NETTESHEIM, J.
¶ 1. After the trial court denied his motion to suppress, Pedro L. Nieves pleaded no contest to possession with intent to deliver more than forty grams of cocaine within 1000 feet of a park or [185]*185school. The cocaine was seized in a vehicle search after Nieves, an unseatbelted passenger in the car, falsely identified himself to the police officer. The issue on appeal is whether the officer had probable cause to arrest Nieves for obstructing an officer, thus opening the door for the search that followed. We conclude that under the totality of the circumstances probable cause existed and affirm.
¶ 2. The undisputed facts are as follows. On September 11, 2004, city of Sheboygan police officer James Olsen was on patrol in connection with his Street Crimes Unit assignment. He observed a Chevrolet Suburban parked in the driveway of 1522A Blocki Court with its lights off and its motor running. A license plate check revealed that the plates were issued to a 1996 Dodge Intrepid listed to Herman Batteast, a known drug dealer. Olsen knew that his unit had picked up Batteast just a week earlier for delivery of cocaine charges and five months ago Olsen personally had arrested Batteast on an outstanding charge from the Drug Unit. Olsen thought it suspicious that the parked car was not the vehicle to which the plates were issued and was running with its lights off at 8:45 p.m.
¶ 3. Shortly thereafter, Olsen observed a white Ford Taurus turn onto Blocki Court. The Taurus was registered to Maria Ramirez. About one minute later, the Batteast vehicle pulled up alongside the Taurus and Olsen saw someone walk from the Taurus to the Suburban. When the Batteast vehicle made as if to park, Olsen moved to another nearby location, stopped, turned off the squad's lights and observed for about two minutes. As the Taurus drove by, Olsen saw that it had a temporary license plate and very dark-tinted windows which prevented him from seeing the occupants. Olsen knew that parties dealing drugs at 1522A Blocki Court [186]*186had used false temporary tags in the past. He thought the darkened windows might be in violation of state regulations prohibiting side-window tinting that does not allow at least fifty percent light transmission. See Wis. Admin. Code § TRANS 305.32(4)(b)2. (May 2004).
¶ 4. Olsen stopped the Taurus and informed the two occupants that the reason for the stop was the dark window tint. He recognized the driver as Brandon Green, a suspected drug dealer familiar to Olsen as an associate of Batteast. As Green grabbed a backpack to access some form of identification, Olsen saw several bills of currency in the backpack.
¶ 5. The passenger, later identified as Nieves, told Olsen that he had no identification but said he was Anthony Otero from Chicago. A backpack sat on the floor between his feet. Neither Green nor the man claiming to be Otero wore seatbelts. Olsen ran computer checks on both men for warrants. The name "Anthony Otero" did not come back on file. Olsen told "Otero" that because he could not positively identify him, Olsen would be taking him into custody per department procedure. The reason for that policy is to avoid issuing a citation in the wrong name, possibly resulting in an innocent person having his or her license suspended for failing to pay a fine.
¶ 6. Olsen issued both men citations for failure to wear seatbelts, and handcuffed Nieves and placed him in the back of the patrol car. Olsen testified that, in his experience, people who know they have outstanding warrants often give false names to police officers. Olsen then searched the vehicle. Neither Green, Nieves, nor the registered owner of the Taurus gave Olsen permission to search it. The backpack that had been at Nieves' feet yielded a quarter kilo of cocaine, a digital scale and over one thousand dollars in cash. With Nieves already [187]*187in custody in the back of the squad car, Olsen then arrested Green for suspected party to the crime of possessing cocaine with intent to deliver. Nieves then admitted to Olsen that his real name was Pedro Nieves.
¶ 7. Detective Jeffrey Metke fingerprinted and photographed Nieves at the police station before Nieves received his Miranda;1 warning. Between the two procedures, Nieves told Metke that everything in the car was his and Green had nothing to do with it and should be let go. Metke told Nieves to stop talking, but Nieves repeated the statement. Metke then photographed and Mirandized him, and Nieves signed a waiver of his rights.
