[Cite as State v. Noble, 2026-Ohio-1905.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
FAYETTE COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO, : CASE NO. CA2025-09-024 APPELLEE, : OPINION AND VS. : JUDGMENT ENTRY 5/26/2026 DESMOND A. NOBLE, :
APPELLANT. :
:
CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM FAYETTE COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS CASE NO. CRI 20240193
Jess C. Weade, Fayette County Prosecuting Attorney, and Rachel S. Martin, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.
Steven H. Eckstein, for appellant.
____________ OPINION
M. POWELL, J.
{¶ 1} Appellant, Desmond Noble, appeals his conviction in the Fayette County
Court of Common Pleas for improperly discharging a firearm into a habitation.
{¶ 2} Appellant was indicted in October 2024 with improperly discharging a Fayette CA2025-09-024
firearm at or into a habitation. The trial court appointed Attorney Kristina Walkowicz to
represent appellant. Attorney Walkowicz entered a written plea of not guilty and not guilty
by reason of insanity (NGRI) on appellant's behalf. The trial court ordered that an NGRI
evaluation be conducted by Netcare Forensic Center. In January 2025, the parties
stipulated to the Netcare Forensic Center's evaluation report which stated that appellant
did not meet the criteria for NGRI. At attorney Walkowicz's request, the trial court ordered
that a second NGRI evaluation be conducted by Forensic Psychiatry Center for Western
Ohio. After appellant declined to stipulate to the Forensic Psychiatry Center 's evaluation
report, the trial court held an evidentiary hearing on the report.
{¶ 3} On March 31, 2025, the trial court once again found that appellant did not
meet the criteria for NGRI and scheduled a final pretrial for April 28, 2025. During the final
pretrial, attorney Walkowicz advised the trial court that she was unable to have
meaningful conversations with appellant and that she had concerns about his
competency to stand trial. Attorney Walkowicz also advised the court that appellant was
"now indicating he may want to proceed without an attorney." Consequently, the trial court
engaged in a colloquy with appellant, and referring to his attorney's representation that
appellant "might want to represent [himself]" inquired, "Is that your desire?" Appellant
responded, "That would be, that would be the case, Your Honor, if I did go that way
because I believe in God and I've read the preamble, the preamble like, it's a Godly."
{¶ 4} At the trial court's request, appellant clarified he was referring to the
preamble to the Ohio Constitution and stated, "That's what I talked to her about, about
representing myself because if I believe in God then I don't know if I have to go on trial or
not." The trial court advised appellant that his religious beliefs had no bearing on the
proceedings. The trial court then explored appellant's knowledge of trial procedures and
his understanding of the nature of the charge and possible defenses. Appellant's candid
-2- Fayette CA2025-09-024
replies indicated he had no knowledge of trial procedures or how to conduct or defend
himself in the proceedings. When the trial court asked appellant if he had questions or
anything he wanted to say about his ability to represent himself, appellant replied, "I
don't." At the conclusion of the colloquy, the trial court advised appellant it would not allow
him to represent himself because he was not in a position to do so and such would put
him at "an extreme disadvantage." The trial court further advised appellant that attorney
Walkowicz would continue as his counsel. The trial court journalized an entry on April 28,
2025, stating that appellant had "made an oral motion to represent himself . . . . After a
lengthy colloquy, the Court finds that the defendant is not currently in a position to
effectively represent himself in this matter. Wherefore, Attorney Walkowicz shall remain
as counsel."
{¶ 5} Attorney Walkowicz moved for an evaluation of appellant's competency to
stand trial. The trial court ordered that a competency evaluation be conducted by Netcare
Forensic Center. On June 6, 2025, following a hearing on the Netcare Forensic Center's
competency report, the parties stipulated to the report and the trial court found appellant
competent to stand trial. On June 13, 2025, attorney Walkowicz moved to withdraw as
counsel as she had accepted employment that precluded her continued practice before
the trial court. On June 24, 2025, the trial court granted attorney Walkowicz's motion to
withdraw and appointed Attorney Thomas Arrington as counsel for appellant. On August
20, 2025, appellant withdrew his former pleas and entered a plea of no contest. The trial
court accepted appellant's no contest plea, found him guilty as charged, and sentenced
him to an indefinite prison term of three to four-and-one-half years.
