[Cite as State v. Pence, 2013-Ohio-1388.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
WARREN COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, : CASE NO. CA2012-05-045
: OPINION - vs - 4/8/2013 :
BOBBY J. PENCE, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM WARREN COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS Case No. 11CR27889
David P. Fornshell, Warren County Prosecuting Attorney, Michael Greer, 500 Justice Drive, Lebanon, Ohio 45036, for plaintiff-appellee
Craig A. Newburger, 477 Forest Edge Drive, South Lebanon, Ohio 45065, for defendant- appellant
RINGLAND, P.J.
{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Bobby Pence, appeals his conviction in the Warren
County Court of Common Pleas for gross sexual imposition.
{¶ 2} On September 19, 2011, appellant was indicted on three counts of gross sexual
imposition, each a third-degree felony in violation of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4). The charges
stemmed from allegations that appellant had sexual contact with his ten-year-old Warren CA2012-05-045
stepdaughter, E.S.
{¶ 3} Appellant's case proceeded to a jury trial. At the close of the state's case, the
defense moved for acquittal pursuant to Crim.R. 29. The trial court granted the motion with
respect to Counts Two and Three of the indictment, but denied the motion as to Count One.
Appellant was subsequently convicted of Count One of the indictment.
{¶ 4} Prior to sentencing, appellant moved for a new trial, arguing that the prosecutor
had engaged in misconduct when she elicited improper testimony regarding appellant's
constitutional right against self-incrimination. The trial court overruled appellant's motion and
imposed a six-month jail sentence and five years of mandatory community control.
{¶ 5} Appellant timely appeals, raising four assignments of error.
{¶ 6} Assignment of Error No. 1
{¶ 7} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF APPELLANT BY NOT
PROTECTING HIS FIFTH AMENDMENT RIGHT AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION AND
NOT GRANTING APPELLANT'S RELATED MOTION FOR A NEW TRIAL.
{¶ 8} Appellant first claims that the state's use of his pre-arrest, pre-Miranda silence
during its case-in-chief violated his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination.
{¶ 9} The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that no person
"shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself." State v. Haddix,
12th Dist. No. CA2011-07-075, 2012-Ohio-2687, ¶ 20. After the United States Supreme
Court's landmark decision in Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602 (1966),
jurisprudence began to focus on the distinction between pre-arrest and post-arrest silence,
because some circumstances inherent in pre-arrest silence do not implicate one's Fifth
Amendment rights. Haddix at ¶ 20.
{¶ 10} In State v. Leach, 102 Ohio St.3d 135, 2004-Ohio-2147, the Ohio Supreme
Court held that the "use of a defendant's pre-arrest silence as substantive evidence of guilt -2- Warren CA2012-05-045
violates the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination." Id. at ¶ 38. In Leach, two
women called the police and accused the defendant of attempted rape and other crimes. Id.
at ¶ 3. During the state's case-in-chief, the police investigator testified that one of the victims
had provided him with the defendant's phone number. Id. at ¶ 5. The investigator called the
defendant and made an appointment to talk with him the next day. Id. at ¶ 5. The
investigator testified that the defendant did not keep the appointment, and that the defendant
had left a message on the police answering machine that he wanted to speak with an
attorney before talking with the police. Id.
{¶ 11} In finding that the state violated the defendant's Fifth Amendment rights, the
court in Leach explained:
The state in this case presented testimony that Leach, who had not yet been arrested or Mirandized, remained silent and/or asserted his right to counsel in the face of questioning by law enforcement. This testimony was clearly meant to allow the jury to infer Leach's guilt. Otherwise, jurors might reason, Leach would have offered his version of events to law enforcement.
Id. at ¶ 25.
{¶ 12} The court further stated that the "[u]se of pre-arrest silence in the state's case-
in-chief would force defendants either to permit the jury to infer guilt from their silence or
surrender their right not to testify and take the stand to explain their prior silence." Id. at ¶ 31.
Leach ultimately concluded that "[b]ecause the evidence of guilt was not overwhelming in this
case, the admission of defendant's pre-arrest, pre-Miranda silence was clearly prejudicial."
Id. at ¶ 38.
{¶ 13} However, prior to finishing its analysis, Leach distinguished the use of pre-
arrest, pre-Miranda silence in the state's case-in-chief from using pre-arrest, pre-Miranda
silence to impeach. The court found that the latter is allowed, because impeachment
necessarily means that the defendant has elected to set aside his constitutional right to
-3- Warren CA2012-05-045
silence and testify. The court explained that the use of pre-arrest silence as impeachment
evidence "is permitted because it furthers the truth-seeking process. Otherwise, a criminal
defendant would be provided an opportunity to perjure himself at trial, and the state would be
powerless to correct the record." Id. at ¶ 33.
