of their genealogical

investigation.

Case No. 2022-G-0025 {¶14} Doctor Kent Harshbarger, the Montgomery County Coroner, testified that

he examined Dr. Challener’s autopsy report and the associated materials from the

Cuyahoga County Coroner’s Office. Considering these materials, Harshbarger

concluded that it was not possible to determine whether the child was born alive. He

noted that there have been documented instances of “stillbirth with expanded alveoli” and

“known live birth with collapsed alveoli.” Accordingly, the microscopic evaluation of lung

tissue is not determinative. “Breathing, having expanded alveoli microscopically in my

opinion is a useful data point but it is unreliable when all the other markers we use or

other markers we typically have available to us allow for greater confidence by doing that

[sic]. * * * In this case * * * we don’t have many data points, other than the lung histology,

and in my opinion that’s not enough to conclude [with] reasonable scientific certainty that

a live birth occurred.”

{¶15} Dr. Harshbarger did not believe that the photograph of the right lung

presented “a macroscopic or visual appears [sic] of a healthy, aerated, pink, expanded

lung.” Although a portion of the lung presented a “lighter red-pink color” consistent with

expansion, there was no description in the coroner’s report of the organ’s texture which

is “the only way to evaluate the histologic appearance or microscopic appearance.” Dr.

Harshbarger noted a number of ways in which the alveoli could be expanded artificially,

such as by bacterial gasses or by compression of the chest which could occur during birth

or through animal activity. Overall, he did not believe the lung’s collapsed appearance

was indicative of a live birth.

{¶16} On April 4, 2022, the jury returned a verdict, finding Ritchey not guilty of

Aggravated Murder and guilty of Murder.

Case No. 2022-G-0025 {¶17} On May 24, 2022, the trial court sentenced Ritchey to an indefinite prison

term of fifteen years to life.

{¶18} On June 22, 2022, Ritchey filed a Notice of Appeal. On appeal, she raises

the following assignments of error:

[1.] The evidence was insufficient to sustain the conviction because there was insufficient evidence of venue laying in Geauga County.

[2.] The trial court erred when it instructed the jury that venue should be determined by the location where the body was recovered.

[3.] The trial court erred when it permitted the State’s expert witness to testify to his opinion that there was a live birth.

[4.] The trial court erred when it refused to allow the defense to present evidence of dissociative disorder.

[5.] The trial court erred when it permitted Dr. Felo to testify based on information gathered by non-testifying experts and analysts.

[6.] The guilty verdict for Murder was against the manifest weight of the evidence.

{¶19} The first two assignments of error will be considered jointly.

{¶20} “Under Article I, Section 10 and R.C. 2901.12, evidence of proper venue

must be presented in order to sustain a conviction for an offense.” State v. Hampton, 134

Ohio St.3d 447, 2012-Ohio-5688, 983 N.E.2d 324, ¶ 20. “Although it is not a material

element of the offense charged, venue is a fact which must be proved in criminal

prosecutions unless it is waived by the defendant.” State v. Headley, 6 Ohio St.3d 475,

477, 453 N.E.2d 716 (1983). “[I]t is not essential that the venue of the crime be proven

in express terms, provided it be established by all the facts and circumstances in the case,

beyond a reasonable doubt, that the crime was committed in the county and state as

Case No. 2022-G-0025 alleged in the indictment.” Hampton at ¶ 19, quoting State v. Dickerson, 77 Ohio St. 34,

82 N.E. 969 (1907), paragraph one of the syllabus.

{¶21} There is a statutory exception to the constitutional mandate that a defendant

be tried in the county in which the offense is alleged to have been committed. “When the

offense involves the death of a person, and it cannot reasonably be determined in which

jurisdiction the offense was committed, the offender may be tried in the jurisdiction in

which the dead person’s body or any part of the dead person’s body was found.” R.C.

2901.12(J); State v. Tinch, 84 Ohio App.3d 111, 120, 616 N.E.2d 529 (12th Dist.1992)

(“Section 10, Article I and R.C. 2901.12(J) do not conflict with each other; rather, the

statute is a necessary exception to Section 10, Article I that becomes applicable only in

the event it cannot reasonably be determined in which jurisdiction an offense involving

the death of a person was committed”).

{¶22} “Over a century of well-established jurisprudence clearly mandates that a

motion for judgment of acquittal must be granted when the evidence is insufficient for

reasonable minds to find that venue is proper.” Hampton at ¶ 24. Legally sufficient

evidence is evidence that, as a matter of law, satisfies the legal standard applicable to a

given issue. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). “Ohio

has required proof of venue beyond a reasonable doubt to sustain a conviction.” Hampton

at ¶ 22. “[A] conviction based on legally insufficient evidence constitutes a denial of due

process.” Thompkins at 386.

{¶23} In the present case, Ritchey’s Indictment reads as follows: “THE JURORS

OF THE GRAND JURY * * * do find and present that on or about March of 1993, at

Geauga County, Ohio, GAIL M. RITCHEY * * * did purposely, and with prior calculation

Case No. 2022-G-0025 and design, cause the death of another” and “that GAIL M. RITCHEY on or about March

of 1993 at Geauga County, Ohio, did purposely cause the death of another * * *.”

