Justice SOLOMON
delivered the opinion of the Court.
In this appeal, we must determine whether defendant’s repeated requests to speak with a family member during interrogation was sufficient to invoke the right to remain silent and, if so, whether defendant’s subsequent statements and physical evidence recovered as a result of those statements should be suppressed.
We conclude that defendant, Michael Maltese, asserted his Fifth Amendment right to remain silent before any admissions were made. Because defendant’s surreptitiously recorded statement to his uncle occurred after officers violated defendant’s right to remain silent that statement is inadmissible. We further conclude that defendant’s following statement to law enforcement officers was the fruit of the unconstitutionally obtained statement to defendant’s uncle, and must also be suppressed. The State will be allowed to use defendant’s statements on cross-examination for impeachment if defendant chooses to testify at trial.
Therefore, we reverse defendant’s convictions for second-degree passion/provocation manslaughter of his father, Michael Maltese,
N.J.S.A.
2C:11 — 4(b)(1)—(2); and first-degree murder of his mother, Kathleen Maltese,
N.J.S.A.
2C:11 — 3(a)(1)—(2). On remand, the trial court shall conduct a hearing to determine whether the evidence obtained as a result of defendant’s statements — the whereabouts of the victims’ remains — is admissible under the inevitable-discovery exception to the exclusionary rule.
However, we affirm defendant’s convictions for second-degree disturbing, moving or concealing human remains,
N.J.S.A.
2C:22-
1(a)(1); fourth-degree tampering with evidence,
N.J.S.A.
2C:28-6(1); third-degree hindering apprehension or prosecution,
N.J.S.A.
2C:29-3(b)(l); third-degree theft by unlawful taking,
N.J.S.A.
2C:20-3; third-degree fraudulent use of a credit card,
N.J.S.A.
2C:21 — 6(h); and fourth-degree false swearing,
N.J.S.A.
2C:28-2(a); because those convictions are supported by evidence independent of the suppressed statements.
I.
A.
The record before us reveals the following. On October 11, 2008, a relative attempted to contact defendant’s mother, but was unable to do so. That relative notified defendant’s sister, Leela Parent, who unsuccessfully attempted to contact her parents. Subsequently, Parent called defendant, other family members, hospitals, and police stations in an attempt to locate her parents.
On October 17, 2008, defendant and another sister, Ricky Lee Fodor, reported their parents missing to the South Brunswick Police Department. Also, Parent told police that unauthorized charges had been made to a joint bank account she held with her mother. The police investigation revealed that the account’s bank card had been used to make cash withdrawals and numerous charges between October 10, 2008, and October 13, 2008. Thereafter, police obtained video footage from the bank that showed defendant using the bank card to make a withdrawal.
On October 18, 2008, Detective James Ryan of the North Brunswick Police Department and Investigator James Mullin of the Middlesex County Prosecutor’s Office went to the Maltese residence, where, in addition to defendant’s parents, defendant resided with his girlfriend, Nicole Taylor. Detective Ryan walked through the home, and searched the automobile owned by defendant’s father.
Detective Ryan discovered shovels in the trunk of the car, and had the vehicle impounded for further investigation.
On the same day, defendant, Taylor and Fodor agreed to go to the police station for questioning. At the police station, defendant was read his
Miranda
rights, and agreed to provide a statement, which was videotaped. Although defendant initially maintained that he last saw his parents when he dropped them off in New Hope, Pennsylvania on October 10, 2008, he stated later that his parents had disappeared and admitted to using his mother’s bank card without her permission.
The police arrested defendant for obstruction of justice and false swearing, but released him later that day. The next day, Parent provided to police receipts she found in her parents’ home for the transactions that were charged using the bank card for the joint account she held with her mother.
On October 24, 2008, defendant agreed to go to the police station a second time, and to submit to a polygraph test. Before administering the polygraph examination, Sergeant Paul Valias of the New Jersey State Police engaged defendant in conversation, asked preliminary questions in preparation for the test, and read defendant his
Miranda
rights. During the polygraph examination, defendant denied knowing his parents’ whereabouts.
After “scoring” the polygraph test, Sergeant Valias told defendant that, “no doubt ... you know exactly where your mother and father are right now.” Sergeant Valias then told defendant that members of his family were at the station and needed to know “exactly where the bodies are.” The following exchange ensued.
DEFENDANT: I feel at this point I have to talk to my uncle. I need to talk to my uncle.
VALLAS: What exactly do you want to talk to your uncle about?
DEFENDANT: I don’t know where to go, what to do from here.
VALLAS: Okay. I hear what you’re saying.
VALLAS: Okay, and, obviously, you know and I know they’ve been on your back knowing what the results were going to be, okay? So, ... before you go sit out there and talk to your parent — your uncle, let’s get this clarified, as you’re sitting here—
DEFENDANT: I’d like to talk to my uncle first.