{¶ 14} Using the framework of Leach, we will now review the state's use of appellant's
pre-arrest, pre-Miranda silence. During the state's case-in-chief, the prosecutor asked the
lead investigator in the case, Detective Josh Holbrook, the following questions:
[THE STATE]: And did you do anything else in regard to any type of investigation in this case?
[DETECTIVE HOLBROOK]: At that point I believe the same day, [August] 23rd, I attempted to make contact with [appellant].
[THE STATE]: Okay. Did you, in fact, make contact with [appellant]?
[DETECTIVE HOLBROOK]: No, I left a voicemail and a short time later I received, I believe, a phone call from his attorney.
[THE STATE]: Okay. And the reason why you were contacting [appellant] was for what purpose?
[DETECTIVE HOLBROOK]: Just to get his side of the story.
[THE STATE]: Were you ever able to obtain that?
[DETECTIVE HOLBROOK]: No, I was not.
{¶ 15} While not disputing the rule established in Leach, the state argues that
appellant's case is distinguishable. The state asserts that Detective Holbrook's testimony
was permissible as evidence of the "course of the investigation."
{¶ 16} In Leach, the court held that, in limited circumstances, testimony of pre-arrest
silence is appropriate if it is introduced as evidence of the "course of the investigation."
Leach, 2004-Ohio-2147 at ¶ 32. Leach found that, while it was improper to admit the
investigator's direct testimony regarding the defendant's decision to exercise his right to
-4- Warren CA2012-05-045
silence through the invocation of counsel over the telephone, his testimony regarding the
defendant's failure to keep his scheduled appointment with the police was "legitimate." Id.
{¶ 17} Here, Detective Holbrook's testimony regarding his phone call to appellant and
appellant's failure to return the call may have been a "legitimate" response to the state's
questions about the investigation. However, we do not view the detective's testimony starting
with the return phone call from appellant's attorney the same way. Instead, we view this
testimony as the state's use of appellant's pre-arrest, pre-Miranda silence as substantive
evidence of appellant's guilt in violation of his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-
incrimination. See id. at ¶ 25. Here, at least implicitly, appellant invoked his Fifth
Amendment right to silence when he had his attorney contact the police on his behalf.
Although the state claims that it did not use this testimony as substantive evidence of
appellant's guilt, we conclude that it could imply nothing else, i.e., "that innocent people
speak to police to clear up misunderstandings, while guilty people consult with their
attorneys." Id. at ¶ 32.
{¶ 18} The remaining issue is whether the Fifth Amendment violation requires reversal
of appellant's conviction. We conclude that it does not. First, appellant did not object to this
line of questioning, therefore we will review the challenge for plain error only. State v. Lloyd,
12th Dist. Nos. CA2007-04-052, CA2007-04-053, 2008-Ohio-3383, ¶ 13, citing State v.
Wayne, 12th Dist. No. CA2006-06-128, 2007-Ohio-3351. For a reviewing court to find plain
error, (1) the court must find error, (2) the error must be plain, that is, it must be an "obvious"
defect in the trial proceedings, and (3) the error must have affected "substantial rights," that
is, the trial court's error must have affected the outcome of the trial. Lloyd at ¶ 13, quoting
State v. Payne, 114 Ohio St.3d 502, 2007-Ohio-4642, ¶ 16. Courts are to notice plain error
"with the utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances, and only to prevent a manifest
miscarriage of justice." State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27 (2002). See also Crim.R. -5- Warren CA2012-05-045
52(B).
{¶ 19} Regarding a criminal defendant's constitutional rights, the improper admission
of evidence "is harmless 'beyond a reasonable doubt' if the remaining evidence alone
comprises 'overwhelming' proof of [a] defendant's guilt." Wayne, 2007-Ohio-3351 at ¶ 28,
quoting State v. Williams, 6 Ohio St.3d 281, 290 (1983). Such an error must be reviewed in
the context of other evidence presented in order to determine the effect, if any, that it had on
the trial. Wayne at ¶ 28.
