Justice DURHAM,
opinion of the Court:
INTRODUCTION
1 1 Petitioner Roland MeNeil was conviect-ed of assaulting his co-worker. Mr. MeNeil did not commit the actual assault-his son Quentin did-but Mr. MeNeil was charged as an accomplice because phone records showed that calls were made between his phone and his son's phone Just before and after the assault.
2 At trial, the State relied on the phone records to prove Mr. MecNeil's involvement. But the State did not introduce the phone records directly into evidence; instead, it sought to introduce preliminary hearing testimony about the records from a detective who had died before trial. The defense objected, arguing that the detective's testimony about the records was hearsay. The trial court expressed disagreement, and defense counsel apparently acquiesced, saying "Okay, it's not hearsay," before renewing the objection on other grounds. The testimony was ultimately admitted, and the State relied on it heavily, presenting little other evidence that the telephone calls occurred.
T3 Ultimately, Mr. McNeil was convicted and decided to appeal, Before the court of appeals, he argued again that the testimony was hearsay-though on a different basis from the one he argued bélow-and argued further that his lawyer's objection on this point had been so inadequate as to violate Mr. McNeil's right to the effective assistance of counsel. State v. McNeil, 2013 UT App 134, ¶¶ 17, 25, 302 P.3d 844, The court of appeals rejected these arguments, concluding that (1) Mr. McNeil's counsel invited the error in admitting the detective's testimony and (2) any ineffective assistance by defense counsel in objecting to the admittance of the detective's testimony was not prejudicial. Id. ¶¶ 23-24, 32. Mr. McNeil, on certiorari, asks us to reverse.
BACKGROUND
€4 Mr. McNeil worked at Kennecott Mines in 2006 and 2007. He became friends with a co-worker and they began carpooling [701] to work together, but the arrangement did not last. One day the two had a furious argument at work, leaving Mr. MeNeil so upset that he pounded the dashboard for the entire forty-minute ride home. They never spoke again. Mr. MeNeil told his son Quentin about his conflict at work with his coworker. He also shared with Quentin a tape recording of his co-worker and other individuals threatening Mr. McNeil, They threatened to cut off Mr. MecNeil's fingers and throw him in a ditch, After hearing the tape, Quentin became enraged and began stalking his father's co-worker. - Quentin learned where he lived, what car and motorcycle he drove, where his daughter worked, his opinion of his future son-in-law, and that he did not trust banks and kept his savings at home.
T5 Quentin eventually decided to confront his father's co-worker. One morning, he drove to his apartment complex and waited for him to return from breakfast. When he arrived home, Quentin asked him for a cigarette and a telephone while follovmng him to his apartment. - The co-worker declined Quentin's requests and began to open the door to his apartment. As he was opening the door, Quentin shoved him to the ground inside his apartment. Quentin closed the door and began attacking him.
~ 16 During the attack, Quentin used the information he had gathered about his father's co-worker both to seare him and to attempt to locate cash. Quentin was not able to locate any cash, but he stole jewelry and broke his victim's nose and eight teeth. Before leaving, Quentin threw him in his bathtub, saying, "big daddy is going to let you live."
T7 When the police investigated the assault, they found security footage showing that Quentin was talking on his mobile phone as he entered the complex. The police then obtained phone records that showed six telephone calls between Quentin and his father on the morning of the attack, The police observed that these calls included a fourteen-minute call that overlapped with the time that Quentin entered the complex, and a thirty-five second telephone call shortly after the attack. Based largely on this evidence, Mr, McNeil was arrested and charged with aggravated assault.
'[8 At Mr, MecNeil's preliminary hearing, the State called a police detective who testified in detail regarding the times and length of the six telephone calls that morning, relying on notes in his case file based on his review of the phone records. At trial, the State asked to read in the detective's preliminary hearing testimony because the detective had died since the preliminary hearing.
19 Before the detective's preliminary hearing testimony was read to the jury, Mr. McNeil argued that the portion of the testimony that related to the telephone calls should not be read. He articulated through counsel a number of arguments for his position. Defense counsel first argued against reading the testimony regarding the telephone calls because he could not cross-examine the witness. Counsel then claimed that the telephone records were "neutral statements" but that these "neutral statements" may not be used when they lead to inappropriate inferences.