VALLAS: As you’re sitting here, as you’re sitting here with your feet flat on the ground ... [ylou’re thinking to yourself, I want to tell them. No doubt about it. And when you think to yourself and you realize it’s the right thing to do, just go ahead and say it. So why don’t we just clear the ah- now. Let’s just clear the air now.
DEFENDANT: I’d like to talk to my uncle first.
Sergeant Valias replied that, while he could “understand” why defendant wanted to speak to his uncle, “what we gotta do right now is clarify this” because defendant owed the family an explanation as to what happened. Sergeant Valias further explained that “just throwing it out to them raw isn’t going to be a good thing, ... you need a buffer.” Defendant again asked to speak with his uncle first, and the exchange continued.
VALLAS: I understand what you’re saying.
DEFENDANT: I don’t think you do.
VALLAS: No, I do. No, I do understand what you’re saying, I do.
DEFENDANT: I want his opinion.
VALLAS: His opinion as far as what?
DEFENDANT: As far as what I do. You’re saying I failed [the polygraph],
VALLAS: That’s no longer an issue____Now it’s just a question of you pointing out where they are----Your uncle is going to say to you tell them the truth, tell them where the bodies are at, that’s what your uncle is going to tell you.
DEFENDANT: I’d like to talk to my uncle.
VALLAS: I understand what you’re saying to me.
DEFENDANT: Or if you’re not going to let me do that —
VALLAS: No, no, no, no, listen, listen, listen. Understand something, what I’ve made perfectly clear—
DEFENDANT: Um-hum.
VALLAS: — when we first walked in here, is that you’re free to leave here at any time, but you gotta understand something here, though, alright? What we got here is ... a very serious situation. Would you agree with me?
DEFENDANT: Yeah.
VALLAS: I understand what you’re saying, but the point being here is this is the opportunity for you to sit down here and tell me what the truth is. Do you see what I’m saying? This is your opportunity—
DEFENDANT: And I might just do that.
VALLAS: Okay, well, listen—
DEFENDANT: But I’d like to talk to my uncle first.
Sergeant Valias then advised defendant that it was not in defendant’s “best interest” to speak to his uncle because they could not be sure of his uncle’s reaction. He further urged defendant to tell the truth to give his sisters “the opportunity to have closure” or for “nothing else, for your mother, okay?” Defendant again insisted on speaking with his uncle.
DEFENDANT: I do, I gotta talk to him.
VALLAS: I know you gotta talk to your uncle, and you’re gonna have a chance to talk to your uncle, no doubt about it.
DEFENDANT: What it comes down to, as far as it goes, I can’t say anything to anybody before [I] talk to him, you know what I mean? If it’s going the way that it’s looking like it’s going, I’m telling him first.
Still, Sergeant Valias did not end the interrogation. Defendant explained that he considered his uncle “even better than a freaking attorney.” When Sergeant Valias asked why defendant would not speak with him, defendant replied, “I met you today,” and the questioning continued.
VALLAS: Okay. So what you’re saying to me is that there’s no doubt it happened, it’s a question of whether or not you’re going to take us to the location or not, is that what it is?
DEFENDANT: No, I’m saying that before anything else happens I want to talk to my uncle.
VALLAS: Okay. And then what?
DEFENDANT: And then we’ll go from there.
VALLAS: So when your uncle walks in here and he says take us to where the bodies are, are you taking us to the bodies?
DEFENDANT: If he said that? Um, I don’t know what to say, you know, I don’t know what to say, but I’d like to talk to him.
Nevertheless, Sergeant Valias continued to query defendant, who again asserted that he would not speak with Sergeant Valias
before he spoke with his uncle. Sergeant Valias finally agreed, then left the room to call a prosecutor to “make sure” that the camera could be left on while defendant’s uncle was in the interview room with defendant. The prosecutor advised that as long as defendant’s uncle knew that the camera was on, the officers could record the conversation. Sergeant Valias told defendant’s uncle that defendant had failed the polygraph test, that he knew where his parents were, and that although defendant requested that the camera be turned off, the camera would actually be left on. Defendant’s uncle agreed to help with the investigation.
Sergeant Valias returned to the interview room, and told defendant that he would shut off the camera. Sergeant Valias also stated that defendant’s uncle was aware of “the results of the polygraph exam,” and knew defendant was responsible for his parents’ disappearance. Defendant asked if his conversation would be “protected under lawyer, lawyer-client privilege?____ You know what I mean? You’re not allowed to listen to somebody consult with their lawyer kind of thing?” Sergeant Valias replied that defendant’s uncle was “not an attorney,” but nonetheless the camera would be turned off.
