State v. Nelson

Opinion

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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO, 3 Plaintiff-Appellee, 4 v. NO. 31,664 5 ABRAN NELSON, 6 Defendant-Appellant.

7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF GUADALUPE COUNTY 8 Matthew J. Sandoval, District Judge

9 Gary K. King, Attorney General 10 Olga Serafimova, Assistant Attorney General 11 Margaret McLean, Assistant Attorney General 12 Santa Fe, NM

13 for Appellee

14 Bennett J. Baur, Chief Public Defender 15 Kimberly Chavez Cook, Assistant Appellate Defender 16 Santa Fe, NM

17 for Appellant

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1 MEMORANDUM OPINION 2 KENNEDY, Chief Judge. 3 {1} Abran Nelson (Defendant) appeals his conviction for one count of assault with 4 intent to commit a violent felony (murder). See NMSA 1978, § 30-3-3 (1977). He 5 contends, among other issues, that there was insufficient evidence to support his 6 conviction and that the jury instructions were so deficient as to constitute reversible, 7 fundamental error. We agree with Defendant that the evidence was insufficient to 8 establish that he intended to kill Rachel Hern. Therefore, we reverse Defendant’s 9 conviction without considering his contentions regarding the erroneous jury 10 instructions, or any other issues he raises in the alternative. 11 {2} The State’s only response is a short statement indicating that, after reviewing 12 the record and researching the issues raised by Defendant, it “is unable to present an 13 argument in support of affirming Defendant’s convictions on appeal.” In light of the 14 State’s response, we consider Defendant’s issues solely on the basis of his brief-in- 15 chief. See Rule 12-312(B) NMRA (stating that “[i]f an appellee fails to file an answer 16 brief as provided by these rules, the cause may be submitted upon the brief of 17 appellant, and appellee may not thereafter be heard, except by permission of the 18 appellate court”). However, we are not bound by the State’s concessions, and “we

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1 conduct our own analysis.” State v. Caldwell, 2008-NMCA-049, ¶ 8, 143 N.M. 792, 2 182 P.3d 775. 3 I. BACKGROUND 4 {3} Given the State’s failure to rebut or contest any of the facts as set forth in 5 Defendant’s brief-in-chief, we rely primarily on his factual recitation in providing the 6 background necessary to our disposition of this case. State v. Hernandez, 116 N.M. 7 562, 563, 865 P.2d 1206, 1207 (Ct. App. 1993) (recognizing that unchallenged facts 8 appearing in the docketing statement will be accepted as the facts of the case). 9 {4} Defendant was charged with assault with intent to commit a violent felony 10 based upon his alleged threats to the victim, Rachel Hern. Defendant’s ex-girlfriend, 11 Jessica, was romantically involved with Rachel’s son, Adrian Hern. Jessica lived with 12 Rachel and Adrian. Defendant was upset that Jessica was in a relationship with 13 Adrian and living with Adrian and Rachel. 14 {5} On February 15, 2010, Defendant and Adrian had a fist-fight, and the next 15 morning, February 16, 2010, Defendant came to Rachel’s house looking for Jessica. 16 Rachel told Defendant that neither Jessica nor Adrian were at home and invited 17 Defendant into the house. Defendant was upset and told Rachel that he was going to 18 kill Adrian and himself. Defendant mentioned that he had a gun in his car, which was 19 at the far end of the driveway on the other side of a fence.

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1 {6} Rachel testified that none of Defendant’s threats were directed at her. She 2 testified that she was afraid of Defendant because he seemed angry, but she also 3 testified that she invited him to return later that day. 4 {7} Later, the same day after returning from errands, Rachel checked her post office 5 box where she received mail. She then checked the mailbox located on the highway 6 outside the home she shared with Adrian. In that mailbox, Rachel found a letter. The 7 letter had no postage. It was addressed to “HERN.” It contained cut-out phrases, 8 including: “Don’t be afraid to [d]ie[,] you’re next[,] and I [h]ate you.” There was 9 evidence that Defendant had previously written letters to Jessica and Adrian that were 10 addressed to this same mailbox on the highway, but with proper postage. 11 {8} At trial, Rachel testified that she was stunned and afraid when she received the 12 letter and believed it was directed at her. She contacted the police and brought the 13 letter to the station with her. Defendant was subsequently charged in this case. 14 II. DISCUSSION 15 Sufficiency of the Evidence 16 {9} Defendant claims that there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction 17 for assault with intent to commit a violent felony (murder). In analyzing a sufficiency 18 challenge on appeal, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, 19 resolving all conflicts and indulging all inferences in favor of the verdict. State v.