{¶ 20} Initially, we note that in Leach, the court found that the defendant was
prejudiced by the state's use of his pre-arrest, pre-Miranda silence during its case-in-chief
partly because the state's case "contained no physical evidence and rested solely on the
credibility of the state's witnesses." Leach, 2004-Ohio-2147 at ¶ 29. The court explained
that, because the evidence of guilt was not "overwhelming," the admission of the defendant's
pre-arrest, pre-Miranda silence was "clearly prejudicial." Id. at ¶ 38. We concede that, as in
Leach, the state's case rested solely on its witnesses' credibility. Further, we are aware of at
least one other Ohio case, aside from Leach, that has found that a sexual assault case
resting solely on the credibility of the state's witnesses, without any physical evidence, did not
demonstrate "overwhelming" guilt so as to negate the plain error, or prejudicial effect, of the
state's references to a defendant's silence. See State v. Riffle, 9th Dist. No. 07CA0114-M,
2008-Ohio-4155 (the state's references to defendant's pre-arrest, post-Miranda silence
during its case-in-chief were "even more egregious than in Leach").
{¶ 21} However, we find that this case is distinguishable from Leach and Riffle in more
crucial respects, and therefore the disputed evidentiary admission herein was not inherently
prejudicial. First, unlike Leach and Riffle, appellant testified during trial, which mitigated the
potential prejudice to appellant, at least to some extent. During cross-examination, the state
asked appellant whether he ever gave a statement to Detective Holbrook, and appellant -6- Warren CA2012-05-045
responded that he had not. The state also asked appellant whether he contacted E.S.'s
father, or anyone else on that side of the family "to tell them that [he] didn't do it," to which
appellant responded "[n]o." When appellant took the stand, he "cast aside his cloak of
silence," and cross-examination on his pre-arrest, pre-Miranda silence "further[ed] the truth-
seeking process." Leach, 2004-Ohio-2147 at ¶ 22, 33, citing Jenkins v. Anderson, 446 U.S.
231, 238, 100 S.Ct. 2124 (1980). Unlike the court in Leach, we are not concerned that the
state's use of appellant's pre-arrest silence in its case-in-chief forced him to later "surrender
[his] right not to testify and take the stand to explain [his] prior silence." Leach at ¶ 31.
Appellant makes no such claim, and there is no evidence of any such compulsion.
{¶ 22} Additionally, unlike Leach and Riffle, the state did not attempt to capitalize on,
or exploit, appellant's pre-arrest silence throughout its case, and its treatment of appellant's
silence was far less egregious than in those cases. See Wayne, 2007-Ohio-3351 (no plain
error from admission of testimony regarding defendant's post-arrest, pre-Miranda silence,
where the state made no attempt to capitalize on the testimony, and the improper influence
created by the testimony was cured by other evidence). In Leach and Riffle, the state made
three or more references to the defendant's pre-arrest silence. Further, the state did not
restrict its comments in either case to its case-in-chief, but also made remarks during its
opening statement and/or closing argument. Conversely, here, the state elicited only one
reference to appellant's silence in its case-in chief, during the direct examination of Detective
Holbrook. Further, as we will discuss later, the improper influence created by Detective
Holbrook's testimony was cured by the other evidence in this case, which, if believed, was
more than enough to support appellant's guilt.
{¶ 23} Under these circumstances, we find that the admission of Detective Holbrook's
reference to appellant's pre-arrest, pre-Miranda silence was not inherently prejudicial and did
not constitute plain error. -7- Warren CA2012-05-045
{¶ 24} In closing, we emphasize that our holding is based upon the sum of these
factors, and that no one factor is dispositive. Clearly, under Leach, the simple fact that a
defendant testifies at trial does not automatically negate the prejudice that ensues when the
state comments on a defendant's pre-arrest silence during its case-in-chief. We only note
that under these particular circumstances, where the state's conduct was not as egregious as
in Leach, the fact that appellant voluntarily took the stand and addressed his silence, and the
existence of other compelling evidence, the prejudice that occurred here did not rise to the
level of plain error. Compare State v. Estepp, 2d Dist. No. 2006 CA 22, 2007-Ohio-2596
(applying Leach to reverse convictions where the testifying officer referred to repeated failed
attempts to interview defendant; the court found that the inference of guilt by silence, coupled
with lack of overwhelming evidence of guilt amounted to plain error).
{¶ 25} Appellant's first assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 26} Assignment of Error No. 2:
{¶ 27} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF APPELLANT BY NOT
EXCLUDING TESTIMONY FROM CHILDREN SERVICES WORKERS THAT SERVED A
FORENSIC OR INVESTIGATIVE PURPOSE, AND FURTHER ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE
OF APPELLANT BY NOT EXCLUDING THE STATE'S CLOSING ARGUMENTS
REFERRING TO SAID TESTIMONY.
{¶ 28} Appellant next argues that the trial court erred by admitting testimony from two
social workers that served a forensic or investigative purpose. Appellant acknowledges that
his trial counsel did not object to this evidence at trial, and thus asserts plain error. Lloyd,
2008-Ohio-3383 at ¶ 13.