Investigator Mullin watched and listened to defendant’s conversation with his uncle from the observation room. Defendant admitted to his uncle that he knew where his parents’ bodies were buried and that “only one other” person was involved. Investigator Mullin then heard defendant and his uncle mention going someplace else to talk, and called the prosecutor again to ask whether defendant and his uncle should be left alone to speak in private. The prosecutor told Investigator Mullin not to let defendant and his uncle go outside to smoke a cigarette and to “make sure” that they spoke in the room. Nevertheless, defendant was permitted to step outside with his uncle to smoke a cigarette with Detective Ryan nearby.
After reentering the interview room and receiving
Miranda
warnings for a second time, defendant admitted to Detective Ryan
and Investigator Mullin that he and his father had a fight on October 8, 2008, and that he had strangled his parents and buried them in the woods behind Friendship Park. Initially, defendant denied that Taylor was involved, but later admitted that she had helped dispose of his parents’ bodies. The police discovered the bodies buried in a shallow grave in Friendship Park.
B.
A grand jury returned an indictment charging defendant with the following: two counts of first-degree murder,
N.J.S.A.
2C:11-3(a)(1) and (2); third-degree hindering apprehension or prosecution,
N.J.S.A.
2C:29-3(b)(l); third-degree theft by unlawful taking,
N.J.S.A.
2C:20-3; third-degree fraudulent use of a credit card,
N.J.S.A.
2C:21-6(h); third-degree attempted theft,
N.J.S.A.
2C:5-1 and 2C:20-3; and fourth-degree tampering with physical evidence,
N.J.S.A.
2C:28-6(1). One count of first-degree murder was subsequently amended to charge passion/provocation manslaughter of defendant’s father,
N.J.S.A.
2C:llM;(b)(l)-(2). Co-defendant Taylor was charged in the same indictment. The grand jury returned a separate indictment charging defendant with second-degree unlawfully disturbing, moving or concealing human remains,
N.J.S.A.
2C:22-l(a)(l), and third-degree failing to dispose of human remains in a manner required by law,
N.J.S.A
2C:22-l(b).
Defendant filed a motion to suppress both his statement to his uncle and his statement to Detective Ryan and Investigator Mullin, as well as the evidence collected as a result of those statements. The trial court, after hearing testimony from Sergeant Valias, Detective Ryan, and Investigator Mullin and reviewing a recording of defendant’s statements, suppressed defendant’s statement to his uncle, but did not exclude defendant’s statement to police. The court determined that defendant, by asking to speak to a close relative, effectively asserted his right to remain silent, and that defendant’s statement to his uncle was not freely
and voluntarily made because the police misrepresented that the camera would remain off while defendant spoke to his uncle.
However, in finding defendant’s statement to police admissible, the trial court determined that the police scrupulously honored defendant’s initial request to remain silent. The court noted that the officers administered
Miranda
warnings a second time, and permitted defendant to take “a break to speak to his uncle,” and smoke a cigarette. Further, defendant “was questioned by different officers, and expressed a willingness to provide a statement.”
[Defendant appeared calm, relaxed, and eager to tell his story____[TJhroughout the entire questioning of the defendant there were no threats, bribes, or other inducement that would coerce defendant to confess or lead the [c]ourt to question the reliability of the defendant’s statements.
Thus, the court concluded that, with respect to the statement to Detective Ryan and Investigator Mullin, defendant voluntarily waived his right to remain silent. The court did not consider whether the prior statement to defendant’s uncle impacted the admissibility of the statement to police.
At trial, the prosecution played for the jury defendant’s statement to Investigator Mullin and Detective Ryan. Additionally, Taylor testified that she restrained defendant’s mother until defendant finished strangling his father, at which point defendant strangled his mother. Taylor explained that, after both parents were dead, defendant and Taylor removed the clothing from the bodies, placed them into a bathtub filled with bleach, rolled the bodies into garbage bags, placed them into the trunk of defendant’s father’s car, and drove the car to Friendship Park. Once they arrived, defendant and Taylor dug a shallow grave and buried the bodies. Taylor also testified about some of the purchases she witnessed defendant make on the bank card following the murders.
Defendant testified on his own behalf. He claimed to have killed his father in self-defense, and that Taylor, not he, killed his mother.
The jury found defendant guilty of second-degree passion/provocation manslaughter of his father; first-degree murder of his mother; third-degree hindering prosecution; third-degree theft; third-degree fraudulent use of a credit card; fourth-degree tampering with evidence; fourth-degree false swearing; and second-degree disturbing, moving or concealing human remains. Defendant received an aggregate sentence of sixty-four years in prison, with an 85% period of parole ineligibility pursuant to the No Early Release Act,
N.J.S.A.
20:43-7.2.