T10 When counsel's argurnenfis were not immediately accepted, counsel expanded the argument, saying that "[tlhis is hearsay at this point, this is hearsay. 'It's a prior recorded statement from a witness who is unavailable." The trial court then interjected; saying "Hold the phone here. Hearsay says an out-of-court statement. This was in Court." "In response, counsel said, "Okay, it's not hearsayl;] it's a neutral statement. I said it right the first time. I did. I said it right the first time." The trial court then made its ruling:
This is not hearsay. It's a sworn statement under oath recorded, subject to cross[-lexamination. If the statement did contain hearsay, we obviously would redact that. Both sides at this time are stipulating that in fact it doesn't. [Defense coun-sell is objecting on different terms than hearsay terms; therefore, we will say [the parties are] stipulating to the fact that it's not hearsay. So that being said, it's going to come in,
Based on this ruling, the testimony regarding the phone calls was read to the jury.
[702] {11 After the prosecution rested, Mr. McNeil's counsel attempted to exclude the same portion of the detective's testimony by arguing that the testimony lacked the required foundation. The trial court rejected counsel's argument as untimely, ruling for the State without hearing the State's response to the argument.
{12 Mr. McNeil was convicted, and he appealed to the court of appeals. He claimed that the trial court erred in failing to exclude the detective's testimony regarding the phone records. State v. McNeil, 2013 UT App 134, ¶¶ 18-32, 302 P.3d 844. He argued that the error constituted "plain error," that is, an error that can be addressed on appeal regardless of whether it was preserved. Id. ¶ 24. He also argued that his counsel was ineffective in not pursuing the hearsay objection, and that the trial's outcome may have been different but for counsel's ineffective, ness. Id. ¶ 25.
{13 The court of appeals held that the plain error claim failed because Utah courts do not review plain error claims when counsel "invites" the error below. The court concluded that defense counsel invited the error because the claim of hearsay was made and then withdrawn. Id. ¶ 28, The court further ruled that, even if defense counsel was ineffective in not pursuing the hearsay objection, Mr. McNeil did not demonstrate that this lack of an objection was prejudicial. Id. ¶¶ 25-32. The court affirmed his convietion. Id. ¶ 72.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
$14 The doctrines we are asked to address here-invited error, plain error, and ineffective assistance of counsel-pertain only to claims that are raised after the initial trial. See State v. Winfield, 2006 UT 4, ¶ 14, 128 P.3d 1171; State v. Cram, 2002 UT 37, ¶ 4, 46 P.3d 230. These doctrines were raised for the first time in the court of appeals, We are thus reviewing how the court of appeals applied these doctrines. In doing so, we review the court of appeals' decision for correctness. State v. Levin, 2006 UT 50, ¶ 15, 144 P.3d 1096. This standard of review allows us to apply the doctrines at issue here as if we were the first appellate court to consider them.
ANALYSIS
[ 15 We granted certiorari on two issues, and we consider them in order. First, we address whether any error in admitting the detective's testimony was invited, concluding it was not invited because there was no clear affirmative statement by counsel inviting the court to err. Second, we address whether the alleged error was prejudicial, and we conclude that even if the trial court erred, the error did not prejudice Mr. McNeil.
I. THERE IS NO INVITED ERROR
T 16 Mr. MeNeil claims that the trial court plainly erred in not excluding the testimony regarding the content of the phone records as hearsay testimony. Before we address his plain error claim, we first review the State's argument that any error here was invited and thus not reviewable.
T17 Under the doctrine of invited error, an error is invited when counsel encourages the trial court to make an erroneous ruling. The rule discourages "parties from intentionally misleading the trial court so as to preserve a hidden ground for reversal on appeal" and gives "the trial court the first opportunity to address the claim of error." State v. Geukgeuzian, 2004 UT 16, ¶ 12, 86 P.3d 742 (internal quotation marks omitted).
18 In examining whether counsel invited error, we have traditionally found invited error when the context reveals that counsel independently made a clear affirmative representation of the erroneous principle. See, e.g., State v. Hamilton, 2003 UT 22, ¶ 54, 70 P.3d 111 (holding that invited error exists when counsel "either by statement or act, affirmatively represent[s] to the court" an incorrect statement of law). When we invoke this doctrine, we encourage counsel not to lead the trial court "into committing the error." Id. (citation omitted); see also State v. Lucero, 223 Ariz. 129, 220 P.3d 249, 256 (App.2009) (noting a distinction between affirmative actions to "initiate the error" and merely acquiescing to the error).