{¶ 29} During trial, Teresa Wiles, a forensic interviewer with the Child Advocacy
Center of Warren County, testified on behalf of the state. Wiles testified that during her
interview with E.S., E.S. drew "X" marks on an anatomically correct female drawing to show -8- Warren CA2012-05-045
where appellant had touched her. E.S. marked areas on the body representing the neck,
shoulders, back, legs, and buttocks. Wiles also stated that she had asked E.S. whether
appellant had hurt her while touching her. Wiles explained that she asked the question "to
determine if at any point [E.S.] might need a medical evaluation."
{¶ 30} Appellant argues that E.S.'s drawings and statements made to Wiles were
inadmissible hearsay, and that their admission violated his constitutional rights under the
Confrontation Clause.
{¶ 31} At the outset, hearsay is defined as "a statement, other than one made by the
declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the
matter asserted." Evid.R. 801(C). Hearsay is generally not admissible unless an exception
applies. Evid.R. 802. Evid.R. 803(4) provides an exception to the hearsay rule as follows:
Statements made for purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment and describing medical history, or past or present symptoms, pain, or sensations, or the inception or general character of the cause or external source thereof insofar as reasonably pertinent to diagnosis or treatment.
{¶ 32} Hearsay statements made to a social worker may be admissible if they are
made for purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment. See State v. Muttart, 116 Ohio St.3d
5, 2007-Ohio-5267.
{¶ 33} In State v. Arnold, 126 Ohio St.3d 290, 2010-Ohio-2742, the Ohio Supreme
Court recently considered the admissibility of statements given during interviews at child
advocacy centers. Arnold noted that these types of interviews seek to elicit two types of
statements, to wit: statements for the purposes of medical diagnosis and treatment, and
forensic statements. Id. at ¶ 33. Arnold focused on the admissibility of these statements
under the Confrontation Clause, rather than Evid.R. 803(4). Id.
{¶ 34} Arnold held that, to the extent this evidence is obtained to assist police in a
"forensic investigation" of abuse, it is "testimonial," and is therefore barred by the -9- Warren CA2012-05-045
Confrontation Clause. Id. at ¶ 36. However, to the extent that the evidence is obtained to
medically diagnose and treat a child, the evidence is "nontestimonial" and is not barred from
admission at trial. Id. at ¶ 41.
{¶ 35} Arnold went on to identify which of the child-victim's statements to the
interviewer in that case were necessary for medical diagnosis. These included the child's
statements regarding the identity of the perpetrator, the type of abuse alleged, the time frame
of the alleged abuse, and the identification of the areas where the child had been touched.
Id. at ¶ 32, 38.
{¶ 36} On the other hand, the court determined that statements such as the child's
assertion that the offender shut and locked the door before raping her, the child's description
of where others were in the house at the time of the rape, the child's statement that the
offender removed her underwear, and the child's description of the offender's boxer shorts,
were statements relating primarily to the investigation, and therefore, were prohibited by the
{¶ 37} Initially, we note that we are not presented with a Confrontation Clause issue,
because E.S. testified at trial and was subject to cross-examination. See State v. Rose, 12th
Dist. No. CA2011-11-214, 2012-Ohio-5607, ¶ 47 (noting that when the child-victim was
present at trial and subject to cross-examination, the Confrontation Clause presented no
constraints on the state's use of the child's prior statements to a SANE nurse examiner).
Nevertheless, we find that Arnold compels the conclusion that E.S.'s statements to Wiles
were for purposes of medical diagnosis and treatment, thus they were admissible under
Evid.R. 803(4). This includes the portion of the interview when E.S. used an anatomically
correct drawing to identify the areas where appellant touched her. Arnold, 2010-Ohio-2742
at ¶ 38; State v. Edinger, 10th Dist. No. 05AP-31, 2006-Ohio-1527, ¶ 78 (purpose of social
worker's interview was for medical diagnosis or treatment, where the documents prepared - 10 - Warren CA2012-05-045
relative to the child-victim's interview included a narrative of the interview, a family tree chart,
a medical form, and anatomically correct drawings that the child used to indicate the areas of
sexual contact); State v. Barnes, 12th Dist. No. CA84-05-041, 1985 WL 8654 (Apr. 8, 1985)
(recognizing a doctor's testimony that "anatomically correct dolls are accepted as a valid
diagnostic tool within the medical community"). We also find that, consistent with Wiles'
testimony, her question as to whether appellant had hurt E.S. when he touched her was
asked for the purpose of medical diagnosis or treatment. See State v. Romo, 9th Dist. No.
09CA009647, 2010-Ohio-4067, ¶ 18 (child-victim's testimony that appellant had "put his
finger inside [her] pee-pee and it hurt" was for the purpose of medical diagnosis or
treatment).