Defendant appealed, arguing that his statement to Investigator Mullin and Detective Ryan should also have been suppressed. Defendant argued the statement to his uncle was involuntary, the subsequent statement to police was tainted by the first involuntary statement to defendant’s uncle, and the evidence recovered as a result of the statements should also have been suppressed.
The Appellate Division concluded that defendant initially invoked his right to remain silent by requesting to speak to his uncle, the police improperly recorded that conversation and, as such, the trial court properly suppressed the recorded conversation with defendant’s uncle. The Appellate Division concluded, as did the trial court, that defendant’s statement to police “was obtained voluntarily after the police re-administered defendant’s
Miranda
rights.”
We granted certification on the issue of whether defendant’s statement to police was tainted by the improperly obtained statement to defendant’s uncle, and therefore should have been suppressed as the fruit of the poisonous tree.
State v. Maltese,
217
N.J.
623, 92 A.3d 673 (2014).
II.
Relying on the trial court’s finding that the police violated defendant’s right to remain silent by continuing to question him after he asked to speak with his uncle, defendant argues that his
statement to police “should have been suppressed as part and parcel of prior unconstitutional interrogation procedures or, alternatively, as the fruit of the poisonous tree.” Defendant claims that the entire event constituted a single interrogation, which became constitutionally defective when Sergeant Valias continued to interrogate defendant for ten minutes after he first invoked his right to remain silent. In support of that argument, defendant asserts that: he was never free from police observation; he made his inculpatory statement to police less than seven minutes after he spoke with his uncle; Investigator Mullin was involved in orchestrating the State’s recording of defendant’s conversation with his uncle in the interview room; and Detective Ryan interviewed defendant previously, coordinated the polygraph test, and led defendant into the interview room. Moreover, defendant argues, that the officers themselves believed the event was one continuous interview, as is apparent from Investigator Mullin’s testimony that defendant’s uncle “was happy to continue the investigation” and by the fact that the officers used information learned from defendant’s statement to his uncle during the second half of the interrogation.
Defendant argues that the officers’ repetition of
Miranda
warnings does not constitute an intervening event between his admissions to his uncle and his statement to police because the investigating officers failed to explain that defendant’s prior admissions to his uncle could be used against him. Additionally, defendant asserts that his will to resist providing the statement to police was overcome by the interviewing officers’ use of the information he told his uncle.
Defendant next asserts that the physical evidence uncovered as a result of the involuntary statement to police — the bodies of defendant’s parents — should have been suppressed as fruit of the unlawful statements. Defendant notes that “the location where the victims were buried was nondescript, with no markings that would have alerted them to the burial location,” and that there
was no evidence that the officers could have discovered the physical evidence without defendant’s statement to police.
Finally, defendant argues that his statement to police was crucial to the State’s case against him — it was used both as substantive evidence and for impeachment — and as such, the admission was not harmless error, and a reversal of his convictions and remand for a new trial is warranted.
The State contends that defendant’s request to speak to his uncle does not qualify as an invocation of
the
right to remain silent. Further, the State argues that the officers’ misrepresentation that the camera would be off during defendant’s conversation with his uncle did not render defendant’s statement to police involuntary because defendant did not rely on that misrepresentation. The State notes that defendant asserted that he did not “trust” that the camera was off, and Sergeant Valias explained to defendant that the conversation was not protected by attorney-client privilege.
The State also argues that, even if defendant had invoked his right to remain silent, that right was scrupulously honored before defendant confessed to police. The State notes that Sergeant Valias allowed defendant to speak with his uncle before the interrogation resumed, allowed defendant to leave the interrogation room for a cigarette break, and administered fresh
Miranda
warnings.
Next, in reliance on Taylor’s testimony and the physical evidence in support of defendant’s conviction, the State asserts that admission of defendant’s statement to the police was, at most, harmless error. The State contends that police would have inevitably discovered the physical evidence because the manner of burial and location of the victims’ remains was susceptible to discovery, and Taylor knew the location of the bodies.
Additionally, the State asserts that this Court’s grant of certification was sufficient to permit the State to challenge the underlying reasons for the decision below. The State argues that defendant was not in custody when he asked to speak to his uncle and, therefore, the protections of
Miranda
do not apply.
III.
We begin our analysis by considering our scope of review. “When faced with a trial court’s admission of police-obtained statements, an appellate court should engage in a ‘searching and critical’ review of the record to ensure protection of a defendant’s constitutional rights.”
State v. Hreha,
217
N.J.
368, 381-82, 89 A.3d 1223 (2014) (quoting
State v. Pickles,
46
N.J.
542, 577, 218 A.2d 609 (1966)). We do not independently assess evidence as if we are the trial court.
Id.
at 382, 89 Rather, “an appellate court should typically defer to the trial court’s credibility and factual findings” because such findings are “often ‘substantially influenced by [its] opportunity to hear and see the witnesses and to have the “feel” of the case.’ ”
Ibid,
(alteration in original) (quoting
State v. Johnson,
42
N.J.