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1 Apodaca, 118 N.M. 762, 765-66, 887 P.2d 756, 759-60 (1994). We do not weigh the 2 evidence or substitute our judgment for that of the fact finder. State v. Mora, 1997- 3 NMSC-060, ¶ 27, 124 N.M. 346, 950 P.2d 789, abrogated on other grounds by 4 Kersey v. Hatch, 2010-NMSC-020, 148 N.M. 381, 237 P.3d 683. Moreover, this 5 Court cannot consider the merit of evidence that may have supported a different result. 6 State v. Kersey, 120 N.M. 517, 520, 903 P.2d 828, 831 (1995). 7 {10} The crime of assault with intent to commit a violent felony is defined as 8 “[a]ssault . . . with intent to kill or commit any murder, mayhem, criminal sexual 9 penetration in the first, second[,] or third degree, robbery or burglary.” Section 30-3- 10 3. In this case, the State’s theory was that Defendant intended to kill Rachel. “[T]he 11 controlling question is whether [the defendant] intended to commit murder . . . against 12 [the alleged victim].” State v. Arrendondo, 2012-NMSC-013, ¶ 18, 278 P.3d 517; see 13 State v. Highfield, 113 N.M. 606, 609, 830 P.2d 158, 161 (Ct. App. 1992) (stating that 14 an essential element of the crime of assault with intent to commit a violent felony 15 (murder) is the intent to murder the person assaulted). Moreover, it is essential that 16 Defendant intended to kill the person assaulted—Rachel—not someone else, such as 17 Adrian. See Arrendondo, 2012-NMSC-013, ¶ 21. 18 {11} Defendant claims that the evidence shows that (1) all of Defendant’s threats 19 were targeted at Adrian, not Rachel; (2) none of Defendant’s actions could be

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1 considered sufficiently threatening to constitute assault with intent to commit a violent 2 felony (murder) with Rachel as the victim; and (3) there was not enough evidence to 3 establish beyond a reasonable doubt that Defendant intended to murder Rachel. See 4 § 30-3-3. We agree. 5 {12} Initially, we note that, even though Defendant makes a persuasive argument that 6 the jury instructions were so defective as to constitute fundamental reversible error, 7 we consider the instructions given to the jury to determine if there is sufficient 8 evidence to support his conviction. Arrendondo, 2012-NMSC-013, ¶¶ 18-22 9 (recognizing that the jury received erroneous instructions on the elements of assault 10 with intent to commit a violent felony, but for purposes of considering the defendant’s 11 sufficiency challenge, only considering whether the evidence was sufficient based 12 upon the instructions given to the jury). 13 {13} As to the essential elements of the crime of assault with intent to commit a 14 violent felony, the jury was instructed that the State must prove: 15 1) [D]efendant assaulted Rachel[.]

16 2) When [D]efendant assaulted Rachel . . .[,] it was with the intent to 17 kill Rachel[.]

18 3) A reasonable person in the same circumstances as Rachel Hern 19 would have had the same belief[.]

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1 {14} In instructing the jury on the crime of assault with intent to commit a violent 2 felony, the jury must also be instructed on the essential elements of the underlying 3 violent felony. See UJI 14-313 NMRA, Use Note 3 (stating that “[t]he essential 4 elements of the felony or felonies must also be given immediately following this 5 instruction”). In this case, the underlying felony was willful and deliberate murder, 6 and the jury was instructed that the State had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that: 7 1) [D]efendant threatened to kill Rachel[.]

8 2) The killing[,] if it took place[,] would have been with the 9 deliberate intention to take away the life of Rachel[.]