{¶24} The State argued that venue was proper based on the discovery of the body

in Geauga County pursuant to R.C. 2901.12(J). On that ground, the trial court denied

Ritchey’s motion: “I’ve determined that venue is proper given the parameter of the statute.

And I do this because I believe that it couldn’t be determined with reasonable certainty

the site of the alleged crime. The only evidence is the interview with the police; that wasn’t

sworn testimony, and there’s been no corroborating evidence presented that it definitively

happened in Shaker Heights. So, I believe that the State had no realistic option but to

bring the charges in Geauga County as the statute would permit.”

{¶25} The jury was subsequently instructed as follows with respect to venue:

“Before you can decide whether the State of Ohio has proved beyond a reasonable doubt

all the essential elements of the offenses with which the defendant is charged, you must

first decide whether this is the correct county in which this trial should be held. The State

must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Baby Boy Doe’s body or a part of his body

was found in Geauga County, Ohio.”

{¶26} On appeal, Ritchey challenges the trial court’s determination that it could

not be reasonably determined in which jurisdiction the offense was committed and argues

that this issue is one that should be submitted to the jury for determination. We will

consider the second argument first.

{¶27} The parties have cited no authority on the issue of whether it is properly for

the jury to determine whether the jurisdiction in which the offense was committed can be

reasonably determined. We conclude that this determination is to be made by the trial

Case No. 2022-G-0025 court, while the jury is responsible for the factual determination of where the body was

found.

{¶28} We begin with the propositions that “[t]rial courts have broad discretion to

determine the facts that would establish venue,” while “venue is a fact that must be proved

beyond a reasonable doubt,” i.e., by the jury or trier of fact. State v. Jackson, 141 Ohio

St.3d 171, 2014-Ohio-3707, 23 N.E.3d 1023, ¶ 144, 143. These contrasting standards

reflect “the distinction between the determination of where venue is proper and proof of

venue at trial.” State v. Barr, 158 Ohio App.3d 86, 2004-Ohio-3900, 814 N.E.2d 79, ¶ 15

(7th Dist.). Stated otherwise, “[t]he trial court determines whether a case is properly

venued in its court.” State v. DeBoe, 6th Dist. Huron No. H-02-057, 2004-Ohio-403, ¶ 42.

“The jury then determines whether sufficient evidence has been presented to establish

venue * * *.” Id.

{¶29} Applying these considerations to R.C. 2901.12(J), it is within the trial court’s

discretion to determine whether the jurisdiction in which the offense was committed can

be reasonably determined, i.e., whether the case has been properly venued in its court.

This is a preliminary consideration which is appropriately determined in anticipation of

trial. Moreover, the exercise of discretion comports well with a standard of

reasonableness. Compare State v. Miller, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2019-L-084, 2020-Ohio-

3329, ¶ 9 (defining abuse of discretion as a “judgment * * * which does not comport with

reason or the record” and as the “failure to exercise sound, reasonable, and legal

decision-making”). On the other hand, it is for the jury to determine whether the body or

a part thereof had been found within the jurisdiction, i.e., whether the evidence of venue

has been established beyond a reasonable doubt.

Case No. 2022-G-0025 {¶30} The foregoing approach is also consistent with the relevant instruction on

venue contained in the Ohio Jury Instructions:

Before you can decide whether the state of Ohio has proved beyond a reasonable doubt all of the essential elements of the offense(s) with which the defendant is charged, you must first decide whether this is the correct (county) (other jurisdiction) in which this trial should be held. The state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that (insert name of deceased person)’s body or any part of his/her body was found in _____ (County) (other jurisdiction), Ohio.

Ohio Jury Instructions, CR Section 413.07 (Rev. May 21, 2022). Although not controlling,

this court has held that “[t]he Ohio Jury Instructions are authoritative and are generally to

be followed and applied by Ohio’s courts.” State v. Varner, 2020-Ohio-1329, 153 N.E.3d

514, ¶ 54 (11th Dist.); State v. Miranda, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2014-L-020, 2014-Ohio-5312,

¶ 24 (Ohio Jury Instructions are “persuasive, if not controlling”).

{¶31} We note that the application of R.C. 2901.12(J) in the present case was

complicated by the State’s failure to properly plead venue in the Indictment. As a result,

Ritchey had no reasonable opportunity to challenge whether the case had been properly

venued until the close of the State’s case through a motion for acquittal based on

sufficiency of the evidence. Otherwise, a pretrial motion to challenge venue could have

been raised. It is also worth noting, as counsel for Ritchey pointed out, that venue based

on a course of conduct as provided for in R.C. 2901.12(H) could have been readily

established if she had also been charged with Abuse of a Corpse.

{¶32} We now consider whether the trial court abused its discretion in ruling that

it could not be reasonably determined where the offense was committed. Ritchey notes

that the evidence of her recorded interview establishes that, in 1993, she lived and worked

in Cuyahoga County and that the birth occurred in Shaker Heights. Her employment as

Case No. 2022-G-0025 a nanny for a family in Shaker Heights was confirmed by law enforcement. Dr. Felo

testified that the child only lived a matter of minutes or hours and Ritchey did not abandon

the body in Geauga County until days after giving birth. The State counters that, while

Ritchey’s employment in Shaker Heights could be verified, the actual birth at that

residence could not be. Moreover, the State maintains Ritchey’s statements in her

interview are not reliable. She claimed that no one else was present for the birth.