146, 161, 199 A.2d 809 (1964)).
To warrant reversal, defendant must show not only that admission of his statement was error, but that it was error “of such a nature to have been clearly capable of producing an unjust result.”
R.
2:10-2. In cases in which admitted evidence implicates a constitutional right, the reviewing court must determine whether the alleged error was “‘harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt.’ ”
State v. Weaver,
219
N.J.
131, 154, 97 A.3d 663 (2014) (quoting
Chapman v. California,
386
U.S.
18, 24, 87
S.Ct.
824, 828, 17 L.Ed.2d 705, 710-11 (1967));
see State v. Sanchez,
129
N.J.
261, 278-79, 609 A.2d 400 (1992) (holding admission of confession was harmful error because it was “uncertain whether the error may have contributed to defendant’s conviction”).
IV.
With an understanding of our scope of review, we turn to the question of whether during questioning defendant asserted his Fifth Amendment right to remain silent. Although the New Jersey Constitution contains no reference to the privilege against self-incrimination, we have repeatedly held “that it is a right ‘so venerated and deeply rooted in this state’s common law that it has been deemed unnecessary to include the privilege in our State Constitution.’ ”
State v. Diaz-Bridges,
208
N.J.
544, 563, 34 A.3d 748 (2012) (quoting
State v. O’Neill,
193
N.J.
148, 176, 936 A.2d 438 (2007)). Indeed, our decisions have been more solicitous of this privilege than decisions under the federal constitution alone.
Id.
at 563-64, 34 A.3d 748.
The privilege includes “ ‘the right of a person to remain silent unless he chooses to speak in the unfettered exercise of his own free will, and to suffer no penalty ... for [ ] silence.’ ”
State v. Camacho,
218
N.J.
533, 543, 95 A.3d 635 (2014) (quoting
State v. P.Z.,
152
N.J.
86, 100-02, 703 A.2d 901 (1997)). Efforts by a law enforcement officer to persuade a suspect to talk “are proper as long as the will of the suspect is not overborne.”
State v. Miller,
76
N.J.
392, 403, 388 A.2d 218 (1978). The inquiry turns on “whether an investigator’s ‘statements were so manipulative or coercive that they deprived [defendant] of his ability to make an unconstrained, autonomous decision to confess.’ ”
State v. DiFrisco,
118
N.J.
253, 257, 571 A.2d 914 (1990) (alteration in original) (police officer’s encouragement of trust did not render confession
involuntary) (quoting
Miller v. Fenton,
796 F.2d 598, 605 (3d Cir.),
cert. denied,
479
U.S.
989, 107
S.Ct.
585, 93
L.Ed.2d
587 (1986)).
In the context of custodial interrogation, once a defendant clearly and unambiguously invokes his right to remain silent, interrogation must cease.
Diaz-Bridges, supra,
208
N.J.
at 564, 34 A.3d 748 (citing
State v. Johnson,
120
N.J.
263, 281, 576 A.2d 834 (1990)). Because a police officer must “scrupulously honor[ ]” that right, even when the suspect’s invocation is “ambiguous,” officers are “required to stop the interrogation completely, or to ask only questions narrowly directed to determining whether defendant [is] willing to continue.”
Johnson, supra,
120
N.J.
at 284, 576 A.2d 834;
see also State ex rel. A.S.,
409
N.J.Super.
99, 116-17, 975 A.2d 1060 (App.Div.2009) (finding juvenile’s “state ment that she did not know whether she wished to speak to [an officer], her evident reluctance thereafter to speak, and the long silences ... suggested] at least an equivocal invocation of the right to silence, warranting further inquiry by [the officer]”),
rev’d on other grounds,
203
N.J.
131, 999 A.2d 1136 (2010).
Whether a suspect has invoked his right to remain silent requires analysis of the totality of the circumstances, including consideration of the suspect’s words and conduct.
Diaz-Bridges, supra,
208
N.J.
at 568-69, 34 A.3d 748. The defendant’s state ment is evaluated in the full context in which the statement is made, including whether the suspect wished to speak to another person in order to seek advice or as a condition before speaking with police.
See State v. Martini,
131
N.J.
176, 231-33, 619 A.2d 1208 (1993). Of particular relevance to this matter, this Court in
State v. Harvey,
121
N.J.
407, 581 A.2d 483 (1990), addressed a situation where a defendant requested to speak to someone other than an attorney. In
Harvey,
we held that the defendant’s statement that “he would tell [the officers] about the murder” after he spoke with his father was sufficient to invoke his right to remain silent, and therefore required the interrogation to cease.
Id.
at 417, 420, 581 A.2d 483.