10 Cf. UJI 14-201 NMRA (setting forth the essential elements for willful and deliberate 11 murder). The instruction varied from the uniform jury instruction for this crime 12 because it failed to include language defining what is meant by intent to kill. See id. 13 (defining what is meant by “deliberate intention” for willful and deliberate murder). 14 {15} Finally, the uniform jury instructions require the jury to be instructed that 15 Defendant committed the requisite underlying assault by finding that he attempted to 16 commit a battery, or that Rachel was in fear that Defendant was about “to intrude on 17 [her] bodily integrity or personal safety” by committing a battery. See UJI 14-313. 18 However, in this case, the jury was instructed as to the meaning of assault in an 19 instruction that merely quotes the language of NMSA 1978, Section 30-3-1 (1963), 20 defining assault as:

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1 A. [A]n attempt to commit a battery upon the person of another[.]

2 B. [A]ny unlawful act, threat[,] or menacing conduct which causes 3 another person to reasonably believe that he is in danger of 4 receiving an immediate battery[.]

5 C. [T]he use of insulting language toward another impugning his 6 honor, delicacy[,] or reputation.

7 {16} There is no evidence that Defendant ever tried to touch or apply force to Rachel. 8 There is no evidence that Rachel believed she was going to receive an immediate 9 battery from Defendant. Moreover, at the time of Defendant’s face-to-face interaction 10 with Rachel, there was no evidence that he even threatened her. Defendant did not 11 brandish a weapon, he made no moves toward her, and Rachel acknowledged that his 12 threats concerned Adrian. Rachel admitted that she did not even call the police after 13 Defendant left her home. Instead, Rachel invited Defendant to come back to her 14 house later in the day. As to the threats in the letter, Defendant was not even present 15 when Rachel took the letter from the mailbox. It was directed to “HERN,” and it was 16 placed in a mailbox shared by Rachel and Adrian. 17 {17} Based upon the foregoing, we are not convinced that Defendant’s face-to-face 18 encounter with Rachel, coupled with the threatening language in the letter, is 19 sufficient for the jury to conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Defendant 20 sufficiently assaulted, much less intended to kill, Rachel. Cf. Highfield, 113 N.M. at 21 608, 830 P.2d at 160 (recognizing that “Section 30-3-3 is directed toward conduct

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1 which is motivated by an intention to effect another’s death”). Instead, Defendant’s 2 threats directed toward Adrian during his face-to-face interaction with Rachel earlier 3 in the day support an interpretation of the letter as containing threats again directed 4 toward Adrian, not Rachel, despite Rachel’s testimony as to her belief that the letter 5 was directed at her. 6 {18} Given the lack of evidence that Defendant ever touched or attempted to touch 7 Rachel, and the lack of evidence that he ever directly threatened her with bodily harm, 8 the jury was required to speculate as to whether Defendant intended to kill Rachel 9 when he made these statements. “This it may not do.” State v. Malouff, 81 N.M. 619, 10 621, 471 P.2d 189, 191 (Ct. App. 1970) (reversing the defendant’s conviction for lack 11 of sufficient evidence because the jury would have had to engage in speculation in 12 order to convict and observing that, although this Court reviews the evidence in the 13 light most favorable to conviction, that standard of review “does not replace the 14 requirements of proof”). 15 {19} Based upon the foregoing and noting the absence of argument to the contrary 16 by the State, we reverse Defendant’s conviction for assault with intent to commit a 17 violent felony (murder) because there was insufficient evidence that he intended to kill 18 Rachel. Based on our reversal, we do not address the remaining issues raised by 19 Defendant in his brief-in-chief.

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1 III. CONCLUSION 2 {20} Based upon the foregoing, we reverse Defendant’s conviction for assault with 3 intent to commit a violent felony (murder) for lack of sufficient evidence and remand 4 to the district court for dismissal of the charge and the discharge of Defendant. 5 {21} IT IS SO ORDERED.

6 ____________________________________ 7 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Chief Judge

8 WE CONCUR:

9 _________________________ 10 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge

11 _________________________ 12 J. MILES HANISEE, Judge