{¶ 38} Lastly, we note that even if the admission of Wiles' testimony was error, such
error was harmless, as Wiles' testimony regarding the areas that appellant touched E.S. was
cumulative to E.S.'s testimony. State v. Kelley, 12th Dist. No. CA95-07-073, 1996 WL
31154, * 3 (Jan. 29, 1996) ("[t]he admission of hearsay evidence is harmless error where it is
merely cumulative"); In re Puckett, 12th Dist. No. CA2000-10-203, 2001 WL 1081359 (Sept.
17, 2001).
{¶ 39} Accordingly, we reject appellant's challenge to the admissibility of E.S.'s
statements to Wiles.
{¶ 40} Appellant also challenges the testimony of Tina Pocock, an employee for
Children's Protective Services of Clermont County, who interviewed E.S. several days after
E.S. disclosed the abuse. Pocock testified that during the interview, E.S. was "quiet," but
was able to answer her questions, and that E.S. "responded appropriately." Pocock also
testified that after the interview, she spoke with E.S.'s mother, L.S., to obtain any information
that E.S. might have told her. The state then asked Pocock: "Anything about what [L.S.] told
you that surprised you?" Pocock responded: "No. Pretty much everything that [L.S.] told me - 11 - Warren CA2012-05-045
was what [E.S.] had pretty much disclosed."
{¶ 41} Appellant claims that Pocock's testimony constituted inadmissible hearsay
under Arnold. We find that Arnold has no application to Pocock's testimony. Arnold prohibits
a social worker from testifying at trial as to what the victim said during the interview in a
forensic context. Here, Pocock did not testify to any statements made by E.S., nor did she
relay any details of E.S.'s disclosure to L.S. As such, Arnold would not bar Pocock's
testimony.
{¶ 42} Appellant also contends that Wiles' and Pocock's testimonies constituted
improper bolstering of E.S.'s credibility. Again, we disagree.
{¶ 43} The Ohio Supreme Court has held that, in child sexual abuse cases, an expert
may not give his or her opinion as to the child's veracity. State v. Boston, 46 Ohio St.3d 108
(1989) (overruled on other grounds). Here, neither Wiles nor Pocock expressed any opinion
as to E.S.'s veracity. Neither witness stated that E.S. was telling the truth, or that E.S.'s
statements were credible, believable, honest, or accurate. See State v. Smelcer, 89 Ohio
App.3d 115 (8th Dist.1993). See also State v. Sibert, 98 Ohio App.3d 412, 428 (4th
Dist.1994) ("[t]estimony that the children exhibit reactions to anatomically correct dolls and
various tests which are consistent with allegations of sexual abuse does not amount to
improper testimony about the victims' veracity").
{¶ 44} In addition, based on our plain error standard of review, we cannot say that,
absent this testimony, the case would have been decided differently. See State v. Crum, 5th
Dist. No. 97-CA-0134, 1998 WL 818055, * 15 (Oct. 26, 1998). Here, E.S. testified and was
subject to cross-examination. The jury was therefore able to witness her demeanor and
judge her credibility independent of Wiles' and Pocock's testimonies. See State v.
Cappadonia, 12th Dist. No. CA2008-11-138, 2010-Ohio-494, ¶ 37.
{¶ 45} Next, Appellant argues that the prosecutor engaged in prosecutorial misconduct - 12 - Warren CA2012-05-045
by referring to Wiles' and Pocock's testimonies during her closing argument to bolster E.S.'s
credibility. Because appellant failed to object to this claimed instance of prosecutorial
misconduct, he has waived all but plain error. Id. at ¶ 40; Lloyd, 2008-Ohio-3383 at ¶ 13.
{¶ 46} In order to determine whether a prosecutor's remarks constitute misconduct, a
court must consider the following: (1) whether the remarks were improper, and, if so, (2)
whether the remarks prejudicially affected a defendant's substantial rights. Cappadonia,
2010-Ohio-494 at ¶ 41. "To demonstrate prejudice, a defendant must show that the
improper remarks or questions were so prejudicial that the outcome of the trial would clearly
have been otherwise had they not occurred." Id., quoting State v. Jones, 12th Dist. No.
CA2006-11-298, 2008-Ohio-865, ¶ 21. In reviewing allegations of prosecutorial misconduct,
it is the duty of this court to consider the conduct complained of in the context of the entire
trial. Cappadonia at ¶ 41; State v. Waters, 12th Dist. No. CA2002-11-266, 2003-Ohio-5871,
¶ 23. The touchstone of the analysis is the fairness of the trial, not the culpability of the
prosecutor. State v. Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 166 (1990). The Ohio Supreme Court has held
that prosecutorial misconduct is not grounds for error unless the defendant has been denied
a fair trial. State v. Maurer, 15 Ohio St.3d 239, 266 (1984). See also State v. Ghee, 12th
Dist. No. CA2008-08-017, 2009-Ohio-2630, ¶ 42.