However, the presence of distended alveoli in the lung is indicative of someone having

performed rescue breathing on the child prior to his death. If Ritchey had done so, she

would have admitted as much during her interview. Accordingly, her statements are

unreliable.

{¶33} We find no abuse of discretion. Not only are Ritchey’s statements regarding

the birth uncorroborated but, after the passage of almost thirty years, they are no longer

capable of corroboration. Moreover, the nature of the statements made during the

interview was uncertain. Ritchey was not aware she was pregnant for most of her

pregnancy. She did not recall when the birth took place except that it was “winter.” Rather

than affirmatively stating that the child was stillborn, she claimed not to have noticed if the

child moved or made a noise. She did not know exactly how long the child was in her

trunk before abandoning the body someplace she likewise did not know. Given this

context, it was not at all reasonably certain that the place of birth was the one detail that

Ritchey reported with either accuracy or truthfulness. Compare State v. Zich, 6th Dist.

Lucas No. L-09-1184, 2011-Ohio-6505, ¶ 143 (“although there was evidence suggesting

that a struggle occurred * * * in Ottawa County, there was no evidence that the victim died

in this struggle”).

Case No. 2022-G-0025 {¶34} The first two assignments of error are without merit.

{¶35} In the third assignment of error, Ritchey argues that the trial court erred by

allowing Dr. Felo to testify regarding his opinion that there was a live birth based on

microscopic examination of the lung tissue. Ritchey maintains that Dr. Felo’s testimony

did not meet the admissibility standard set forth in Evidence Rule 702 in addition to

offending constitutional principles of due process.

{¶36} Prior to trial, Ritchey filed a Motion for Daubert Hearing to Determine

Scientific Reliability of Microscopic Examination of Lung Tissue and Opinions Based

Thereon. The trial court denied the Motion following a hearing on January 20, 2022.

{¶37} “A trial court’s ruling on evidentiary issues, including the admissibility of

expert opinions, will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion and proof

of material prejudice.” State v. Belton, 149 Ohio St.3d 165, 2016-Ohio-1581, 74 N.E.3d

319, ¶ 116; Terry v. Caputo, 115 Ohio St.3d 351, 2007-Ohio-5023, 875 N.E.2d 72, ¶ 16

(“[t]rial courts have broad discretion in determining the admissibility of expert testimony,

subject to review for an abuse of discretion”).

{¶38} A witness may testify as an expert if all of the following apply:

(A) The witness’ testimony either relates to matters beyond the knowledge or experience possessed by lay persons or dispels a misconception common among lay persons;

(B) The witness is qualified as an expert by specialized knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education regarding the subject matter of the testimony;

(C) The witness’ testimony is based on reliable scientific, technical, or other specialized information. To the extent that the testimony reports the result of a procedure, test, or experiment, the testimony is reliable only if all of the following apply:

Case No. 2022-G-0025 (1) The theory upon which the procedure, test, or experiment is based is objectively verifiable or is validly derived from widely accepted knowledge, facts, or principles;

(2) The design of the procedure, test, or experiment reliably implements the theory;

(3) The particular procedure, test, or experiment was conducted in a way that will yield an accurate result.

Evid.R. 702.

{¶39} In applying these criteria, the Supreme Court of Ohio has established the

following principles:

In determining whether the opinion of an expert is reliable under Evid.R. 702(C), a trial court examines whether the expert’s conclusion is based on scientifically valid principles and methods. Miller [v. Bike Athletic Co.], 80 Ohio St.3d 607, 687 N.E.2d 735 [(1988)], paragraph one of the syllabus. A court should not focus on whether the expert opinion is correct or whether the testimony satisfies the proponent’s burden of proof at trial. Id. Accordingly, we are not concerned with the substance of the experts’ conclusions; our focus is on how the experts arrived at their conclusions. * * * Because even a qualified expert is capable of rendering scientifically unreliable testimony, it is imperative for a trial court, as gatekeeper, to examine the principles and methodology that underlie an expert’s opinion. Cf. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (1993), 509 U.S. 579, 589, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.E.2d 469 (“under [Fed.R.Evid. 702] the trial judge must ensure that any and all scientific testimony or evidence admitted is not only relevant, but reliable”); Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner (1997), 522 U.S. 136, 142, 118 S.Ct. 512, 139 L.E.2d 508 (discussing the gatekeeping role of the trial judge under Fed.R. Evid. 702). * * * Evid.R. 702(C) requires not only that those underlying resources are scientifically valid, but also that they support the opinion. Although scientists certainly may draw inferences from a body of work, trial courts must ensure that any such extrapolation accords with scientific principles and methods. * * * In Joiner, the United States Supreme Court, in discussing the reliability requirements of Fed.R.Evid. 702, stated, “A court may conclude that there is simply too great an analytical gap between the data and the opinion proffered.” Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. at 146, 118 S.Ct. 512, 139 L.Ed.2d 508.

