IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA17-1279
Filed: 7 August 2018
Mecklenburg County, No. 16 CRS 211825
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA,
v.
SYDNEY SHAKUR MERCER, Defendant.
Appeal by defendant from judgment entered 8 May 2017 by Judge Jesse B.
Caldwell, III in Mecklenburg County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals
16 May 2018.
Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Special Deputy Attorney General Grady L. Balentine, Jr., for the State.
Cheshire Parker Schneider & Bryan, PLLC, by John Keating Wiles, for defendant-appellant.
ZACHARY, Judge.
Defendant Sydney Shakur Mercer was indicted for possession of a firearm by
a felon and for two counts of assault with a deadly weapon with the intent to kill. A
jury found defendant not guilty on both charges of assault, but guilty of possession of
a firearm by a felon. Defendant appeals from judgment entered upon his conviction.
On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his request for a
jury instruction on justification as a defense to the charge of possession of a firearm STATE V. MERCER
Opinion of the Court
by a felon. After careful review, we conclude that defendant was entitled to an
instruction on justification as a defense.
Background
In April 2016, defendant was indicted for possession of a firearm by a felon and
two counts of assault with a deadly weapon with the intent to kill. The charges
against defendant were joined for trial and came on to be tried before a jury at the 20
March 2017 criminal session of Mecklenburg County Superior Court, the Honorable
Jesse B. Caldwell, III presiding.
The charges against defendant arose from an altercation that took place on 30
March 2016 on Peach Park Lane in Charlotte, during which defendant, a convicted
felon, possessed a gun. During the events that gave rise to the charges against
defendant, defendant resided on Peach Park Lane, near the home of Dazoveen Mingo.
On 29 March 2016, Dazoveen was playing basketball in the neighborhood.
Defendant’s cousin Wardell was also present, and, at some point, Wardell’s phone
was stolen. He believed that Dazoveen was the culprit and the two nearly fought.
The following day, Dazoveen was “walking . . . to the candy man” when he
encountered Wardell and an individual he identified as “J.” Wardell repeated his
previous accusation that Dazoveen had stolen his phone, and a fight occurred.
Defendant’s mother broke up the fight.
Dazoveen left and notified his brother, Nacharles Bailey, who informed their
mother, Dorether Mingo (“Ms. Mingo”). While Dazoveen and Nacharles waited for her
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to arrive home, Ms. Mingo called her sister, Lina. Ms. Mingo and her other son,
Jaquarius, arrived at their home within approximately five to ten minutes. The
Mingos and additional family members then walked over to defendant’s home, where
Wardell was visiting, with the intention of fighting. At that point, an altercation
occurred. The participants and witnesses provided different versions of the event at
trial.
I. The State’s Evidence
At trial, the State presented evidence tending to show the following: Dazoveen
testified that approximately fifteen people walked to defendant’s home in order to
fight. The only armed person in the Mingo group was Dazoveen’s aunt, Lina, who
arrived later. Upon their arrival at defendant’s home, a black Cadillac pulled into the
driveway and defendant, Wardell, and J got out of the car. “When we [were] getting
ready to fight,” Dazoveen saw that defendant had a handgun “at his belt buckle.”
Dazoveen did not say anything to defendant, but told Wardell “to come fight [him].”
Dazoveen further testified:
Q. All right. And what, if anything, did you hear anybody else saying to [defendant]?
A. Well, basically my brother and them was telling him to fight. Basically they was telling everybody to fight.
Q. Okay. Which brother was talking to [defendant]?
A. Both of them.
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Meanwhile, defendant’s mother was attempting to “calm[] down . . . the
situation.” Dazoveen testified that after defendant showed a gun, “we [were] still
trying to fight, and they [were] backing up, and we [were] coming towards them. And
that’s when [defendant] had shot [the gun] in the air.” After defendant fired one shot
in the air, Dazoveen’s “aunt came running through the path, and then [Ms. Mingo]
snatched the gun from her and shot up in the air.” Defendant then “shot back into
the air[]” and Ms. Mingo shot into the air again. Following these shots, Dazoveen
and his relatives returned to the Mingo home, and Dazoveen’s aunt called the police.
Dazoveen and Ms. Mingo both gave recorded statements at the police station and
watched a surveillance video of the altercation which was taken from a nearby home
on the same street.