{¶ 47} Initially, we observe that the jury was instructed that the statements made
during closing arguments were not evidence. We must therefore presume that the jury
followed the trial court's instructions. State v. Bell, 12th Dist. No. CA2008-05-044, 2009-
Ohio-2335, ¶ 85.
{¶ 48} Appellant directs us to the following statements made by the prosecutor during
her closing argument:
We also have to show you that's obviously what happened to E.S. * * * [a]nd that's a little something too that I really want to touch on because her credibility is what we are talking about. * * - 13 - Warren CA2012-05-045
* [S]he has been consistent when it comes to how he touched her in that master bedroom. * * * It was the same story that she told her mom. And we know because when she talked to Tina Pocock, the case worker from Clermont County that's what she told Tina. And when Tina conferred with the mother, there were no details that were different. And then little [E.S.] had to go to the Child Advocacy Center and she told the same story to Teresa Wiles.
{¶ 49} Appellant contends that the prosecutor's remarks constituted prejudicial
misconduct sufficient for reversal of his conviction. This argument lacks merit.
{¶ 50} We have previously held that in closing argument, a prosecutor may comment
freely on "what the evidence has shown, and what reasonable inferences may be drawn
therefrom." State v. Paluga, 12th Dist. No. CA2002-02-041, 2002-Ohio-6876, ¶ 31, quoting
Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d at 165. Here, the prosecutor simply summarized the testimony that was
offered by Wiles and Pocock during trial. Accordingly, we find no plain error or prejudice
stemming from the prosecutor's statements.
{¶ 51} Appellant's second assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 52} Assignment of Error No. 3:
{¶ 53} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF APPELLANT BY NOT
GRANTING APPELLANT'S MOTION FOR A NEW TRIAL.
{¶ 54} Appellant next claims that, in light of the trial court's finding that Counts Two
and Three of the indictment were not based on sufficiently distinguishable acts, the court
erred in allowing the prosecutor to comment during closing argument about multiple acts of
sexual misconduct within Count One. Appellant claims that the trial court committed plain
error when it failed to "admonish the [s]tate and provide the jury with a cautionary instruction"
in response to the following comments:
[E.S.] said that I think five times is a lot and I would submit that is probably the understatement of the year for that child, especially for a ten year old. * * * I'm going to start off with you're going to have one count of gross sexual imposition to decide. And that's - 14 - Warren CA2012-05-045
going to encompass everything that happened in the master bedroom during the time period at the Lebanon house, just one count, and that will encompass all those same acts that happened.
{¶ 60} Upon review, we find that the prosecutor's remarks were within the permissible
range of comments on the testimony adduced at trial and the reasonable inferences to be
drawn therefrom, and therefore there was no need for a cautionary instruction by the trial
court. Paluga, 2002-Ohio-6876 at ¶ 31. At trial, E.S. testified that appellant would lay her
down on his bed, pull down her underwear, and rub and squeeze her buttocks. At first, E.S.
testified that appellant had rubbed her buttocks three times, and that the incidents occurred
both in her bedroom and appellant's bedroom. However, E.S. subsequently testified that she
did not recall appellant rubbing her buttocks in her bedroom, but that she knew it happened
in appellant's bedroom. E.S. also stated that, "every time that [appellant] would take me into
his room or something he would usually rub my butt," and that to the best of her knowledge,
this occurred "probably about five or six [times] * * *." In light of this testimony, we find that
the prosecutor simply commented on, and summarized, E.S.'s statements during trial, and
therefore no prejudice occurred during closing argument. As such, the trial court did not
commit plain error when it did not provide a cautionary instruction on the prosecutor's
statements.
{¶ 61} Next, appellant argues that the trial court erred in allowing E.S. to testify about
incidents of sexual misconduct that may have occurred in her bedroom, rather than
appellant's. Appellant maintains that E.S.'s testimony was prejudicial and inconsistent with
the bill of particulars and the prosecutor's opening statement, which both declared that the
sexual misconduct only occurred in appellant's bedroom. It would appear that appellant is
asserting a due process challenge, i.e., that he was denied the opportunity to defend himself
on the basis of his conduct that occurred outside of his bedroom.