¶ 8. Nieves was charged with possession with intent to deliver more than forty grams of cocaine within 1000 feet of a park or school in violation of Wis. Stat. §§ 961.41(lm)(cm)4. (2005-06) and 961.49(2)(a) (2003-04).2 He moved to suppress the fruits of the search: the cocaine and the incriminating statements. The trial court found no Miranda violation, but instructed the parties to file supplementary briefs regarding the legality of the arrest. The court later rendered an oral decision holding that Nieves' false identification authorized Olsen to arrest him which then entitled Olsen to search the vehicle. The court denied the motion to suppress in its entirety. Nieves pleaded no contest and now appeals.
DISCUSSION
¶ 9. For purposes of this appeal, the propriety of the initial traffic stop is not challenged. Rather, Nieves [188]*188argues that he should not have been arrested for his "innocuous seatbelt violation." He was not. Indeed, Wis. Stat. § 347.48(2m)(gm) expressly forbids an arrest based solely on a seatbelt violation. The sole issue, therefore, is whether there existed probable cause to arrest Nieves for obstructing an officer, thus legitimizing the ensuing search.
¶ 10. Whether police conduct violated the constitutional guarantee against unreasonable searches and seizures is a question of constitutional fact. State v. Kieffer, 217 Wis. 2d 531, 541, 577 N.W.2d 352 (1998). We decide constitutional questions de novo, benefiting from the analysis of the trial court, and will uphold findings of evidentiary or historical fact unless they are clearly erroneous. Id. Since Nieves does not contend the trial court's factual findings were erroneous, our review entails independently applying the facts to the constitutional standard. See State v. Malone, 2004 WI 108, ¶ 14, 274 Wis. 2d 540, 683 N.W.2d 1.
¶ 11. Every lawful warrantless arrest must be supported by probable cause. Molina v. State, 53 Wis. 2d 662, 670, 193 N.W.2d 874 (1972). Probable cause to arrest is the sum of evidence within the arresting officer's knowledge at the time of the arrest which would lead a reasonable police officer to believe that the defendant probably committed or was committing a crime. State v. Secrist, 224 Wis. 2d 201, 212, 589 N.W.2d 387 (1999). An arrest is legal when the officer making the arrest has reasonable grounds to believe that the person has committed or is committing a crime. See Wis. Stat. § 968.07(l)(d).
[189]*189¶ 12.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NETTESHEIM, J.
¶ 1. After the trial court denied his motion to suppress, Pedro L. Nieves pleaded no contest to possession with intent to deliver more than forty grams of cocaine within 1000 feet of a park or [185]*185school. The cocaine was seized in a vehicle search after Nieves, an unseatbelted passenger in the car, falsely identified himself to the police officer. The issue on appeal is whether the officer had probable cause to arrest Nieves for obstructing an officer, thus opening the door for the search that followed. We conclude that under the totality of the circumstances probable cause existed and affirm.
¶ 2. The undisputed facts are as follows. On September 11, 2004, city of Sheboygan police officer James Olsen was on patrol in connection with his Street Crimes Unit assignment. He observed a Chevrolet Suburban parked in the driveway of 1522A Blocki Court with its lights off and its motor running. A license plate check revealed that the plates were issued to a 1996 Dodge Intrepid listed to Herman Batteast, a known drug dealer. Olsen knew that his unit had picked up Batteast just a week earlier for delivery of cocaine charges and five months ago Olsen personally had arrested Batteast on an outstanding charge from the Drug Unit. Olsen thought it suspicious that the parked car was not the vehicle to which the plates were issued and was running with its lights off at 8:45 p.m.
¶ 3. Shortly thereafter, Olsen observed a white Ford Taurus turn onto Blocki Court. The Taurus was registered to Maria Ramirez. About one minute later, the Batteast vehicle pulled up alongside the Taurus and Olsen saw someone walk from the Taurus to the Suburban. When the Batteast vehicle made as if to park, Olsen moved to another nearby location, stopped, turned off the squad's lights and observed for about two minutes. As the Taurus drove by, Olsen saw that it had a temporary license plate and very dark-tinted windows which prevented him from seeing the occupants. Olsen knew that parties dealing drugs at 1522A Blocki Court [186]*186had used false temporary tags in the past. He thought the darkened windows might be in violation of state regulations prohibiting side-window tinting that does not allow at least fifty percent light transmission. See Wis. Admin. Code § TRANS 305.32(4)(b)2. (May 2004).