The facts presented here clearly indicate that defendant invoked his right to remain silent. Defendant voluntarily went to the police station and initially appeared willing to answer Sergeant Vallas’s questions. However, once Sergeant Valias informed defendant that he had failed the polygraph test and demanded that defendant tell him where his parents were, defendant repeatedly stated that he wanted to speak with his uncle, whom he considered “better than a freaking attorney,” before answering any further questions.
As in
Harvey,
defendant here indicated that he wanted to speak with a family member to obtain advice before proceeding with questioning. Unlike
Diaz-Bridges, supra,
208
N.J.
at 548-49, 34 A.3d 748 where the defendant failed
to
indicate that he wanted questioning to stop, defendant here unequivocally asserted more than ten times that he wanted to speak to his uncle before answering any further questions. Additionally, unlike
State v. Brooks,
309
N.J.Super.
43, 52-57, 706 A.2d 757 (App.Div.1998), defendant specifically stated that he wanted to consult with his uncle about “what to do.”
Considering all the circumstances, we conclude that defendant affirmatively asserted his right to remain silent when confronted with the results of the polygraph. Once his Fifth Amendment right was asserted, the interrogation nonetheless continued when police engaged defendant’s uncle to assist them in the investigation; the information learned from recording defendant’s conversation with his uncle followed Sergeant Vallas’s misrepresentation that “as soon as I open this door, the recording is going to be going off.” The trial court found that defendant confessed as a direct result of the false promise that the recording device would be off. Under those circumstances, defendant’s
Miranda
rights were not scrupulously honored. Therefore, defendant’s statement made to his uncle was obtained in violation of defendant’s Fifth Amendment right to remain silent and was properly suppressed by the trial court.
B.
Having determined that defendant’s statement to his uncle was obtained in violation of defendant’s assertion of his right to remain silent and was properly suppressed by the trial court, we must now resolve whether defendant’s statement to Detective Ryan and Investigator Mullin also should be suppressed.
The United States Supreme Court concluded that “the admissibility of statements obtained after the person in custody has decided to remain silent depends under
Miranda
on whether his ‘right to cut off questioning’ was ‘scrupulously honored.’ ”
Michigan v. Mosley,
423
U.S.
96, 104, 96
S.Ct.
321, 326, 46
L.Ed.2d
313, 321 (1975). In determining that the defendant’s right to silence was scrupulously honored, the Court in
Mosley
focused on four factors: (1) two hours passed after the defendant first asserted his right to remain silent; (2) the defendant received fresh
Miranda
warnings before the interrogation resumed; (3) the defendant was questioned by a different police officer; and (4) the defendant was questioned about a different crime.
Id.
at 106, 96
S.Ct.
at 327, 46
L.Ed.2d
at 322;
see Oregon v. Elstad,
470
U.S.
298, 310, 105
S.Ct.
1285, 1293, 84
L.Ed.2d
222, 232-33 (1985) (explaining that where statement is coerced, “the time that passes between confessions, the change in place of interrogations, and the change in identity of the interrogators all bear on whether that coercion has carried over into the second confession”);
see also State v. Hartley,
103
N.J.
252, 266-67, 511 A.2d 80 (1986) (discussing
Mosely
factors and requiring fresh
Miranda
warnings before resuming questioning). In this case, the break in questioning was less than seven minutes, defendant was always in the presence of an officer, and the officers that took defendant’s statement were known by defendant to be conducting the investigation.
Additionally, after defendant confessed to his uncle, Investigator Mullin and Detective Ryan made it clear that they knew defendant “let the cat out of the bag,”
and therefore, “no matter what the
inducement,” he was not “free of the psychological and practical disadvantages of having confessed. He can never get the cat back in the bag.”
O’Neill, supra,
193
N.J.
at 171 n. 13, 936 A.2d 438 (quoting
United States v. Bayer,
331
U.S.
532, 540-41, 67
S.Ct.
1394, 1398, 91
L.Ed.
1654, 1660 (1947)). Under those circumstances, “a later confession always may be looked upon as fruit of the first.”
Ibid.
In determining whether this taint is attenuated, the Court considers the following factors: “the time between confessions, any intervening circumstances, whether there was a change in place, whether defendant received an adequate warning of his rights, whether the defendant initiated the second confession, the effect of his having previously made a confession, and the ‘purpose and flagrancy of police misconduct.’ ”
Hartley, supra,
103
N.J.
at 283, 511 A.2d 80 (quoting
Brown v. Illinois,
422
U.S.
590, 603-04, 95
S.Ct.
2254, 2261-62, 45 L.Ed.2d 416, 427 (1975));
see, e.g., Harvey, supra,
121
N.J.
at 417-18, 581 A.2d 483 (holding second confession sufficiently independent such that taint of illegal conduct dissipated where statement was given two days after alleged violation, defendant was not subjected to prolonged detention, and intervening circumstances separated alleged violation from confession).