At trial, Dazoveen watched the video and testified that three people had guns
during the altercation: defendant, Ms. Mingo, and Dazoveen’s brother, Nacharles. He
also testified that Nacharles fired his gun, but he could not tell at whom Nacharles
was firing. After viewing a video of the statement he gave to police to refresh his
recollection, Dazoveen testified that he told a detective that defendant’s mother had
broken up the fight between him, Wardell, and J on 29 March 2016, and that both of
Dazoveen’s brothers, Jaquarious and Nacharles, fired the same gun during the
altercation on 30 March 2016.
Ms. Mingo also testified for the State as follows: On 30 March 2016, she
received a phone call from her son, Nacharles, in which he informed her that
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Dazoveen “had been jumped.” Her other son, Jaquarious, was with her at the time,
and they drove home, during which time she did not make any phone calls. She found
that her mother, her sisters, three of her nephews, three of her nieces, and “[her]
whole family, pretty much, [were] at the house when [she] pulled up.” After seeing
her son Dazoveen’s injuries from his fight with Wardell and J, she “immediately went
to . . . [defendant’s] house through the path, there’s a path, and as a result of me
going, my oldest two went over there to approach [defendant] and the guy J and the
guy Wardell.” Ms. Mingo’s sons were ready to fight and “[she] was not trying to stop
[the fight].” Defendant “was the only one that had the gun out,” which he had removed
from his pants, and he was pointing the gun while saying, “back up, back up.”
Her sons “continued to advance on him even though he had [a] gun out[.]”
Defendant’s mother was “standing in front of him telling him, Sydney, put the gun
up, put the gun up.” Ms. Mingo testified that by this point, she was screaming, “If
you going to shoot, shoot. If you’re not, put the gun up.” Defendant fired his first shot
“over his mom’s head” toward Ms. Mingo and her family. Ms. Mingo ran after that
first shot and “snatched” her sister’s gun from her hand and fired it in the air. She
testified that defendant shot toward her “[m]aybe three” times and that she shot
toward him “four times, maybe.” Nacharles then took the gun from Ms. Mingo, but
he did not shoot it because it was empty.
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II. Defendant’s Evidence
At the conclusion of the State’s evidence, defendant presented evidence which
tended to show the following: Defendant’s mother, Rashieka Mercer (“Ms. Mercer”),
testified at trial that, on 30 March 2016, she “heard a bunch of commotion outside” of
her house, went outside, and witnessed Wardell and Dazoveen “engaged in a fight.”
She “told them to stop it, and at that point [Dazoveen] got up and he left” while
“screaming out that he was going to get his brothers and they were going to kill
[Wardell].” She further testified that no one else was present or involved in the fight
other than Dazoveen and Wardell. Later that same day, Ms. Mercer heard another
commotion outside of her house, and when she went outside, she “saw a crowd of
people basically ambushing [her] son[.]” Ms. Mercer ran outside and tried to explain
that defendant had nothing to do with the earlier fight. At that point, she observed
that Nacharles had a gun, “so [she] got in front of [defendant] trying to shield him[.]”
Defendant also had a gun. Ms. Mingo “was telling her son [Nacharles] to shoot
[defendant].” Nacharles shot his gun, and Ms. Mercer screamed at the crowd about
getting defendant out of there because they were trying to kill him. She also
witnessed Ms. Mingo “chasing [defendant] and shooting at him.”