Valentine v. Conrad, 110 Ohio St.3d 42, 2006-Ohio-3561, 850 N.E.2d 683, ¶ 16-18. 14

Case No. 2022-G-0025 {¶40} On appeal, Ritchey contends that Dr. Felo’s conclusions did not meet these

standards for admissibility. She argues that Dr. Felo’s “use of microscopic examination

as a sole basis for determining live birth has not been tested, is not supported by peer-

reviewed or published articles, has no known error rate (in this regard, Felo said that he

needed more than 20 percent of the alveoli to be passively aerated but less than 50

percent, but offered no explanation for these figures), and is not generally accepted

(indeed, the literature is critical of microscopic analysis as the sole criteria, as testified to

by Felo).” Amended Merits Brief of Appellant at 21-22.

{¶41} At the hearing, Dr. Felo testified that there are “characteristics and classic

tissue changes that differentiate between a stillborn, child that is dead upon delivery of

the infant, and a live born, meaning that they took a breath outside of the mother’s womb.”

According to Dr. Felo, the determinative characteristic is “the expansion of the small air

spaces,” i.e., the “alveoli, the air sacs.” The expansion of these air sacs is indicative of

independent breathing (described as “passive aeration”) and, thus, of live birth.

{¶42} Ritchey emphasizes the lack of published articles or studies to support Dr.

Felo’s conclusions. Dr. Felo, acknowledging the lack of supportive literature, explained

that his conclusions are largely based on his own experience of having performed about

200 infant autopsies:

Having looked at both stillborn tissues and neonate tissues, these tissues of the lungs [55-60 percent of Baby Boy Doe’s tissues] more mimic a neonate, meaning a live birth based on the air spaces are not collapsed and * * * they’re open. Whereas a stillborn * * *, the definite stillborns that I’ve done, * * * all of the tissues are collapsed. They are not filled with air.

{¶43} With respect to the scientific literature, Dr. Felo explained that it was more

anecdotal than systemic in nature: 15

Case No. 2022-G-0025 [T]here are several case reports more like I have a case I’m going to present it to the medical community, the pathology community, and * * * this is what I found. So there’s not really controlled tests where we can take ten fetuses, have them die, and look at their lung tissues. And have ten fetuses, have them sit out decomposing, and look at their tissues. So most of the literature was, what I’m aware of, is just individual experiences and case reports. And I rely on that when I make my own diagnoses. I’ve certainly had many cases of stillborn deaths when I’ve known they have been stillborn. I’ve had abandoned bodies that later on, after I ruled that they were live birth[s], that the defendant said, yes, they were live birth. * * * So that’s what I base a lot of my experience and my diagnoses on is my experience and the experience that I was taught and plus the experience of my colleagues at work. There [are] nine other pathologists that I show tissues to and they show me tissues too. * * * So what we’re left with is essentially practicality as far as making a diagnosis and that practicality comes from experience. * * * [T]here’s not a whole lot of literature on was the child born dead or alive. * * * [A] lot of that literature is: It’s difficult. You have to make a diagnosis with caution. * * * Yes, I reviewed those articles but I also have to go back with my experiences in how I have had similar cases and dissimilar cases and put all that together to formulate my diagnoses.

{¶44} Ritchey also challenges Dr. Felo’s conclusions on the ground that the lung

tissues could have been aerated postmortem. As Dr. Felo acknowledged during the

hearing, air could be introduced into the lungs through decomposition, animal activity, or

autopsy manipulation. Dr. Felo addressed those contingencies at the hearing and

explained, in turn, why he did not believe they compromised his diagnosis:

There’s no signs of decomposition which could distend the tissues with gas formation, meaning there’s no bacteria that are present that would fester and cause gas to expand the tissues. You know, the animal activity, if anything, it’s going to introduce the bacteria from the saliva and there’s no evidence of that. Crushing and tearing is going to collapse the tissues. It’s not going to expand them. And much like * * * manipulation of the tissues at the autopsy, you’d really have to stretch out and expand the tissues to make it even appear that they’re filled with gasses. We’re talking at the microscopic level here where it’s pretty well preserved from the time of autopsy until the time of evaluation microscopically.

Case No. 2022-G-0025 {¶45} Finally, Ritchey claims Dr. Felo’s opinion is fundamentally unreliable

because it is not known from where the slides or tissue samples on which the opinion is

based were taken. In other words, Ritchey claims that it cannot be established that the

tissue samples are representative of the condition of the lung as a whole. Again, Dr. Felo

acknowledges that it is impossible to identify precisely the origin of the three samples

(although two of them contained pleura or tissue from the lung’s outer surface).

Nonetheless, he was confident the samples were sufficiently representative. He noted

that “microscopically * * * there is a variety of the [lung] tissues that have been sampled.”

Moreover, Dr. Felo was trained by Dr. Challener and was familiar with his style: “if there

were three lobes, he would take tissues from three lobes; that’s how he taught me to do

that; that’s how I already knew how to do that from my general pathology training, but

that’s * * * how he practiced.”

{¶46} Dr. Felo recognized the lack of scientific studies or literature that would

corroborate (or contradict) his conclusions. In this respect, we note the following:

The rule [Evid.R. 702] provides that a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training or education may have her testimony presented in the form of an opinion or otherwise and it need not be just scientific or technical knowledge. The rule includes more. The phrase “other specialized knowledge” is found in the rule and, accordingly, if a person has information which has been acquired by experience, training or education which would assist the trier of fact in understanding the evidence or a fact in issue and the information is beyond common experience, such person may testify.