[703]*703119 We have held, however, that if the trial court-not counsel-is responsible for leading a courtroom discussion into error, any resulting error is not invited.1 In State v. Richardson, defense counsel sought to admit testimony both as affirmative evidence and to rebut any contradictory evidence that the State might choose to put on. 2013 UT 50, ¶ 15, 308 P.3d 526. After discussion, the trial court allowed the defendant to use the desired evidence only for the purpose of rebutting any contradictory evidence, Id. ¶ 17.
120 The defendant was convicted and appealed, arguing before us that the testimony was categorically admissible. Id. ¶ 18. In response, the State erroneously argued that the defendant "sought ouly a ruling that would allow him to present the evidence on cross-examination if prior testimony had rendered it relevant." Id. ¶ 35 (internal quotation marks omitted). We disagreed with the State because the defendant originally made the broader argument, and only later focused on the narrow argument. Id. ¶¶ 37-38. We concluded that the State was incorrect in classifying counsel's choice as invited error because the defendant did not "paint himself into his current corner." Id. ¶ 39.
121 In this case, the State argues for a definition of invited error much broader than that in our caselaw. The State claims that the invited error doctrine is triggered by the fact that defense counsel "did not dispute" that the statement was not hearsay. The State also terms counsel's conduct as an "affirmative acquiescence." The State argues that if counsel does not offer a proper objection when asked to do so by the trial court, the error is invited. The State's argument is unpersuasive because an error of this sort by the trial court is not invited but merely unpreserved, and thus remains subject to plain error review. See 3B Charles Alan Wright et al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 856 (4th ed.2013) (noting that plain error "is [ordinarily] invoked by counsel who, in preparing an appeal, discover what they consider to be an error to which no objection was taken below"). Because the State's understanding of invited error would erode the doctrine of plain error review and is contrary to our present caselaw, we reject this broad definition of invited error.2
1 22 The State also offers a narrower argument, based on the fact that after the trial court stated that the evidence was not hearsay, defense counsel said, "Okay, it's not hearsay." The State argues this constitutes invited error. But the context of counsel's arguments reveals otherwise. Defense counsel sought to exclude the detective's testimony about the phone records on a number of different grounds: (1) the lack of an ability to cross-examine the detective at trial, (2) the argument that neutral statements could be [704] prejudicial to Mr. McNeil, and (8) hearsay. Counsel did not state that the records were not hearsay until the trial court insisted that the detective's testimony was not hearsay. Until the trial court's statement, counsel argued exactly the opposite.
$23 As in Richardson, Mr. McNeil "did not paint himself into his current corner. The trial court did that by its interpretation of our rules of [evidence]. That interpretation ... was not invited by [Mr. MeNeil]." Richardson, 2013 UT 50, ¶ 39, 308 P.3d 526. We reject the State's arguments and hold that Mr, MeNeil did not invite the alleged error in this case because his counsel withdrew the hearsay argument due to actions of the trial court, and because counsel's failure to obJect to a trial court's actions is not invited error in this context.
II, MR. MeNEIL WAS NOT PREJUDICED BY THE ADMISSION OF THE DETECTIVE'S TESTIMONY
124 As noted above, Mr. McNeil argues that the trial court erred by failing to exclude the detective's testimony about the telephone records. Because Mr. McNeil did not preserve his objection to this error, we may review it only if it falls under one of the exceptions to the preservation rule. See State v. Low, 2008 UT 58, ¶ 19, 192 P.3d 867. Two such exceptions are at issue here: plain error and ineffective assistance of counsel.
1 25 Proving plain error or ineffective assistance requires proving that any errors by the trial court (under plain error review) or counsel (under an ineffective assistance of counsel claim) prejudiced the defendant.3 Because both claims require a showing of prejudice, if we conclude that the errors alleged by Mr. MeNeil were not prejudicial, Mr. McNeil's claims of ineffective assistance of counsel and plain error fail.
26 We first explain the standard for prejudice review under plain error and ineffective assistance of counsel. We then apply it to Mr. McNeil's-claims of error.
A, An Error Is Prejudicial if It-Undermines Our Confidence . in the Outcome
T27 Our method for evaluating whether an alleged error is prejudicial begins with Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). The standard set forth in Strickland is that
[tlhe defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.
Id. at 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052; see also State v. Lenkart, 2011 UT 27, ¶ 38, 262 P.3d 1. This test does not require the State to prove that there are no conceivable facts under which the alleged error could have led to a different result. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693, 104 S.Ct. 2052 ("It is not enough for the defendant to show that the errors had some conceivable effect on the outcome of the proceeding. Virtually every act or omission of counsel would meet that test. ..."). Rather, the test requires a finding of prejudice only when our confidence in the verdict is undermined.