Defendant testified in his own defense to the following facts: On 30 March
2016, after arriving home from a job interview, defendant encountered a group of
approximately fifteen people trying to fight. He knew Nacharles, Jaquarious, and
Dazoveen, but did not know the other people. He testified that “[t]he mother of [his]
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child” was with him in the car. After defendant asked the crowd what was going on,
they told him that jumping their little brother was not right, to which defendant
responded, “I [didn’t] have [anything] to do with it.” However, the group kept
approaching defendant, stating that they were “done talking.” Defendant observed
the handles of three handguns in the possession of Jaquarious, Nacharles, and
another person he did not know. At that point, Wardell had also pulled a gun out
while “talking to them” and “just basically trying to plead our case.” Defendant then
heard the sound of people cocking their guns, so he asked Wardell to give him the
gun, and because “[Wardell] didn’t know what he was doing,” defendant took the gun
from him. Defendant continued trying to plead his case with the group. Defendant
was aware that, as a convicted felon, he was not allowed to possess a firearm, but
testified that “Wardell [] is my little cousin. So at that time, my mother being out
there, . . . I would rather make sure we [are] alive versus my little cousin making
sure, who is struggling with the gun.” He then pointed the gun at the Mingos and
“[kept] telling them to back up” several times. Defendant pointed the gun at
Jaquarious because he “ran up on to the side and right beside [defendant’s] mother,”
and then “shots were being fired” by someone else, but defendant could not tell who
was firing them. Defendant “turned around to see who shot at Shoe,”1 and, after
telling his mother to move out of the way, he “dashed to the side of the street,” and
1 “Shoe” is not mentioned at any other time throughout the trial transcript.
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observed that Nacharles was “still shooting at [him], so [defendant] tried to shoot.”
However, the gun jammed and he threw it to Wardell so “he [could] fix it because it’s
his gun, and [defendant] just [ran] home.” Defendant testified that he “only fired one
shot,” toward Nacharles “because he was shooting first.” Defendant turned himself in
to the police early the next morning around midnight.
During the charge conference, defendant made a timely request in writing that
the trial court instruct the jury on a justification defense to the charge of possession
of a firearm by a felon, which the trial court denied. Defendant objected to the trial
court’s failure to instruct the jury on justification. During jury deliberations, the jury
sent the trial court a note regarding “Justification Defense For Possession of
Firearm,” in which the jury asked the trial court for “Clarification on whether or not
[defendant] can be justified in possession of a firearm even with the stipulation of
convicted felon.” The trial court responded by “reread[ing] and recharg[ing] its
instruction on reasonable doubt and on possession of a firearm by a felon.” Defendant
was found not guilty of both charges of assault with a deadly weapon with intent to
kill and guilty of the charge of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon.
On appeal, defendant asserts that the trial court erred by refusing his request
for a jury instruction on justification as a defense to the charge of possession of a
firearm by a felon.
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Standard of Review
It is axiomatic that “the trial court must give the instructions requested, at
least in substance, if they are proper and supported by the evidence. The proffered
instruction must . . . contain a correct legal request and be pertinent to the evidence
and the issues of the case.” State v. Edwards, 239 N.C. App. 391, 392, 768 S.E.2d
619, 620 (2015) (citations and quotation marks omitted). “[T]he question of whether
a defendant is entitled to an instruction on the defense of duress or necessity presents
a question of law, and is reviewed de novo.” Id. at 393, 768 S.E.2d at 621.
Accordingly, “where the request for a specific instruction raises a question of law, ‘the
trial court’s decisions regarding jury instructions are reviewed de novo by this Court.’
” Id. (quoting State v. Osorio, 196 N.C. App. 458, 466, 675 S.E.2d 144, 149 (2009)).
We review the evidence in the light most favorable to the defendant. State v.
Monroe, 233 N.C. App. 563, 567, 756 S.E.2d 376, 379 (2014), aff’d per curiam, 367
N.C. 771, 768 S.E.2d 292 (2015) (“[W]e review the evidence in the present case in the
light most favorable to [the] [d]efendant, in order to determine whether there is
substantial evidence of each element of the defense.”).
Discussion
On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred by denying his request
for an instruction on justification as a defense to the charge of possession of a firearm
by a felon. After careful review of the evidence in the light most favorable to
defendant, we hold that there was substantial evidence of each element of the
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justification defense in the present case, and defendant was entitled to have the jury
instructed on the defense of justification.
Under North Carolina law, “[i]t shall be unlawful for any person who has been
convicted of a felony to purchase, own, possess, or have in his custody, care, or control
any firearm or any weapon of mass death and destruction as defined in [N.C. Gen.
Stat. § 14-288.8(c)].” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-415.1(a) (2017). “The offense of possession
of a firearm by a convicted felon has two essential elements: (1) the defendant has
been convicted of a felony, and (2) the defendant subsequently possessed a firearm.”
State v. Floyd, 369 N.C. 329, 333, 794 S.E.2d 460, 463 (2016) (citation omitted); see
also State v. Wood, 185 N.C. App. 227, 235, 647, S.E.2d 679, 686 (2007).