State v. Boston, 46 Ohio St.3d 108, 118, 545 N.E.2d 1220 (1989).

{¶47} Based on the foregoing record, the trial court deemed Dr. Felo’s opinion

testimony admissible. We find no abuse of discretion. Fundamentally, Dr. Felo’s

methodology is sound. There is nothing in the record to contradict the basic premise of

Case No. 2022-G-0025 his opinion that open air sacs, observed microscopically, are indicative of passive

breathing which, in turn, is consistent with a live birth. The issue, then, is whether the

presence of 55-60 percent open air sacs is sufficient by itself to make that diagnosis

and/or whether other factors, such as decomposition or foreign manipulation, undermine

that diagnosis. Ultimately, these are considerations for the jury to resolve. The Supreme

Court of Ohio has observed that “scientific opinions need not enjoy ‘general acceptance’

in the relevant scientific community in order to satisfy the reliability requirement of Evid.R.

702,” and “there need not be any agreement in the scientific community regarding the

expert’s actual opinion or conclusion.” State v. Nemeth, 82 Ohio St.3d 202, 210, 694

N.E.2d 1332 (1998). “The credibility of the conclusion and the relative weight it should

enjoy are determinations left to the trier of fact.” Id.

{¶48} The third assignment of error is without merit.

{¶49} In the fourth assignment of error, Ritchey argues that the trial court erred by

refusing to allow the defense to present evidence of dissociative disorder.

{¶50} Prior to trial, Ritchey produced in discovery an expert report prepared by

Dr. Diane Lynn Barnes “about pregnancies that are unperceived, often referred to

pervasive pregnancy or pregnancy concealment,” and one of the “hallmarks of this

reproductive aberration,” dissociative disorder. The State filed a motion in limine to

exclude from evidence at trial the testimony and expert report of Dr. Barnes on the

grounds that it constituted inadmissible evidence of “diminished capacity.” The trial court

granted the State’s motion on March 7, 2022.

{¶51} The State maintains that “[t]he only potential use for Dr. Barnes’ report and

testimony would be to argue to the jury that Ritchey could not form the specific mental

Case No. 2022-G-0025 state [purposely] at the time of the offense.” Brief of Appellee at 21. “[W]hen a defendant

does not assert an insanity defense, it is well settled that he may not offer expert testimony

in an effort to show that he lacked the mental capacity to form the specific mental state

required for a particular crime.” State v. Fulmer, 117 Ohio St.3d 319, 2008-Ohio-936, 883

N.E.2d 1052, ¶ 67; State v. Wilcox, 70 Ohio St.2d 182, 436 N.E.2d 523 (1982), paragraph

two of the syllabus. Diminished capacity has been described “as arising when ‘a sane

defendant’s mental abnormality at the time of the crime prevented him from entertaining

the specific mental state prescribed by statute.’” (Citation omitted.) State v. Huertas, 51

Ohio St.3d 22, 27, 553 N.E.2d 1058 (1990), fn. 5. “To allow psychiatric testimony on

specific intent would bring into Ohio law, under another guise [such as “conduct disorder”],

the diminished capacity defense * * * rejected in Wilcox.” State v. Cooey, 46 Ohio St.3d

20, 26, 544 N.E.2d 895 (1989); Fulmer at ¶ 69.

{¶52} Ritchey counters that Dr. Barnes’ testimony was proffered for two reasons

unrelated to diminished mental capacity: “The first purpose of this testimony was to

explain why and how Gail Ritchey, after delivery, could transition almost immediately to

caring for the children for which she was a nanny. * * * The second purpose was also

unrelated to mental capacity. The dissociative statute about which Dr. Barnes would have

opined affects the voluntariness of actions, not mental status.” Amended Merits Brief of

Appellant at 23. Ritchey further relies on the lead opinion in State v. Ireland, 155 Ohio

St.3d 287, 2018-Ohio-4494, 121 N.E.3d 285, which held that blackout, as evidenced by

the defendant’s experiencing “a dissociative episode” due to PTSD at the time of an

alleged assault, was an affirmative defense for which the defendant bore the burden of

proof at trial. Id. at ¶ 1, 3.

Case No. 2022-G-0025 {¶53} We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s decision to exclude the

report and testimony of Dr. Barnes. With respect to the first argument, evidence as to

how Ritchey could function as a nanny after giving birth is not relevant to the issues in

this case.

{¶54} With respect to the claim that the evidence was relevant and probative of

the voluntariness (actus reus) of Ritchey’s actions, the claim is undermined by the

substance of the expert report. Dr. Barnes opined: “A dissociative episode affects

consciousness to the degree that it impairs the ability to respond effectively to what is

happening in the present. This psychological disconnect caused by a dissociative

episode has a marked effect on rational thought and decision-making. Dissociation strips

the individual of the ability to problem-solve and/or form any kind of intention.” As

described by Dr. Barnes, dissociative disorder does not simply produce involuntary

physical actions, but clearly diminishes the actor’s capacity to appreciate the import of

those actions. It is a “psychological disconnect” from reality rather than being akin to a

state of unconsciousness associated with blackout. Compare R.C. 2901.01(A)(14) (“[a]

person is ‘not guilty by reason of insanity’ * * * if the person proves, * * * that at the time

of the commission of the offense, the person did not know, as a result of a severe mental

disease or defect, the wrongfulness of the person’s acts”) with R.C. 2901.21(F)(2)

(“[r]eflexes, convulsions, body movements during unconsciousness or sleep, and body

movements that are not otherwise a product of the actor’s volution, are involuntary acts”).