¶ 4. Olsen stopped the Taurus and informed the two occupants that the reason for the stop was the dark window tint. He recognized the driver as Brandon Green, a suspected drug dealer familiar to Olsen as an associate of Batteast. As Green grabbed a backpack to access some form of identification, Olsen saw several bills of currency in the backpack.
¶ 5. The passenger, later identified as Nieves, told Olsen that he had no identification but said he was Anthony Otero from Chicago. A backpack sat on the floor between his feet. Neither Green nor the man claiming to be Otero wore seatbelts. Olsen ran computer checks on both men for warrants. The name "Anthony Otero" did not come back on file. Olsen told "Otero" that because he could not positively identify him, Olsen would be taking him into custody per department procedure. The reason for that policy is to avoid issuing a citation in the wrong name, possibly resulting in an innocent person having his or her license suspended for failing to pay a fine.
¶ 6. Olsen issued both men citations for failure to wear seatbelts, and handcuffed Nieves and placed him in the back of the patrol car. Olsen testified that, in his experience, people who know they have outstanding warrants often give false names to police officers. Olsen then searched the vehicle. Neither Green, Nieves, nor the registered owner of the Taurus gave Olsen permission to search it. The backpack that had been at Nieves' feet yielded a quarter kilo of cocaine, a digital scale and over one thousand dollars in cash. With Nieves already [187]*187in custody in the back of the squad car, Olsen then arrested Green for suspected party to the crime of possessing cocaine with intent to deliver. Nieves then admitted to Olsen that his real name was Pedro Nieves.
¶ 7. Detective Jeffrey Metke fingerprinted and photographed Nieves at the police station before Nieves received his Miranda;1 warning. Between the two procedures, Nieves told Metke that everything in the car was his and Green had nothing to do with it and should be let go. Metke told Nieves to stop talking, but Nieves repeated the statement. Metke then photographed and Mirandized him, and Nieves signed a waiver of his rights.
¶ 8. Nieves was charged with possession with intent to deliver more than forty grams of cocaine within 1000 feet of a park or school in violation of Wis. Stat. §§ 961.41(lm)(cm)4. (2005-06) and 961.49(2)(a) (2003-04).2 He moved to suppress the fruits of the search: the cocaine and the incriminating statements. The trial court found no Miranda violation, but instructed the parties to file supplementary briefs regarding the legality of the arrest. The court later rendered an oral decision holding that Nieves' false identification authorized Olsen to arrest him which then entitled Olsen to search the vehicle. The court denied the motion to suppress in its entirety. Nieves pleaded no contest and now appeals.
DISCUSSION
¶ 9. For purposes of this appeal, the propriety of the initial traffic stop is not challenged. Rather, Nieves [188]*188argues that he should not have been arrested for his "innocuous seatbelt violation." He was not. Indeed, Wis. Stat. § 347.48(2m)(gm) expressly forbids an arrest based solely on a seatbelt violation. The sole issue, therefore, is whether there existed probable cause to arrest Nieves for obstructing an officer, thus legitimizing the ensuing search.
¶ 10. Whether police conduct violated the constitutional guarantee against unreasonable searches and seizures is a question of constitutional fact. State v. Kieffer, 217 Wis. 2d 531, 541, 577 N.W.2d 352 (1998). We decide constitutional questions de novo, benefiting from the analysis of the trial court, and will uphold findings of evidentiary or historical fact unless they are clearly erroneous. Id. Since Nieves does not contend the trial court's factual findings were erroneous, our review entails independently applying the facts to the constitutional standard. See State v. Malone, 2004 WI 108, ¶ 14, 274 Wis. 2d 540, 683 N.W.2d 1.