{¶ 6} Appellant now appeals, raising one assignment of error. Appellant argues
that the trial court committed structural error when it denied his unequivocal request to
represent himself.
-3- Fayette CA2025-09-024
Constitutional Right of Self-Representation
{¶ 7} "The Sixth Amendment . . . guarantees that a defendant in a state criminal
trial has an independent constitutional right of self-representation and that he may
proceed to defend himself without counsel when he voluntarily, and knowingly and
intelligently elects to do so." State v. Neyland, 2014-Ohio-1914, ¶ 71. To establish an
effective waiver of right to counsel, the trial court must make sufficient inquiry to determine
whether the defendant fully understands and intelligently relinquishes that right. State v.
Gibson, 45 Ohio St.2d 366 (1976), paragraph two of the syllabus. If a trial court denies
the right to self-representation when the right has been properly invoked, the denial is per
se reversible error. Neyland at ¶ 71.
{¶ 8} "A criminal defendant must 'unequivocally and explicitly invoke' the right to
self-representation." State v. Obermiller, 2016-Ohio-1594, ¶ 29, quoting State v.
Cassano, 2002-Ohio-3751, ¶ 38. A request for self-representation is not unequivocal if it
is a momentary caprice or the result of thinking out loud, the result of frustration, or an
emotional response. Neyland at ¶ 73; State v. Beamon, 2019-Ohio-443, ¶ 13 (12th Dist.);
State v. Steele, 2003-Ohio-7103, ¶ 13 (1st Dist.). The defendant must further assert the
right in a timely fashion. Beamon at ¶ 13. "A trial court may deny a defendant's request
for self-representation if it is untimely made." Neyland at ¶ 76.
Structural Error
{¶ 9} Structural errors are a limited class of constitutional defects "that defy
harmless-error analysis and are cause for automatic reversal" without a showing that a
substantial right has been affected. State v. Armas, 2005-Ohio-2793, ¶ 26 (12th Dist.),
quoting State v. Perry, 2004-Ohio-297, ¶ 16. Structural error analysis is reserved for
"constitutional deprivations . . . affecting the framework within which the trial proceeds,
rather than simply an error in the trial process itself." Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279,
-4- Fayette CA2025-09-024
310 (1991), quoted with approval in State v. Fisher, 2003-Ohio-2761, ¶ 9. Among the
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[Cite as State v. Noble, 2026-Ohio-1905.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
FAYETTE COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO, : CASE NO. CA2025-09-024 APPELLEE, : OPINION AND VS. : JUDGMENT ENTRY 5/26/2026 DESMOND A. NOBLE, :
APPELLANT. :
:
CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM FAYETTE COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS CASE NO. CRI 20240193
Jess C. Weade, Fayette County Prosecuting Attorney, and Rachel S. Martin, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.
Steven H. Eckstein, for appellant.
____________ OPINION
M. POWELL, J.
{¶ 1} Appellant, Desmond Noble, appeals his conviction in the Fayette County
Court of Common Pleas for improperly discharging a firearm into a habitation.
{¶ 2} Appellant was indicted in October 2024 with improperly discharging a Fayette CA2025-09-024
firearm at or into a habitation. The trial court appointed Attorney Kristina Walkowicz to
represent appellant. Attorney Walkowicz entered a written plea of not guilty and not guilty
by reason of insanity (NGRI) on appellant's behalf. The trial court ordered that an NGRI
evaluation be conducted by Netcare Forensic Center. In January 2025, the parties
stipulated to the Netcare Forensic Center's evaluation report which stated that appellant
did not meet the criteria for NGRI. At attorney Walkowicz's request, the trial court ordered
that a second NGRI evaluation be conducted by Forensic Psychiatry Center for Western
Ohio. After appellant declined to stipulate to the Forensic Psychiatry Center 's evaluation
report, the trial court held an evidentiary hearing on the report.
