BeoCK, J.
Defendant assigns as error that the judgment of the court imposed cruel and ununsual punishment upon defendant. G.S. 14-87, under which defendant was charged and convicted, provides for a sentence of up to thirty years. The sentence imposed upon defendant is well within this limit. Since the year 1838 the Supreme Court of North Carolina has held in an unbroken line of decisions that punishment not exceeding the statutory limit cannot be considered cruel and unusual in the constitutional sense.
State v. Manuel,
20 N.C. 144;
State v. Pettie,
80 N.C. 367;
State v. Farrington,
141 N.C. 844, 53 S.E. 954;
State v. Dowdy,
145 N.C. 432, 58 S.E. 1002;
State v. Daniels,
197 N.C. 285, 148 S.E. 244;
State v. Smith,
238 N.C. 82, 76 S.E. 2d 363;
State v. Lee,
247 N.C. 230, 100 S.E. 2d 372;
State v. Downey,
253 N.C. 348, 117 S.E. 2d 39;
State v. Bruce,
268 N.C. 174,
150 S.E. 2d 216;
State v. LePard,
270 N.C. 157, 153 S.E. 2d 875;
State v. Robinson,
271 N.C. 448, 156 S.E. 2d 854;
State v. Lovelace,
271 N.C. 593, 157 S.E. 2d 81;
State v. Yoes,
271 N.C. 616, 157 S.E. 2d 386;
State v. Foster,
271 N.C. 727, 157 S.E. 2d 542;
State v. Pardon,
272 N.C. 72, 157 S.E. 2d 698;
State v. Wright,
272 N.C. 264, 158 S.E. 2d 50;
State v. Bethea,
272 N.C. 521, 158 S.E. 2d 591;
State v. McCall,
273 N.C. 135, 159 S.E. 2d 316;
State v. Weston,
273 N.C. 275, 159 S.E. 2d 883.
Also, since this Court entered into its first session it has invariably adhered to the same principle.
State v. Burgess,
1 N.C. App. 142, 160 S.E. 2d 105;
State v. Chapman,
1 N.C. App. 622, 162 S.E. 2d 142;
State v. Abernathy,
1 N.C. App. 625, 162 S.E. 2d 114;
State v. Morris, 2
N.C. App. 611, 163 S.E. 2d 539;
State v. Mosteller,
3 N.C. App. 67, 164 S.E. 2d 27;
State v. Jones,
3 N.C. App. 69, 163 S.E. 2d 910;
State v. Mitchell,
3 N.C. App. 70, 164 S.E. 2d 62;
State v. Kelly,
3 N.C. App. 72, 164 S.E. 2d 22;
State v. McKinney,
4 N.C. App. 107, 165 S.E. 2d 689;
State v. Reed,
4 N.C. App. 109, 165 S.E. 2d 674;
State v. Stewart,
4 N.C. App. 249, 166 S.E. 2d 458;
State v. Kotofsky,
4 N.C. App. 302, 166 S.E. 2d 484;
State v. Cleaves,
4 N.C. App. 506, 166 S.E. 2d 861;
State v. Perryman,
4 N.C. App. 684, 167 S.E. 2d 517. The reasons for this principle are clear and sound. The trial judge is in position to observe the conduct and attitude of the defendant; he can observe defendant’s prior record; he can cause investigations into defendant’s past and present circumstances. In these and other ways the trial judge is in the best position to determine appropriate punishment for the protection of society and rehabilitation of the defendant. Of necessity the trial judge must be allowed to exercise wide discretion within the statutory limits. To this principle of law we apply the rule of
stare decisis et non quieta movere.
This assignment of error is overruled.
Defendant next assigns as error that the trial judge overruled his motions for nonsuit. Defendant asserts that there can be no attempt to commit robbery in the absence of an overt act in part execution of the intent to commit the crime. This principle of law is sound and enjoys wide acceptance by the courts of this country. The problem generally facing the courts is whether there is evidence of an overt act sufficient to submit the case to the jury. Concerning this, the rule is well-established in this state that “[i]f there is any evidence tending to prove the fact of guilt or which reasonably conduces to this conclusion as a fairly logical and legitimate deduction, and not such as merely raises a suspicion or conjecture of guilt, it is for the jury to say whether they are convinced beyond a reasonable
doubt of .the fact of guilt.” 2 Strong, N.C. Index 2d, Criminal Law, § 106, p. 654. “In determining whether a person has been guilty of the offense of attempting to commit robbery, the courts are guided by the peculiar facts of each case, in order to decide whether the acts of the defendant have advanced beyond the stage of mere preparation, to the point where it can be said that an attempt to commit, the crime has been made. The question is one of degree, and cannot, be controlled by exact definition.” Annot., 55 A.L.R. 714.
In this case the State’s evidence tends to show that the defendant undertook to disguise himself by the use of a woman’s wig, lipstick and pocketbook; and by wearing dark glasses and gloves. The evidence tends to show that he also armed himself with a .38 caliber automatic pistol, fully loaded and ready for use. He went into the A.B.C. Store three to four minutes before closing time and delayed his purchase by looking over duplicate price lists and ordering the three bottles of whiskey one at a time, and the clear inference from this delaying conduct is that he was waiting for all customers to leave the store and for the door to be locked. Then, when he was told! the amount of the three purchases, he reached into the pocketbook and pulled out the pistol.