A justification defense to possession of a firearm by a convicted felon was set
forth in United States v. Deleveaux, 205 F.3d 1292, 1297 (11th Cir. 2000). The
Deleveaux test provides that “a defendant must show four elements to establish
justification as a defense” to a charge of possession of a firearm by a felon:
(1) that the defendant was under unlawful and present, imminent, and impending threat of death or serious bodily injury; (2) that the defendant did not negligently or recklessly place himself in a situation where he would be forced to engage in criminal conduct; (3) that the defendant had no reasonable legal alternative to violating the law; and (4) that there was a direct causal relationship between the criminal action and the avoidance of the threatened harm.
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State v. Craig, 167 N.C. App. 793, 796, 606 S.E.2d 387, 389 (2005) (quoting Deleveaux,
205 F.3d at 1297); see also United States v. Crittendon, 883 F.2d 326, 330 (4th Cir.
1989).
This Court has not explicitly adopted the Deleveaux test; however, we have
consistently “assume[d] arguendo, without deciding, that the Deleveaux rationale
applies in North Carolina prosecutions for possession of a firearm by a felon.”
Monroe, 233 N.C. App. at 569, 756 S.E.2d at 380. In State v. Monroe, the defendant
was engaged in an “on-going dispute” with another man, Davis. Id. The defendant
was at the residence of another individual, Gordon, when Davis arrived in Gordon’s
front yard and threatened to “turn the heat up on” the defendant. Id. at 564, 756
S.E.2d at 377. Evidence was also presented that earlier that day, Davis had barged
into a residence in which the defendant was present, and that Davis stated he was
“going to stay out here until the door come open” when he arrived at Gordon’s
residence. Id. However, “[t]he uncontroverted evidence at trial showed that [the]
[d]efendant was inside Gordon’s house when [the] [d]efendant took possession of a
firearm”:
[The] [d]efendant’s subsequent contentions are that Davis “had instigated violence against [the] [d]efendant before,” and that remaining inside Gordon’s residence would have been “no protection” because Davis had previously “barged in” to a residence where [the] [d]efendant was located. However, the evidence does not compel a conclusion that, while inside the residence, [the] [d]efendant was under unlawful and present, imminent, and impending threat of death or serious bodily injury.
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...
We thus cannot rely on the mere possibilities that (1) Davis may have been about to enter the residence and (2) that Davis then would have threatened death or serious bodily injury to [the] [d]efendant. [The] [d]efendant has failed to show that he was under “unlawful and present, imminent, and impending threat of death or serious bodily injury” at the time he took possession of the firearm.
Id. at 570, 756 S.E.2d at 381 (quoting Craig, 167 N.C. App. at 796, 606 S.E.2d at 389)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
We further concluded that the “[d]efendant also failed to show that he ‘had no
reasonable legal alternative to violating the law.’ ” Id. at 571, 756 S.E.2d at 381.
“The [d]efendant voluntarily armed himself and then walked to the doorway of the
residence. [The] [d]efendant has not shown there was no acceptable legal alternative
other than arming himself with a firearm, in violation of N.C. [Gen. Stat.] § 14-415.1,
and walking to the doorway of Gordon’s house.” Id. Accordingly, this Court held that
the evidence, “even when viewed in the light most favorable to [the] [d]efendant, does
not support a conclusion that [the] [d]efendant, upon possessing the firearm, was
under unlawful and present, imminent, and impending threat of death or serious
bodily injury.” Id. at 569, 756 S.E.2d at 380.
This Court has applied the Deleveaux test in several other cases as well,
although the defendant has never satisfied each of the elements in any of these cases.
See, e.g., Edwards, 239 N.C. App. at 395, 768 S.E.2d at 622 (no evidence of facts in
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support of any elements of the Deleveaux test); State v. McNeil, 196 N.C. App. 394,
674 S.E.2d 813 (2009) (possession of firearm while under no present or imminent
threat of death or injury); Craig, 167 N.C. App. at 797, 606 S.E.2d at 389 (possession
of firearm after threat subsided); State v. Boston, 165 N.C. App. 214, 598 S.E.2d 163
(2004) (possession of firearm while under no present or imminent threat of death or
injury); State v. Napier, 149 N.C. App. 462, 560 S.E.2d 867 (2002) (possession of
firearm while under no present or imminent threat of death or injury).