{¶ 3} On March 31, 2025, the trial court once again found that appellant did not
meet the criteria for NGRI and scheduled a final pretrial for April 28, 2025. During the final
pretrial, attorney Walkowicz advised the trial court that she was unable to have
meaningful conversations with appellant and that she had concerns about his
competency to stand trial. Attorney Walkowicz also advised the court that appellant was
"now indicating he may want to proceed without an attorney." Consequently, the trial court
engaged in a colloquy with appellant, and referring to his attorney's representation that
appellant "might want to represent [himself]" inquired, "Is that your desire?" Appellant
responded, "That would be, that would be the case, Your Honor, if I did go that way
because I believe in God and I've read the preamble, the preamble like, it's a Godly."
{¶ 4} At the trial court's request, appellant clarified he was referring to the
preamble to the Ohio Constitution and stated, "That's what I talked to her about, about
representing myself because if I believe in God then I don't know if I have to go on trial or
not." The trial court advised appellant that his religious beliefs had no bearing on the
proceedings. The trial court then explored appellant's knowledge of trial procedures and
his understanding of the nature of the charge and possible defenses. Appellant's candid
-2- Fayette CA2025-09-024
replies indicated he had no knowledge of trial procedures or how to conduct or defend
himself in the proceedings. When the trial court asked appellant if he had questions or
anything he wanted to say about his ability to represent himself, appellant replied, "I
don't." At the conclusion of the colloquy, the trial court advised appellant it would not allow
him to represent himself because he was not in a position to do so and such would put
him at "an extreme disadvantage." The trial court further advised appellant that attorney
Walkowicz would continue as his counsel. The trial court journalized an entry on April 28,
2025, stating that appellant had "made an oral motion to represent himself . . . . After a
lengthy colloquy, the Court finds that the defendant is not currently in a position to
effectively represent himself in this matter. Wherefore, Attorney Walkowicz shall remain
as counsel."
{¶ 5} Attorney Walkowicz moved for an evaluation of appellant's competency to
stand trial. The trial court ordered that a competency evaluation be conducted by Netcare
Forensic Center. On June 6, 2025, following a hearing on the Netcare Forensic Center's
competency report, the parties stipulated to the report and the trial court found appellant
competent to stand trial. On June 13, 2025, attorney Walkowicz moved to withdraw as
counsel as she had accepted employment that precluded her continued practice before
the trial court. On June 24, 2025, the trial court granted attorney Walkowicz's motion to
withdraw and appointed Attorney Thomas Arrington as counsel for appellant. On August
20, 2025, appellant withdrew his former pleas and entered a plea of no contest. The trial
court accepted appellant's no contest plea, found him guilty as charged, and sentenced
him to an indefinite prison term of three to four-and-one-half years.
{¶ 6} Appellant now appeals, raising one assignment of error. Appellant argues
that the trial court committed structural error when it denied his unequivocal request to
represent himself.
-3- Fayette CA2025-09-024
Constitutional Right of Self-Representation
{¶ 7} "The Sixth Amendment . . . guarantees that a defendant in a state criminal
trial has an independent constitutional right of self-representation and that he may
proceed to defend himself without counsel when he voluntarily, and knowingly and
intelligently elects to do so." State v. Neyland, 2014-Ohio-1914, ¶ 71. To establish an
effective waiver of right to counsel, the trial court must make sufficient inquiry to determine
whether the defendant fully understands and intelligently relinquishes that right. State v.
Gibson, 45 Ohio St.2d 366 (1976), paragraph two of the syllabus. If a trial court denies
the right to self-representation when the right has been properly invoked, the denial is per
se reversible error. Neyland at ¶ 71.
{¶ 8} "A criminal defendant must 'unequivocally and explicitly invoke' the right to
self-representation." State v. Obermiller, 2016-Ohio-1594, ¶ 29, quoting State v.
Cassano, 2002-Ohio-3751, ¶ 38. A request for self-representation is not unequivocal if it
is a momentary caprice or the result of thinking out loud, the result of frustration, or an
emotional response. Neyland at ¶ 73; State v. Beamon, 2019-Ohio-443, ¶ 13 (12th Dist.);
State v. Steele, 2003-Ohio-7103, ¶ 13 (1st Dist.). The defendant must further assert the
right in a timely fashion. Beamon at ¶ 13. "A trial court may deny a defendant's request
for self-representation if it is untimely made." Neyland at ¶ 76.