The fact that he had no money, coupled with his actions is clearly sufficient evidence from which the jury could find that he
intended
to commit the
offense
of armed robbery. The only question remaining is whether there was sufficient evidence of an
overt act
to justify submission of the case to the jury.
Defendant argues that because he never pointed the pistol at anyone, never demanded that the employees do anything, and never-demanded or tried to take money or property, his conduct at most was merely preparatory and does not constitute an overt act towards the commission of the crime.
Defendant’s actions all but completed the crime of armed robbery itself. It was only the alert and overpowering action of the employee, Mr. Simo, in grabbing defendant’s wrist and holding it, and consequently the pistol, pinned against the counter, that prevented the actual consummation of the offense of armed robbery. Only a second beyond this point, defendant would have had the employees at his mercy. It would be a travesty upon justice to permit defendant to escape punishment for his carefully planned robbery, which was only frustrated by the surprise action of the employee. If defendant was not attempting to commit the crime charged, it is difficult to see what more he could have done short of actually committing the robbery.
The act of reaching into the pocketbook, and pulling out the pistol was sufficient evidence of an
overt act
which went beyond mere acts of preparation, and justified submission of the case to the jury. This assignment of error is overruled.
Defendant assigns as error that the trial court failed to instruct the jury upon the right of defendant not to testify, and as to how his failure to testify was to be considered.
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BeoCK, J.
Defendant assigns as error that the judgment of the court imposed cruel and ununsual punishment upon defendant. G.S. 14-87, under which defendant was charged and convicted, provides for a sentence of up to thirty years. The sentence imposed upon defendant is well within this limit. Since the year 1838 the Supreme Court of North Carolina has held in an unbroken line of decisions that punishment not exceeding the statutory limit cannot be considered cruel and unusual in the constitutional sense.
State v. Manuel,
20 N.C. 144;
State v. Pettie,
80 N.C. 367;
State v. Farrington,
141 N.C. 844, 53 S.E. 954;
State v. Dowdy,
145 N.C. 432, 58 S.E. 1002;
State v. Daniels,
197 N.C. 285, 148 S.E. 244;
State v. Smith,
238 N.C. 82, 76 S.E. 2d 363;
State v. Lee,
247 N.C. 230, 100 S.E. 2d 372;
State v. Downey,
253 N.C. 348, 117 S.E. 2d 39;
State v. Bruce,
268 N.C. 174,
150 S.E. 2d 216;
State v. LePard,
270 N.C. 157, 153 S.E. 2d 875;
State v. Robinson,
271 N.C. 448, 156 S.E. 2d 854;
State v. Lovelace,
271 N.C. 593, 157 S.E. 2d 81;
State v. Yoes,
271 N.C. 616, 157 S.E. 2d 386;
State v. Foster,
271 N.C. 727, 157 S.E. 2d 542;
State v. Pardon,
272 N.C. 72, 157 S.E. 2d 698;
State v. Wright,
272 N.C. 264, 158 S.E. 2d 50;
State v. Bethea,
272 N.C. 521, 158 S.E. 2d 591;
State v. McCall,
273 N.C. 135, 159 S.E. 2d 316;
State v. Weston,
273 N.C. 275, 159 S.E. 2d 883.
Also, since this Court entered into its first session it has invariably adhered to the same principle.
State v. Burgess,
1 N.C. App. 142, 160 S.E. 2d 105;
State v. Chapman,
1 N.C. App. 622, 162 S.E. 2d 142;
State v. Abernathy,
1 N.C. App. 625, 162 S.E. 2d 114;
State v. Morris, 2
N.C. App. 611, 163 S.E. 2d 539;
State v. Mosteller,
3 N.C. App. 67, 164 S.E. 2d 27;
State v. Jones,
3 N.C. App. 69, 163 S.E. 2d 910;
State v. Mitchell,
3 N.C. App. 70, 164 S.E. 2d 62;
State v. Kelly,
3 N.C. App. 72, 164 S.E. 2d 22;
State v. McKinney,
4 N.C. App. 107, 165 S.E. 2d 689;
State v. Reed,
4 N.C. App. 109, 165 S.E. 2d 674;
State v. Stewart,
4 N.C. App. 249, 166 S.E. 2d 458;
State v. Kotofsky,
4 N.C. App. 302, 166 S.E. 2d 484;
State v. Cleaves,
4 N.C. App. 506, 166 S.E. 2d 861;
State v. Perryman,
4 N.C. App. 684, 167 S.E. 2d 517. The reasons for this principle are clear and sound. The trial judge is in position to observe the conduct and attitude of the defendant; he can observe defendant’s prior record; he can cause investigations into defendant’s past and present circumstances. In these and other ways the trial judge is in the best position to determine appropriate punishment for the protection of society and rehabilitation of the defendant. Of necessity the trial judge must be allowed to exercise wide discretion within the statutory limits. To this principle of law we apply the rule of
stare decisis et non quieta movere.