{¶55} Elsewhere in the report, Dr. Barnes does describe dissociation as

analogous to being in a dream-like state and/or experiencing a loss of consciousness:

“Dreams make it difficult to discern what is real from what is not, and so the bizarre may

Case No. 2022-G-0025 not appear odd. Dissociation creates the same disconnect from reality. In dissociation,

like in a dream, individuals have no authority or agency over their actions. [I]ndividuals

are powerless to change behavior or circumstances during a dissociative episode and

can only observe what is occurring with no power to change the scene, regardless of how

senseless, disturbing, or perverse it might be.” We find Dr. Barnes’ descriptions of the

dissociative state to be contrasting if not contradictory. On the one hand, the actor is

unable “to recognize the magnitude and the gravity of the situation.” On the other hand,

the “psychological split between body and mind” creates “the sensation of feeling robotic,

not in charge of [one’s] own behavior.” Given the malleable nature of the evidence, as

well as the fact that Dr. Barnes’ opinion is not based on the facts of the present case or

any examination of Ritchey herself, it was certainly within the trial court’s discretion to

exclude the report and testimony.

{¶56} Finally, we note that Ireland, 155 Ohio St.3d 287, 2018-Ohio-4494, 121

N.E.3d 285, has virtually no precedential or persuasive value. The lead opinion holding

that PTSD-related blackout was an affirmative defense only represented the position of

two justices. The lead opinion absolutely refused to consider the State’s argument that

the dissociative episode was the functional equivalent of diminished capacity. The State

failed to raise the argument at trial or on appeal. “The state’s actions go beyond a simple

forfeiture of the argument that Ireland raised a diminished-capacity defense,” rather, “[t]he

state * * * intentionally declined to assert any argument beyond the argument that blackout

was not supported by the evidence.” Id. at ¶ 16. Two other justices concurred with the

lead opinion in reversing the court of appeals, but did so on the grounds that, “[i]n the

actual context of Ireland’s case, the term ‘blackout’ was used as a placeholder for his

Case No. 2022-G-0025 insanity-related defense.” Id. at ¶ 50 (DeGenero, J., concurring in judgment only). Lastly,

two justices dissented on the grounds that “a blackout defense is not an affirmative

defense but rather serves to negate the voluntary-act element of an offense pursuant to

R.C. 2901.21(A)(1). Id. at ¶ 100 (Kennedy, J., dissenting). The dissenting justices took

no position with respect to the diminished capacity argument.

{¶57} The fourth assignment of error is without merit.

{¶58} In the fifth assignment of error, Ritchey argues that the trial court erred by

admitting the 1993 autopsy report generated by Dr. Challener into evidence.

{¶59} Prior to trial, Ritchey filed a motion in limine to exclude from evidence the

contents of the autopsy file including the 1993 autopsy report and coroner’s verdict. On

February 17, 2022, the trial court denied Ritchey’s motion with respect to the autopsy

report, while the motion was granted with respect to other parts of the file.

{¶60} Ritchey raises two arguments. The first is that the autopsy file is

inadmissible hearsay. Ritchey acknowledges that the Supreme Court of Ohio has held:

“An autopsy report that is neither prepared for the primary purpose of accusing a targeted

individual nor prepared for the primary purpose of providing evidence in a criminal trial is

nontestimonial, and its admission into evidence at trial under Evid.R. 803(6) as a business

record does not violate a defendant’s Sixth Amendment confrontation rights.” State v.

Maxwell, 139 Ohio St.3d 12, 2014-Ohio-1019, 9 N.E.3d 930, syllabus. Ritchey maintains,

however, that “Maxwell incorrectly confined its analysis to Evid.R. 803(6) when its

analysis should have been undertaken in light of Evid.R. 803(8).” Additionally, she argues

that “the admission of the autopsy file without the accompanying testimony of the

person(s) who participated in the autopsy violates the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth

Case No. 2022-G-0025 Amendment and the corresponding provision in the Ohio Constitution found in Article I,

Section 10.” Amended Merits Brief of Appellant at 25.

{¶61} Evidence Rule 803(8) allows for the admission of “[r]ecords, reports,

statements, or data compilations, in any form, of public offices or agencies, setting forth

(a) the activities of the office or agency, or (b) matters observed pursuant to duty imposed

by law as to which matters there was a duty to report, excluding, however, in criminal

cases matters observed by police officers and other law enforcement personnel * * *.”