In
Hartley, supra,
federal agents, without giving
Miranda
warnings, interrogated the defendant about ten minutes after state police officers met with the defendant, and he asserted the right to remain silent. 103
N.J.
at 258-59, 511 A.2d 80. This Court held that, “whether seen as produced by the same interrogation process as the first or, even though separate, as tainted by the first,” the second confession was inadmissible.
Id.
at 284, 511 A.2d 80. The Court noted the interrogations occurred “in the same room,” the federal agents who conducted the second interview were involved in the investigation with state officers who conducted the first, and the second interview occurred close “on the heels” of the first interrogation.
Id.
at 279-80, 511 A.2d 80. Thus, we concluded that the two interrogations “comprise[d] a
single continuing event.”
Id.
at 279, 511 A.2d 80;
cf. State v. Chew,
150
N.J.
30, 67-68, 695 A.2d 1301 (1997) (holding five hours and twenty minutes between two statements sufficient “so that they were not part of the same ... interrogation.”)
During his recorded meeting with his uncle, defendant confessed to the murders of his parents. Approximately seven minutes later, officers initiated another interview of defendant, administered
Miranda
warnings a second time, and immediately gave a clear indication that they knew defendant confessed to his uncle that he killed his parents. All of the questioning was conducted in the same interview room; the statement to police was obtained by officers who defendant knew were involved in the investigation; and all of the questioning and discussion concerned the same crimes. We determine that, under these facts, the statement to police was the “fruit” of the unconstitutionally obtained statement to defendant’s uncle. Once defendant “let the cat out of the bag by confessing, no matter what the inducement, he [was] never thereafter free of the psychological and practical disadvantages of having confessed. He [could] never get the cat back in the bag.”
O’Neill, supra,
193
N.J.
at 171 n. 13, 936 A.2d 438 (citing
Bayer, supra,
331
U.S.
at 540-41, 67
S.Ct.
at 1398, 91
L.Ed.
at 1660). Under the facts of this case, not even the second reading of
Miranda
warnings removed the taint of the first constitutional violation.
V.
Having preliminarily excluded defendant’s statements, we must now determine whether the admission of defendant’s statement to police at trial amounted to harmless error beyond a reasonable doubt.
The theft, fraudulent use of the bank card, hindering, and false swearing convictions were independently substantiated. In fact, those convictions were not dependent in any way on the statement made by defendant to police. The State offered, and the trial court admitted into evidence, the receipts, videotaped
recordings of defendant using the bank card, and bank records from the account to substantiate those charges. The hindering prosecution conviction was for giving false information regarding the whereabouts of defendant’s parents and when they were last seen alive, as evidenced by the October 18, 2008, statement to police, which occurred before defendant made the statements at issue here.
Likewise, the tampering with physical evidence and concealment convictions were independently substantiated by Taylor’s testimony at trial. Taylor testified about the manner in which she and defendant put the bodies in the tub, and then transported the bodies to the park and buried them.
By contrast, defendant’s statement to police was particularly relevant to defendant’s passion/provocation manslaughter and murder convictions. Based on the passion/provocation manslaughter conviction, the jury credited defendant’s statement to police supported by Taylor’s trial testimony, which was contrary to defendant’s testimony at trial that he acted in self-defense. We acknowledge that defendant’s murder conviction is supported by Taylor’s trial testimony, and the medical examiner’s trial testimony that the manner of death and injuries to the two victims was similar. However, the State used defendant’s statement to police to contradict his testimony that Taylor was responsible for the death of defendant’s mother, and was successful in obtaining a conviction against defendant for his mother’s murder.
Because the passion/provocation manslaughter and first-degree murder convictions were substantially dependent upon defendant’s statement to police, we cannot conclude that admission of the statement at trial was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. As such, defendant’s passion/provocation manslaughter and first-degree murder convictions must be reversed and the matter must be remanded for retrial.
Although we have concluded that defendant’s unconstitutionally obtained statements must be excluded, on retrial, those
statements may be used for impeachment purposes. In reaching this conclusion, we rely upon our holding in
State v. Burris,
145
N.J.
509, 679 A.2d 121 (1996), in which the defendant was charged and convicted of, among other things, murdering her mother.
Id.
at 517, 679 A.2d 121. After giving a statement to police denying responsibility for her mother’s death, the defendant asked for a lawyer, and despite refusing to answer any more questions, police continued the interrogation and obtained two more statements connecting the defendant to the homicide.
Id.
at 516, 679 A.2d 121. This Court excluded the evidence in the State’s ease-in-chief, but permitted its use to cross-examine the defendant if she chose to testify.