This assignment of error is overruled.
Defendant next assigns as error that the trial judge overruled his motions for nonsuit. Defendant asserts that there can be no attempt to commit robbery in the absence of an overt act in part execution of the intent to commit the crime. This principle of law is sound and enjoys wide acceptance by the courts of this country. The problem generally facing the courts is whether there is evidence of an overt act sufficient to submit the case to the jury. Concerning this, the rule is well-established in this state that “[i]f there is any evidence tending to prove the fact of guilt or which reasonably conduces to this conclusion as a fairly logical and legitimate deduction, and not such as merely raises a suspicion or conjecture of guilt, it is for the jury to say whether they are convinced beyond a reasonable
doubt of .the fact of guilt.” 2 Strong, N.C. Index 2d, Criminal Law, § 106, p. 654. “In determining whether a person has been guilty of the offense of attempting to commit robbery, the courts are guided by the peculiar facts of each case, in order to decide whether the acts of the defendant have advanced beyond the stage of mere preparation, to the point where it can be said that an attempt to commit, the crime has been made. The question is one of degree, and cannot, be controlled by exact definition.” Annot., 55 A.L.R. 714.
In this case the State’s evidence tends to show that the defendant undertook to disguise himself by the use of a woman’s wig, lipstick and pocketbook; and by wearing dark glasses and gloves. The evidence tends to show that he also armed himself with a .38 caliber automatic pistol, fully loaded and ready for use. He went into the A.B.C. Store three to four minutes before closing time and delayed his purchase by looking over duplicate price lists and ordering the three bottles of whiskey one at a time, and the clear inference from this delaying conduct is that he was waiting for all customers to leave the store and for the door to be locked. Then, when he was told! the amount of the three purchases, he reached into the pocketbook and pulled out the pistol.
The fact that he had no money, coupled with his actions is clearly sufficient evidence from which the jury could find that he
intended
to commit the
offense
of armed robbery. The only question remaining is whether there was sufficient evidence of an
overt act
to justify submission of the case to the jury.
Defendant argues that because he never pointed the pistol at anyone, never demanded that the employees do anything, and never-demanded or tried to take money or property, his conduct at most was merely preparatory and does not constitute an overt act towards the commission of the crime.
Defendant’s actions all but completed the crime of armed robbery itself. It was only the alert and overpowering action of the employee, Mr. Simo, in grabbing defendant’s wrist and holding it, and consequently the pistol, pinned against the counter, that prevented the actual consummation of the offense of armed robbery. Only a second beyond this point, defendant would have had the employees at his mercy. It would be a travesty upon justice to permit defendant to escape punishment for his carefully planned robbery, which was only frustrated by the surprise action of the employee. If defendant was not attempting to commit the crime charged, it is difficult to see what more he could have done short of actually committing the robbery.
The act of reaching into the pocketbook, and pulling out the pistol was sufficient evidence of an
overt act
which went beyond mere acts of preparation, and justified submission of the case to the jury. This assignment of error is overruled.
Defendant assigns as error that the trial court failed to instruct the jury upon the right of defendant not to testify, and as to how his failure to testify was to be considered. Defendant made no request for such an instruction. The trial judge in his discretion may give such an instruction, but, absent a proper request, is not required to do so.
State v. Jordan,
216 N.C. 356, 5 S.E. 2d 156;
State v. Kelly,
216 N.C. 627, 6 S.E. 2d 533. This assignment of error is overruled.
Defendant assigns as error that the trial judge expressed an opinion upon the evidence. In stating defendant’s contentions the trial judge stated: “He admits that he’s guilty of carrying a concealed weapon, guilty perhaps of an assault. . . .”
Defendant offered no evidence in this case, nor did he judicially admit or stipulate that he was guilty of anything. Such a statement by the trial judge was a fundamental misconstruction of defendant’s contentions, although His Honor may have been led into this error by argument of counsel to the jury.
The crime of robbery
ex vi termini
includes an assault on the person.
State v. Hicks,
241 N.C. 156, 84 S.E. 2d 545. “The assumption by the court that any fact controverted by a plea of not guilty has been established is prejudicial error.”
State v. Swaringen,
249 N.C. 38, 105 S.E. 2d 99. “The fact that the expression of opinion was unintentional or inadvertent does not make it less prejudicial.”
State v. Swaringen, supra.
“Nor does the manner in which counsel examines the witnesses or argues the case to the jury justify the court in assuming the existence of an essential fact.”
State v. Swaringen, supra.
And, where the court expresses an opinion upon the evidence while stating contentions it is not required that it must be brought to the attention of the trial judge before verdict; this question can be considered for the first time on appeal upon exception duly noted.
State v. Beamon,
2 N.C. App. 583, 163 S.E. 2d 544;
State v. Watson,
1 N.C. App. 250, 161 S.E. 2d 159.
For the error in the fundamental misconstruction of defendant’s contentions and the consequent prejudicial expression of opinion by the trial judge there must be a
New trial.
Britt and VaughN, JJ., concur.