“Ohio courts have held that Evid.R. 803(6) and Evid.R. 803(8) do not permit the State to

introduce police records and reports to prove the substance of those records or reports

in criminal cases because that procedure violates the hearsay rule and the accused’s

constitutional right of confrontation.” State v. Wilson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 87205,

2006-Ohio-4108, ¶ 23; State v. Wyke, 10th Dist. Franklin Nos. 98AP-1084 and 98AP-

1085, 1999 WL 731384, *4. Ritchey’s argument rests on the supposition that “[t]he

coroner and the coroner’s employees are law enforcement personnel.” In support, she

cites R.C. 313.09 (“[t]he sheriff of the county, the police of the city, the constable of the

township, or marshal of the village in which the death occurred may be requested to

furnish more information or make further investigation when requested by the coroner or

his deputy” and “[t]he prosecuting attorney may obtain copies of records and such other

information as is necessary from the office of the coroner”) and R.C. 313.15 (“[a]ll dead

bodies in the custody of the coroner shall be held until such as the coroner, after

consultation with the prosecuting attorney, or with the police department * * *, or with the

sheriff, has decided that it is no longer necessary to hold such body”).

Case No. 2022-G-0025 {¶62} Based on the foregoing, we find that coroners are not police officers or other

law enforcement personnel for the purposes of Evidence Rule 803(8). Even if they were,

that would not preclude autopsy reports from being admissible as records of regularly

conducted activity under Rule 803(6). Police reports which are clearly inadmissible under

Rule 803(8) may nonetheless be admitted in some circumstances under Rule 803(6).

See, e.g., State v. Lundy, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 90712, 2008-Ohio-6848, ¶ 27. Whether

considered under Rule 803(6) or Rule 803(8), the more significant issue is whether the

admission of the autopsy reports violates Ritchey’s rights of confrontation.

{¶63} Regardless of whether coroners are law enforcement personnel, “there is

no doubt that the nature of the coroner’s work in a homicide-related autopsy is

investigative and pertains to law enforcement” and that “a coroner plays an integral role

in law-enforcement investigations.” State ex rel. Cincinnati Enquirer v. Pike Cty.

Coroner’s Office, 153 Ohio St.3d 63, 2017-Ohio-8988, 101 N.E.3d 396, ¶ 38. “It cannot

be said that the coroner lacks authority to investigate a violation of law when, without the

coroner’s investigation, a murder could be mistaken for a natural death and no legal

violation would be uncovered.” Id.

{¶64} The Supreme Court of Ohio in Maxwell, 139 Ohio St.3d 12, 2014-Ohio-

1019, 9 N.E.3d 930, considered the constitutional implications of admitting such reports

under an exception to the hearsay rules in light of United States Supreme Court

precedent. The Ohio high court determined that the “admission of an out-of-court

statement of a witness who does not appear at trial is prohibited by the Confrontation

Clause if the statement is testimonial unless the witness is unavailable and the defendant

has had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the witness.” Id. at ¶ 34, citing Crawford v.

Case No. 2022-G-0025 Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 53-54, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004). “[T]estimonial

statements are those made for ‘a primary purpose of creating an out-of-court substitute

for trial testimony.’” Id. at ¶ 40, quoting Michigan v. Bryant, 562 U.S. 344, 358, 131 S.Ct.

1143, 179 L.Ed.2d 93 (2011). “If a statement’s primary purpose is anything else, the

statement is nontestimonial.” Id. In Maxwell, the Ohio Supreme Court reaffirmed prior

precedent “that an autopsy report was a nontestimonial business record and that its

admission did not impinge on a defendant’s confrontation rights.” Id. at ¶ 54, citing State

v. Craig, 110 Ohio St.3d 306, 2006-Ohio-4571, 853 N.E.2d 621, ¶ 81-88. Thus, the

Supreme Court concluded that “an autopsy report that is neither prepared for the primary

purpose of accusing a targeted individual nor prepared for the primary purpose of

providing evidence in a criminal trial is nontestimonial, and its admission into evidence at

trial under Evid.R. 803(6) as a business record does not violate a defendant’s Sixth

Amendment confrontation rights.” Id. at ¶ 63.

{¶65} The facts of the present case fall under Maxwell’s holding. Dr. Challener’s

autopsy report was not generated with the primary purpose of creating an out-of-court

substitute for trial testimony. Rather, Dr. Challener was fulfilling his duties to “keep a

complete record of and * * * fill in the cause of death on the death certificate, in all cases

coming under his jurisdiction.” R.C. 313.09. To this end, “coroners are statutorily

empowered to investigate unnatural deaths and authorized to perform autopsies in a

number of situations, only one of which is when a death is potentially a homicide.”

Maxwell at ¶ 59. Indeed, an autopsy in the present case was necessarily prerequisite to

the opening of a homicide investigation. Given the report itself was properly admitted into

Case No. 2022-G-0025 evidence, there was no error in Dr. Felo testifying regarding its contents or expressing his

own opinion of its findings.

{¶66} Ritchey cites to a later Ohio Supreme Court decision, State v. Tench, 156

Ohio St.3d 85, 2018-Ohio-5205, 123 N.E.3d 955, in which a BCI forensic scientist

(Keaton) testified regarding fingerprint exhibits that had been processed by another

latent-print examiner (Limpert) who did not testify. Id. at ¶ 206. The court held that

Limpert’s out-of-court statements, as contained in the exhibits, were testimonial and thus

the admission of those statements via Keaton’s testimony was erroneous. Id. at ¶ 213.