28 Defendant makes two arguments regarding our precedent's conception of prejudice. First, he argues that we should have two different prejudice tests, one for plain error claims and one for ineffective assistance of counsel claims. Second, he argues that the State bears the burden of proving there was no prejudice. We address each argument in turn.
1 29 Mr, McNeil's first argument-that our test for prejudice under plain error review should differ from the one articulated by Strickland-fails to acknowledge our contradictory placedent We have held that the prejudice test is the same whether under the claim of ineffective assistance or plain error. State v. Munguia, 2011 UT 5, ¶ 13, 253 P.3d 1082; State v. Dunn, 850 P.2d 1201, 1225 (Utah 1993). Mr. McNeil does not even ac[705] knowledge this precedent, and we reject his argument.
€30 Second, Mr. McNeil argues that the State bears the burden of proving that an error was not prejudicial, This argument is incorrect under both federal and state law. Under Strickland, the responsibility to prove that confidence in the verdict is undermined rests with the defendant. 466 U.S. at 693, 104 S.Ct. 2052. ("Conflict of interest claims aside, actual ineffectiveness claims alleging a deficiency in attorney performance are subject to a general requirement that the defendant affirmatively prove prejudice."). Our caselaw has similarly stated that a defendant who appeals from a conviction must show that there is a "reasonable probability" that, but for the error, the outcome would have been different. State v. Moore, 2012 UT 62, ¶ 17, 289 P.3d 487.
B. Mr. McNeil's Prejudice Arguments Foil
131 As applied here, our prejudice analysis asks whether we remain confident that the verdict would be the same had the detective's testimony regarding the phone records been excluded. In pursuing this analysis, we note first that the State does not dispute the importance of the phone records to the verdict. The records were nearly the only evidence of the phone conversations between Mr. McNeil and Quentin on the morning of the assault, and the phone conversations themselves were powerful evidence that Mr. McNeil knew what Quentin was doing. Had the jurors not known about the content of the phone records, they would have been much more likely to doubt that Quentin was acting on Mr. McNeil's instructions or encouragement.
132 Thus, the question we must answer is whether, if the detective's testimony about the records had been excluded, the jurors would have been informed about the content of the records by some other means. Our answer to this question proceeds in three steps. First, we consider (and reject) Mr. McNeil's argument that we should assume for purposes of the prejudice analysis that the telephone records would not have been admitted at all, We next answer whether we are confident that evidence of the phone calls both existed and would have been admitted absent the detective's testimony. . Finally, we examine whether we are confident that this alternative evidence would have matched the detectlve s testlmony
133 Mr. McNeil argues that we should assume for purposes of the prejudice analysis that the telephone records would not have been admitted at all. He asserts, in effect that we cannot hypothesize about what the State might have done if the trial court had excluded the detective's testimony about the phone records.
134 In support of this argument Mr. McNeil relies on State v. Moore, 2012 UT 62, 289 P.3d 487. In Moore, the defendant was accused of showing a pornographic video to a teenage boy and sexually abusing him. Id. ¶¶ 1-5. It was unclear whether the defendant committed the crime in 2002 or 2008. Had the incident taken place in 2002, the defendant would have been guilty of both the crime of child sex abuse and the crime of showing pornography to a minor; had it taken place in 2008, he would only have been guilty of showing pornography to a minor. Id. ¶ 4. At trial, defense counsel never raised the issue of what year the crime took place,. The defendant was convicted on both counts. Id. ¶ 8.
135 On appeal, the court of appeals reversed both charges. Id. ¶ 10. On certiora-ri, the State argued that the pornography charge should not have been reversed because the date of the crime was irrelevant to whether the defendant was guilty of showing pornography to a minor. Id. ¶ 13, The State argued that, had the issue been raised, the prosecution could have simply changed the year stated in the complaint and the jury would have still. convicted the defendant. Id.
186 We concluded in Moore that, if the State had been forced to amend the complaint, defense counsel's strategy could have been different. We explained that "[dle-pending on which of many paths was chosen, there were several possible outcomes, some of which may have resulted in conviction, and some of which may have resulted in acquittal." Id. ¶ 19. We held that it would be [706] inappropriate to uphold the conviction because the defendant had "shown that there is a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different." Id. 1 21.