- 15 - Warren CA2012-05-045
{¶ 62} During her opening statement, the prosecutor stated, "it was a lot of times the
same way, and it almost always happened in [appellant's] bedroom." Additionally, in the bill
of particulars, Count One stated: "On or about the time period of May, 2010, through August
16, 2011, while both the victim and defendant were in the Defendant's bedroom * * * the
Defendant did have sexual contact, to wit: rubbing the victim's buttocks * * *."
{¶ 63} Appellant certainly has a due process right to be informed of the specific
charges against him so that he may formulate a proper defense. However, upon review, we
find that the omissions in the bill of particulars and the prosecutor's opening statement
regarding the sexual misconduct in E.S.'s bedroom did not prejudice his defense and were
without constitutional consequences.
{¶ 64} "A bill of particulars is designed to provide the accused, upon proper demand,
with greater detail concerning the nature of the offense charged and of the criminal conduct
alleged to constitute the offense." State v. Ray, 12th Dist. No. CA2009-06-022, 2010-Ohio-
2434, ¶ 13. "[A] bill of particulars is not designed to provide the accused with specifications
of evidence or to serve as a substitute for discovery." Id.; State v. Wilson, 29 Ohio St.2d 203,
206-207 (1972). However, an accused's right to due process and a fair trial may compel the
disclosure of additional known information in a bill of particulars "if the absence of specifics
truly prejudices the accused's ability to defend himself." State v. Sellards, 17 Ohio St.3d 169,
172 (1985).
{¶ 65} Here, the absence of the added detail that appellant may have touched E.S.'s
buttocks in another bedroom in the same home did not truly prejudice his ability to defend
himself. What additional defense could appellant have set forth if it was specified that the
acts occurred in a second bedroom? Appellant's defense strategy centered on his claim that
he never engaged in sexual conduct with E.S., regardless of where, i.e., in which bedroom,
the abuse allegedly occurred. Thus, we find that neither the bill of particulars nor the - 16 - Warren CA2012-05-045
prosecutor's opening statement surprised, misled, or prevented appellant from preparing for
trial. See State v. Bell, 112 Ohio App.3d 473, 480 (3d Dist.1996) (failure to specify which
room inside a barn the sexual acts occurred was "immaterial to the conduct charged and was
unnecessary to any theory of defense alleged by [the defendant]").
{¶ 66} Lastly, appellant claims that he was prejudiced by the admission of E.S.'s
testimony that appellant had told her that his buttocks was his "favorite place to be rubbed
too," as this statement was not provided to him in discovery.
{¶ 67} The state's failure to provide discovery will not amount to reversible error unless
there is a demonstration that the failure to disclose was a willful violation of Crim.R. 16, that
prior knowledge of the statement would have benefited the accused in the preparation of his
defense, or that the accused was prejudiced by admission of the statement. State v. Vinson,
70 Ohio App.3d 391, 399 (12th Dist.1990), citing State v. Moore, 40 Ohio St.3d 63, 66,
(1988).
{¶ 68} There is nothing in the record below to indicate that the state's failure to
disclose appellant's statement was a willful violation of Crim.R. 16, or anything other than a
negligent omission on its part. See State v. Parson, 6 Ohio St.3d 442, 445 (1983).
Secondly, appellant has not demonstrated, or even alleged, how foreknowledge of the
undisclosed statement would have benefited him in the preparation of his defense. Id.
Finally, appellant has not set forth any articulable argument as to how the admission of his
statement to E.S. prejudiced him.
{¶ 69} Accordingly, appellant's third assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 70} Assignment of Error No. 4:
{¶ 71} THE EVIDENCE WAS INSUFFICIENT AS A MATTER OF LAW AND/OR
GOES AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE TO SUSTAIN
APPELLANT'S CONVICTIONS. - 17 - Warren CA2012-05-045
{¶ 72} In his fourth and final assignment of error, appellant claims that his conviction
was not supported by sufficient evidence and was against the manifest weight of the
evidence.
{¶ 73} When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence underlying a criminal conviction,
an appellate court examines the evidence in order to determine whether such evidence, if
believed, would support a conviction. State v. Roark, 12th Dist. No. CA2012-04-036, 2013-
Ohio-217, ¶ 45, citing State v. Alkire, 12th Dist. No. CA2008-09-023, 2009-Ohio-2813, ¶ 51.
"The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
proven beyond a reasonable doubt." Alkire at ¶ 51.
{¶ 74} In determining whether a conviction is against the manifest weight of the
evidence, the court, reviewing the entire record, weighs the evidence and all reasonable
inferences, considers the credibility of the witnesses and determines whether in resolving
conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created such a manifest
miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered. Roark,
2013-Ohio-217 at ¶ 46.