The basis for the holding in Tench, however, is what distinguishes that case from the

present one. In Tench, “a law-enforcement officer provided [the fingerprint] evidence to

a state laboratory set up for the purpose of assisting police investigations.” Id. at ¶ 213,

citing R.C. 109.52 (BCI may operate a criminal-analysis laboratory and “engage in such

other activities as will aid law enforcement officers in solving crimes and controlling

criminal activity”). By contrast, the court in Maxwell found that, “[a]lthough autopsy reports

are sometimes relevant in criminal prosecutions, Craig rightly held that they are not

created primarily for a prosecutorial purpose.” Maxwell at ¶ 59.

{¶67} Moreover, two years prior to Tench, four of the same justices held that there

was no Confrontation Clause violation when the State’s expert forensic pathologist

(Germaniuk) testified as a substitute witness in place of the coroner who performed the

victim’s autopsy. State v. Adams, 146 Ohio St.3d 232, 2016-Ohio-3043, 54 N.E.3d 1227,

¶ 3. This ruling in Adams was based directly on the holding in Maxwell. “Because the

report is itself admissible, Germaniuk’s testimony as to its contents is not a Confrontation

Clause problem.” Id. at ¶ 6, citing Maxwell at ¶ 51-52. “With respect to Germaniuk’s

Case No. 2022-G-0025 testifying as to his own opinion, ‘[s]uch testimony constituted [his] original observations

and opinions and did not violate the Confrontation Clause, because he was available for

cross-examination regarding them.’” Id. citing Maxwell at ¶ 53.

{¶68} The fifth assignment of error is without merit.

{¶69} In the sixth and final assignment of error, Ritchey argues her conviction for

Murder is against the manifest weight of the evidence.

{¶70} “Weight of the evidence concerns ‘the inclination of the greater amount of

credible evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side of the issue rather than the other.

It indicates clearly to the jury that the party having the burden of proof will be entitled to

their verdict, if, on weighing the evidence in their minds, they shall find the greater amount

of credible evidence sustains the issue which is to be established before them. Weight

is not a question of mathematics, but depends on its effect in inducing belief.” (Citation

omitted.) State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). When

considering whether a judgment is against the weight of the evidence, “a reviewing court

asks whose evidence is more persuasive—the state’s or the defendant’s?” State v.

Wilson, 113 Ohio St.3d 382, 2007-Ohio-2202, 865 N.E.2d 1264, ¶ 25. The court must

consider all the evidence in the record, the reasonable inferences, the credibility of the

witnesses, and whether, “in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way

and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed

and a new trial ordered.” (Citation omitted.) Thompkins at 387.

{¶71} “When a court of appeals reverses a judgment of a trial court on the basis

that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence, the appellate court sits as a

‘“thirteenth juror”’ and disagrees with the factfinder’s resolution of conflicting testimony.”

Case No. 2022-G-0025 (Citation omitted.) Thompkins at 387. Nevertheless, “[t]he trier of fact is free to believe

or disbelieve all or any of the testimony” and “is in the best position to take into account

inconsistencies, along with the witnesses’ manner and demeanor, and determine whether

the witnesses’ testimony is credible.” State v. Haney, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2012-L-098,

2013-Ohio-2823, ¶ 43. “Consequently, although an appellate court must act as a

‘thirteenth juror’ when considering whether the manifest weight of the evidence requires

reversal, it must also give great deference to the fact finder’s determination of the

witnesses’ credibility.” (Citation omitted.) Id.

{¶72} In order to convict Ritchey of Murder, the State was required to prove,

beyond a reasonable doubt, that she “purposely cause[d] the death of another.” R.C.

2903.02(A).

{¶73} Ritchey raises two points: “First, Felo’s testimony was unreliable and

incredible. He acknowledged that his opinion was contrary to that of some experts who

believed the determination of live birth could not be based on microscopy. And he could

point to no expert treatise or other body of work that supported his conclusion. * * *

Second, all evidence pointed to this crime, assuming there was a live birth, having been

committed in Cuyahoga County.” Amended Merits Brief of Appellant at 27.

{¶74} We do not find Ritchey’s conviction to be against the weight of the evidence.

For the reasons set forth in the first two assignments of error, the trial court properly found

this case to be venued in Geauga County, providing that the jury found that the body was

discovered there. There is no real dispute about where the body was found. With respect

to Dr. Felo’s testimony, we defer to the trier of fact. Dr. Felo set forth coherent and

compelling reasons for his diagnosis of live birth. Dr. Harshbarger did not contradict Dr.

Case No. 2022-G-0025 Felo’s findings so much as he found them inadequate for the purposes of making a

diagnosis. Dr. Felo identified valid data points, according to Dr. Harshbarger, but not

enough of them for a reliable diagnosis. Dr. Harshbarger also believed that there were

alternative explanations besides live birth that could explain the histology. Dr. Felo’s

confidence in his diagnosis was based on the consistency or similarity between the open

air sacs in the victim’s lungs and the appearance of these sacs in other, known live births.

The jury’s estimation of the credibility and persuasiveness of these two witnesses does

not constitute a manifest miscarriage of justice.

{¶75} The sixth assignment of error is without merit.

{¶76} For the foregoing reasons, Ritchey’s conviction for Murder is affirmed.

Costs to be taxed against the appellant.

JOHN J. EKLUND, P.J.,

EUGENE A. LUCCI, J.,

concur.

Case No. 2022-G-0025