Id.
at 532-33, 538, 679 A.2d 121. After considering the totality of the circumstances, we allowed the statements to be used for impeachment, stating that “[t]he impeachment exception is strictly limited to situations in which the suppressed statement is trustworthy and reliable in that it was given freely and voluntarily without compelling influences.”
Id.
at 525, 679 A.2d 121.
Here, defendant was twenty years old and had a high school diploma. The interrogation lasted approximately seven hours, and defendant was twice advised of his constitutional rights. Defendant was not subjected to physical punishment and, although he acknowledged he was tired, did not appear to be in physical distress as a result of the length or manner of the interrogation. Under these circumstances, as in
Burris,
we conclude that defendant’s statements may be used by the State to impeach defendant if he chooses to testify at retrial.
VI.
On remand, a determination must be made whether the physical evidence discovered directly because of defendant’s statements— the victims’ remains — should also be suppressed pursuant to the exclusionary rule.
If the State can show that “the information ultimately or inevitably would have been discovered by lawful means ... the deterrence rationale [of the exclusionary rule] has so little basis
that the evidence should be received.”
Nix v. Williams,
467
U.S.
431, 444, 104
S.Ct.
2501, 2509, 81 L.Ed.2d 377, 387-88 (1984). Under the “inevitable discovery” doctrine, the State must “show by clear and convincing evidence” the following:
(1) proper, normal and specific investigatory procedures would have been pursued in order to complete the investigation of the case; (2) under all of the surrounding relevant circumstances the pursuit of those procedures would have inevitably resulted in the discovery of the evidence; and (3) the discovery of the evidence through the use of such procedures would have occurred wholly independently of the discovery of such evidence by unlawful means.
[Johnson, supra,
120
N.J.
at 289, 576 A.2d 834 (citing
State v. Sugar,
100
N.J.
214, 238, 495 A.2d 90 (1984)(&íyar II)).]
However, under this standard, “the State need not demonstrate the exact circumstances of the evidence’s discovery----It need only present facts sufficient to persuade the court, by a clear and convincing standard, that the [evidence] would be discovered.”
State v. Sugar,
108
N.J.
151, 158, 527 A.2d 1377 (1987).
The State, in its supplemental brief, asserts that the officers would have inevitably discovered the bodies because they were buried in a shallow grave and because Taylor also knew the location of the burial site. The State has not provided any evidence that the bodies would have been discovered because of the way they were buried, or that Taylor would have led them to the remains. As the record now exists, the State has not met its burden to establish by clear and convincing evidence that normal police procedures would inevitably have led to discovery of the bodies.
Cf. id.
at 157-58, 161, 527 A.2d 1377 (concluding body buried in defendant’s backyard would have been inevitably discovered because body was buried in shallow grave and would have given off detectable odor, defendant contracted to sell home and purchasers, who owned a dog, testified that they would have done work in that portion of yard, and it would have been obvious to anyone observing the site that something was abnormal);
Johnson, supra,
120
N.J.
at 290, 576 A.2d 834 (concluding evidence inside home would have been inevitably discovered where police testified they were preparing search warrant for premises);
State v. Finesmith,
406
N.J.Super.
510, 523, 968 A.2d 715 (App.Div.
2009) (concluding laptop admissible where police detective testified to specific steps he would have taken to uncover evidence).
The record reveals that the victims’ bodies were discovered solely as a result of defendant’s statements made in violation of his Fifth Amendment right to remain silent. It is possible that Taylor’s testimony will establish that she would have led police to the victims’ bodies because she had knowledge of their location, or that the way the bodies were buried might have led to their discovery. However, that evidence is not present in the record before us, and the State had no reason to press the issue in light of the trial court’s decision to admit defendant’s statement to Detective Ryan and Investigator Mullin. As such, we remand for a hearing to determine whether the bodies would have been discovered inevitably.
See Sugar II, supra,
100
N.J.
at 240, 495 A.2d 90 (remanding for factual determination for whether evidence would have been inevitably discovered).
VII.
For the reasons set forth above, we affirm defendant’s convictions for second-degree disturbing, moving or concealing human remains, fourth-degree tampering with evidence, third-degree hindering apprehension or prosecution, third-degree theft, third-degree fraudulent use of a credit card, and fourth-degree false swearing, and reverse and remand for retrial the charges of passion/provocation manslaughter and first-degree murder. On remand, the trial court shall conduct a pretrial hearing to determine whether the physical evidence obtained as a result of defendant’s suppressed statements is admissible under the inevitable discovery exception to the exclusionary rule.
For affirmance in part/reversal in part/remandment
— Chief Justice RABNER, Justices LaVECCHIA, ALBIN, PATTERSON, FERNANDEZ-VINA, SOLOMON, and Judge CUFF (temporarily assigned) — 7.
Opposed
— None.