¶ 11. Every lawful warrantless arrest must be supported by probable cause. Molina v. State, 53 Wis. 2d 662, 670, 193 N.W.2d 874 (1972). Probable cause to arrest is the sum of evidence within the arresting officer's knowledge at the time of the arrest which would lead a reasonable police officer to believe that the defendant probably committed or was committing a crime. State v. Secrist, 224 Wis. 2d 201, 212, 589 N.W.2d 387 (1999). An arrest is legal when the officer making the arrest has reasonable grounds to believe that the person has committed or is committing a crime. See Wis. Stat. § 968.07(l)(d).
[189]*189¶ 12. Obstructing an officer is a crime. Wis. Stat. § 946.41(1). Obstructing an officer "includes ... knowingly giving false information to the officer." Sec. 946.41(2)(a). Knowingly providing false information with intent to mislead is obstruction as a matter of law. State v. Caldwell, 154 Wis. 2d 683, 688, 454 N.W.2d 13 (Ct. App. 1990).
¶ 13. We conclude that probable cause to arrest for obstruction existed. An accumulation of factors contributed to Olsen's suspicion that "Anthony Otero" was a false name which, in turn, led to the search. Olsen had been maintaining surveillance on a known drug house and a vehicle bearing plates registered to a known drug dealer's vehicle. The vehicle, a different make than the one to which the plates were issued, already had aroused his suspicions when, upon following it, Olsen observed some interchange between Batteast's car and the Taurus occupied by Green and Nieves. The Taurus' dark window tint prompted Olsen to stop that vehicle. Green, a known associate of Bat-teast, and the Taurus' temporary license plates further raised Olsen's suspicions. Adding those facts to the inability to verify Nieves' identity and Olsen's knowledge that people sometimes give false names when they have outstanding arrests, a reasonable police officer would have believed that Nieves was guilty of obstruction.
¶ 14. Granted, there may have been an innocent explanation as to why the name "Anthony Otero" yielded no results when Olsen ran it through the database. However, an officer is not required to draw a reasonable inference that favors innocence when there [190]*190also is a reasonable inference that favors probable cause. See State ex rel. McCaffrey v. Shanks, 124 Wis. 2d 216, 236, 369 N.W.2d 743 (Ct. App. 1985). Probable cause is a flexible, commonsense standard. State v. Tompkins, 144 Wis. 2d 116, 124, 423 N.W.2d 823 (1988). It requires only that the facts available to the officer would warrant a person of reasonable caution to believe that an offense likely was committed. See id. The process deals with probabilities, not hard certainties. Id. Law enforcement officers are permitted to formulate certain commonsense conclusions about human behavior and to consider the evidence as understood by those versed in the field of law enforcement. Id. at 124-25.
¶ 15. We disagree with Nieves that Knowles v. Iowa, 525 U.S. 113 (1998), bolsters his position. There, a police officer stopped Knowles for speeding and issued him a citation rather than arresting him, an option a state statute permitted the officer. Id. at 114, 115 and n.l. Also in line with Iowa law, the officer conducted a full search of Knowles' vehicle after issuing the citation and discovered a bag of marijuana and a pot pipe. Id. Knowles moved unsuccessfully to suppress the evidence on grounds that the search was not incident to an arrest. Id. The Supreme Court held that the search violated the Fourth Amendment because in a simple traffic stop (1) there likely is less threat to an officer's safety and (2) the need to discover and preserve evidence does not exist. Id. at 117-18. Nieves argues that Knowles provided that a search of a vehicle incident to an arrest is improper if the officer's only goal is to issue a citation. We think he means "a search incident to a citation," because that is what the Court addressed in Knowles. Id. at 115.
[191]*191¶ 16. Nonetheless, we disagree that Knowles fully applies here because in Knowles, nothing prompted the vehicle search except Knowles' speeding citation. Id. at 114. Here, by contrast, it was not the citation but the accumulation of facts which heightened Olsen's attention. Moreover, the Knowles Court specifically stated that dissatisfaction with the identification provided "may be a basis for arresting [the person] rather than merely issuing a citation." Id. at 118.
¶ 17. We affirm the judgment.3
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.