1 37 Here, Mr. McNeil argues that, just as we did not permit the State in Moore to assert on appeal that it could have amended its complaint, we cannot permit the State in this case to assert on appeal that the telephone records would have been admitted even if the detective's testimony would have been excluded. We disagree. The Moore court did not hold that appellate courts may never speculate about how the trial would have been different had the error not occurred; instead, it engaged in such speculation itself and concluded that, because amending the complaint would have opened up new strategies for the defense, it could not be confident that the trial would still have resulted in conviction, As nothing in our caselaw requires us to assume that the State would not have presented alternative evidence, we consider whether the phone records would likely have been admitted in some other form if the trial court had exeluded the detective's testimony.
138 Mr. McNeil argues that it is not entirely clear whether the telephone records even existed. We disagree. Based on the record before us, there is ample evidence that the records existed.4 The record shows that during discovery, defense counsel requested copies of several pieces of evidence, including all the telephone records that the State had in its possession from Mr. MeNeil's or Quentin's telephones the day of the attacks. The State's response to the discovery request enclosed "all telephone records in [the] possession of the state."5 The State's response also indicated that it was not in possession of several other items requested by the defense. Since the State both claimed to send copies of the requested phone records and identified several items that it did not send, we can infer that the State had possession of the telephone records.
1 39 Having determined that we are confident the telephone records existed, we next consider whether the State would have provided a proper foundation for their admission under our rules of evidence. Foundation for admitting telephone records can be laid in a number of ways. See Utah R. Evid. 901, 902; see also United States v. Yeley-Davis, 632 F.3d 673, 679 (10th Cir.2011) (discussing generally the admissibility of cell phone ree-ords). However, it appears that, aside from the detective's testimony, the State intended to rely on just one of these ways. The State's chosen method is outlined in Utah Rules of Evidence 901(b)(1), which allows for a foundation to be laid by the "[tlestimony of a [wlitness with [kInowledge" that the records are what they say they are. The State prepared to provide this foundation by issuing a subpoena to cell phone service provider Cricket Communications and by stating prior to trial that it "may or may not" call a witness to testify from Cricket Communications.
€40 Mr, McNeil argues that because the State never provided foundation for the phone records, we cannot infer that it would have provided a witness able to verify the actual phone records. We disagree because the State stated before trial that it had two separate paths for admitting the telephone records, and the first one it tried-the detective's testimony about the records-suceeed-ed. It is obvious why the State did not try the second path of introducing the telephone records through the Cricket employee's testimony: it was unnecessary.
41 Mr. McNeil argues, however, that if a witness had been able to provide a foundation for the phone records, the State would have indicated as much during trial He argues in particular that counsel should have indicated how he was going to provide foundation both when the hearsay objection was [707] raised and when the untimely foundation objection was raised.
42 We disagree with Mr. McNeil's arguments. It seems implausible to us that counsel for the State would have indicated how he would provide foundation at the points Mr. MeceNeil mentions, for a simple reason: when the two potentially relevant arguments were made-hearsay and foundation-the trial court rejected the arguments without giving counsel for the State the opportunity to respond. 'The record shows that in order to explain how it would have laid a foundation, the State would have had to interrupt either defense counsel's argument or the judge's. We do not expect this of counsel, and we conclude that Mr. McNeil's assertion that we must reverse because the State did not articulate a method of laying foundation at trial is incorrect.
1 43 Even if the telephone records existed and a foundation could have been provided, we must reverse if the properly admitted evidence might have raised new arguments for the defense. See Moore, 2012 UT 62, ¶¶ 17-18, 289 P.3d 487. In this respect, Mr. McNeil argues that the records might have been contrary to the detective's testimony and thus, had the actual phone records been admitted, he might have had stronger arguments about their relevance or value as proof of guilt. Notably, he does not argue that the outcome would have been different if the phone records had been admitted but matched the detective's testimony about their contents,
44 We disagree with Mr. McNeil's contention that the records would have revealed different information, Since we have inferred above that the telephone records existed and that defense counsel had a copy of the records, it seems all but certain that defense counsel would have found a way to admit the telephone records if counsel's copy of them had contradicted the detective's testimony. This is sufficient for us to conclude that there is not a reasonable probability of the records differing from the testimony about them offered by the prosecution.
T45 As we are confident that the phone records would have been admitted and would not have raised additional arguments for Mr. McNeil, we hold that Mr. McNeil was not prejudiced by any error at trial.
CONCLUSION
146 We hold that defense counsel's withdrawal of the hearsay argument at trial was not invited error. But we also hold that the error Mr. MeNeil alleges on appeal was not prejudicial. We therefore affirm,