Structural Error
{¶ 9} Structural errors are a limited class of constitutional defects "that defy
harmless-error analysis and are cause for automatic reversal" without a showing that a
substantial right has been affected. State v. Armas, 2005-Ohio-2793, ¶ 26 (12th Dist.),
quoting State v. Perry, 2004-Ohio-297, ¶ 16. Structural error analysis is reserved for
"constitutional deprivations . . . affecting the framework within which the trial proceeds,
rather than simply an error in the trial process itself." Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279,
-4- Fayette CA2025-09-024
310 (1991), quoted with approval in State v. Fisher, 2003-Ohio-2761, ¶ 9. Among the
limited number of errors that the Ohio Supreme Court recognizes as structural are the
complete denial of counsel, a biased trial court, racial discrimination in the selection of a
grand jury, the denial of self-representation at trial, the denial of a public trial, and a
conviction upon a defective reasonable-doubt instruction. See Perry at ¶ 18-21. The
supreme court recently reiterated that a "violation of a defendant's right to self-
representation is considered structural error." State v. McAlpin, 2022-Ohio-1567, ¶ 65.
The Trial Court's Denial of Appellant's Request for Self-representation
{¶ 10} We find that appellant's right to self-representation was not violated
because appellant did not unequivocally and clearly invoke such right. Appellant's
statement it "would be the case, Your Honor, if I did go that way" in response to the trial
court's inquiry regarding his desire to represent himself hardly qualifies as an unequivocal
and explicit request for self-representation. Further, a review of the entire record reveals
that appellant's reference to self-representation was the result of frustration with the
proceedings and the product of an emotional response to the situation and not a clear
and unequivocal request for self-representation. During the trial court's colloquy regarding
appellant's request for self-representation, appellant expressed dismay and frustration
about a prior hearing during which he was not permitted to speak and from which he was
"kicked out." This refers to the March 27, 2025 hearing on the second NGRI evaluation
report during which appellant claimed attorney Walkowicz kept telling him to be quiet and
the trial court did not allow him to present arguments or speak because he was
represented by counsel. In addition, after the trial court denied appellant's request for self-
representation, a discussion ensued regarding his competency to stand trial and the delay
a competency evaluation would entail. When the trial court asked for appellant's input on
the competency issue, and despite his professed desire to represent himself, appellant
-5- Fayette CA2025-09-024
replied that he wanted to talk to his attorney about it. We therefore find that appellant's
statement was not a clear and unequivocal request for self-representation.
{¶ 11} Furthermore, "even if a [criminal] defendant has made an unequivocal and
explicit request for self-representation, a defendant may later waive that request by
acquiescing in counsel's representation." Obermiller, 2016-Ohio-1594, at ¶ 31. We find
that appellant waived his right to self-representation when he never raised the issue again
after the April 28, 2025 final pretrial, and when he subsequently did not challenge attorney
Walkowicz's assistance in moving for a competency evaluation at the conclusion of the
April 28, 2025 final pretrial, allowed her to participate in the competency hearing,
acquiesced to representation by his new counsel, and acquiesced to his new counsel's
assistance in entering a no contest plea. See Cassano, 2002-Ohio-3751, at ¶ 42;
Beamon, 2019-Ohio-443, at ¶ 13 (12th Dist.);State v. Jaeger, 2023-Ohio-3648, ¶ 37 (10th
Dist.) (listing several instances of waiver).
{¶ 12} In light of the foregoing, we find that the trial court did not err, let alone
commit structural error, when it denied appellant's request to represent himself.
Appellant's assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 13} Judgment affirmed.
BYRNE, P.J., and HENDRICKSON, J., concur.
-6- Fayette CA2025-09-024
JUDGMENT ENTRY
The assignment of error properly before this court having been ruled upon, it is the order of this court that the judgment or final order appealed from be, and the same hereby is, affirmed.
It is further ordered that a mandate be sent to the Fayette County Court of Common Pleas for execution upon this judgment and that a certified copy of this Opinion and Judgment Entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27.
Costs to be taxed in compliance with App.R. 24.
/s/ Matthew R. Byrne, Presiding Judge
/s/ Robert A. Hendrickson, Judge
/s/ Mike Powell, Judge
-7-