The present case is distinguishable from the prior cases in which this Court
has applied the Deleveaux test. Here, defendant presented evidence that he grabbed
the gun only after he heard guns cocking and witnessed his cousin struggling with
the gun. In defendant’s brief, he addresses each element of the Deleveaux test as
follows:
a. [Defendant’s] testimony that he only grabbed the gun from Wardell when he heard guns being cocked, and threw it back to Wardell when he was able to run away supported the first element of the defense: That he only possessed the gun during the time he was under an unlawful and present imminent and impending threat of death or serious bodily injury;
b. The evidence was uncontroverted that the Mingos came to [defendant’s] premises as aggressors, intending to fight, and [defendant’s] testimony that when he got out of his car they were already there seeking a fight supported the second element of the defense: That he did not negligently or recklessly place himself in this situation where he would be forced to engage in criminal conduct;
c. [Defendant’s] testimony that he continually used words,
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trying to “plead his case,” in responding to the aggressors and that he only resorted to grabbing the gun from Wardell when he heard guns being cocked supported the third element of the defense: That he had no reasonable alternative to violate the law; and
d. [Defendant’s] testimony that he only took possession of the gun when he heard guns being cocked and relinquished possession when he was able to run away supported the fourth element of the defense: That there was a direct causal relationship between the criminal action and the avoidance of the threatened harm.
We find the facts presented and the application of the evidence to the elements of the
Deleveaux test convincing.
The State contends that, “even assuming the Court were to apply the
Deleveaux test, . . . the evidence does not support the third element that . . . defendant
had no reasonable legal alternative to violating the law.” In advancing this
argument, the State asserts that defendant could have left the dangerous scene at
his home or called 911, both of which are legal alternatives “to violating the law by
taking the gun from his cousin.” We disagree. As defendant asserts in his reply brief,
“[o]nce guns were cocked, time for the State’s two alternative courses of action—
calling 911 or running away through the park—had passed.”
The determination of whether defendant acted reasonably, in light of the
possible legal alternatives, is a question for the jury, after appropriate instruction.
See, e.g., State v. Barrett, 20 N.C. App. 419, 423, 201 S.E.2d 553, 555-56 (1974) (“The
reasonableness of defendant’s action and of his belief that force was necessary
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presents a jury question.”) (citation omitted). Accordingly, defendant was entitled to
have the jury instructed on justification as a defense to the charge of possession of a
Furthermore, we conclude that defendant was prejudiced by this error.
Pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1443(a), “a defendant is prejudiced by errors
relating to rights arising other than under the Constitution of the United States when
there is a reasonable possibility that, had the error in question not been committed,
a different result would have been reached at the trial . . . .” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-
1443(a) (2017); see also State v. Rose, 323 N.C. 455, 458, 373 S.E.2d 426, 428 (1988)
(finding that the trial court’s failure to give defendant’s requested instruction was
prejudicial under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1443(a)).
In the present case, it is undisputed that defendant fired one or more shots
during the altercation. However, the jury was instructed on self-defense with regard
to the assault charges. The jury then acquitted defendant of both charges of assault
with a deadly weapon with intent to kill as well as the lesser-included offense of
assault with a deadly weapon. In contrast, the jury was not instructed on justification
with regard to the charge of possession of a firearm by a felon, and the jury then
convicted defendant of that charge. Moreover, during jury deliberations, the jury sent
the trial court a note titled “Justification Defense For Possession of Firearm,” in
which the jury asked the trial court for “Clarification on whether or not [defendant]
can be justified in possession of a firearm even with the stipulation of convicted felon.”
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We conclude that there is a reasonable probability that, had the trial court provided
defendant’s requested justification instruction to the jury, the jury would have
reached a different result. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1443(a).
Conclusion
For the reasons stated herein, we conclude that the trial court committed
prejudicial error by denying defendant’s request for a jury instruction on justification
as a defense to the charge of possession of a firearm by a felon. Accordingly, we hold
that defendant is entitled to a new trial.
NEW TRIAL.
Judges ELMORE and HUNTER, JR. concur.
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