{¶ 75} "Because sufficiency is required to take a case to the jury, a finding that a
conviction is supported by the weight of the evidence must necessarily include a finding of
sufficiency." Id. at ¶ 47, quoting State v. Wilson, 12th Dist. No. CA2006-01-007, 2007-Ohio-
2298, ¶ 35. "Thus, a determination that a conviction is supported by the weight of the
evidence will also be dispositive of the issue of sufficiency." Wilson at ¶ 35.
{¶ 76} In the case at bar, appellant was charged with gross sexual imposition in
violation of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4), which states:
(A) No person shall have sexual contact with another, not the spouse of the offender; cause another, not the spouse of the offender, to have sexual contact with the offender; or cause two - 18 - Warren CA2012-05-045
or more other persons to have sexual contact when any of the following applies:
***
(4) The other person, or one of the other persons, is less than thirteen years of age, whether or not the offender knows the age of that person.
{¶ 78} "Sexual contact" means "any touching of an erogenous zone of another,
including without limitation the thigh, genitals, buttock, pubic region, or, if the person is a
female, a breast, for the purpose of sexually arousing or gratifying either person." R.C.
2907.01(B). The trier of fact may infer a purpose of sexual arousal or gratification from the
type, nature and circumstances of the contact, along with the personality of the defendant.
State v. Barnes, 12th Dist. No. CA2010-06-009, 2011-Ohio-5226, ¶ 88. If the trier of fact
determines that the defendant was motivated by desires of sexual arousal or gratification,
and that the contact occurred, then the trier of fact may conclude that the object of the
defendant's motivation was achieved. Id.
{¶ 79} First, it is not disputed that E.S. was under the age of 13 during the indictment
period. Further, E.S. testified that, on more than one occasion at their home in Lebanon,
Ohio, appellant laid her down "face first" on his bed, pulled down her pants and her
underwear, and touched her buttocks. E.S. explained that appellant would use both hands to
rub her buttocks, and that he would squeeze her buttocks several times.
{¶ 80} Based upon this testimony, there was clearly evidence of sexual contact.
Further, we find that the jury could have reasonably inferred that appellant's actions of
rubbing and squeezing E.S.'s buttocks were made for the purpose of sexually arousing or
gratifying himself.
{¶ 81} Appellant claims, however, that his conviction must be reversed on manifest
weight and sufficiency grounds because E.S. did not provide consistent testimony. Appellant
- 19 - Warren CA2012-05-045
contends that E.S.'s recollection of the rooms in which the sexual contact occurred varied
throughout trial, as did her recollection of the number of times the conduct occurred.
{¶ 82} Appellant's assertion does not amount to a finding that the jury clearly lost its
way in finding him guilty of the offense charged. E.S.'s testimony, although imprecise at
times, was clear in relaying that more than one incident occurred during which appellant laid
her down on his bed, removed her underwear, and rubbed her buttocks.
{¶ 83} Appellant also attack's E.S.'s credibility and argues that, for various reasons,
E.S. may have fabricated the story to get attention from her family. As evidence of
fabrication, appellant cites E.S.'s testimony that she wanted to be a singer, dancer, actress,
or someone famous. Appellant also points to E.S.'s testimony that she felt "good" about
herself for disclosing the abuse, and that her family told her that she was a "hero." Lastly,
appellant directs our attention to E.S.'s testimony describing a time when a television show
was taped at her house, and her statements that she did not enjoy the lack of attention being
paid to her during filming.
{¶ 84} Although a reviewing court considers the weight of the evidence and the
credibility of the witnesses, "that review must nevertheless be tempered by the principle that
weight and credibility are primarily for the trier of fact," as the trier of fact is in the best
position to "view the witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures and voice inflections,
and use these observations in weighing the credibility of the proffered testimony." State v.
Wells, 12th Dist. No. CA2005-04-050, 2006-Ohio-874, ¶ 21, quoting State v. Kash, 12th Dist.
No. CA2002-10-247, 2004-Ohio-415, ¶ 25. We have previously recognized that this is
especially true with regard to child victims of sexual abuse. Wells at ¶ 21. Additionally, Ohio
courts have consistently recognized that the testimony of a victim in sexual assault cases, if
believed, is sufficient to prove the elements of sex offenses. Id., citing State v. Banks, 71
Ohio App.3d 214 (3d Dist.1991). - 20 - Warren CA2012-05-045
{¶ 85} As discussed above, E.S. testified to a series of events, which, if believed,
would support a finding that appellant committed gross sexual imposition. We cannot say
that, in believing E.S.'s testimony, the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest
miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered. Roark,
{¶ 86} Appellant's fourth assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 87} Judgment affirmed.
S. POWELL and M. POWELL, JJ., concur.
- 21 -