[Cite as State v. Lykins, 2022-Ohio-3935.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-220103 TRIAL NO. B-2002971 Plaintiff-Appellee, :
vs. : O P I N I O N. MICHAEL LYKINS, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: November 4, 2022
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Sean M. Donovan, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Jon Sinclair, for Defendant-Appellant. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
BOCK, Judge.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant Michael Lykins appeals his convictions for rape
and corrupting another with drugs, arguing that his speedy-trial rights were violated.
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
I. Facts and Procedure
{¶2} On July 8, 2020, Lykins was indicted for two counts of rape in violation
of R.C. 2907.02(A) and one count of corrupting another with drugs in violation of R.C.
2925.02(A)(4), against a 13-year-old child.
{¶3} In August 2020, Lykins sought a competency evaluation and discovery.
The trial found Lykins competent to stand trial on October 15, 2020. The state took
more than five months to respond to Lykins’s discovery demand.
{¶4} In November 2020, Lykins filed a pro se motion to dismiss, arguing that
his speedy-trial rights had been violated. Lykins was represented by counsel at the
time of his pro se filing. Counsel did not join his motion.
{¶5} Lykins sought 13 continuances during the pendency of his case, each
ranging from five to 166 days. Lykins waived time on each request.
{¶6} On February 2, 2022, the trial court accepted Lykins’s no-contest pleas
and found him guilty. The court sentenced Lykins to seven years in the Ohio
Department of Rehabilitation and Correction and classified him as a Tier III sex
offender or child-victim offender.
II. Law and Analysis
A defendant has the right to a speedy trial
{¶7} The Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States
Constitution guarantee a criminal defendant the right to a speedy trial by the state.
2 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution also provides an accused “a speedy public
trial.” R.C. 2945.71 through 2945.73 provide time limits for bringing an accused to
trial. See State v. Sanchez, 110 Ohio St.3d 274, 2006-Ohio-4478, 853 N.E.2d 283, ¶ 6.
{¶8} Speedy-trial appeals present mixed questions of law and fact. When
supported by competent, credible evidence, we accept the trial court’s determination
of facts as true, but we review the application of the law to the facts de novo. City of
Dublin v. Streb, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 07AP-995, 2008-Ohio-3766, ¶ 23.
{¶9} Ohio codified defendants’ speedy-trial guarantees in R.C. 2945.71.
Under R.C. 2945.71(C)(2), a person charged with a felony must be tried within 270
days of arrest. Defendants who enter no-contest pleas are considered “tried” when the
trial court accepts the pleas. See State v. Harris, 9th Dist. Summit No. 26247, 2012-
Ohio-5868, ¶ 12. Each day that a defendant is held in jail in lieu of bond is counted as
three days. R.C. 2945.71(E). Therefore, the statute’s triple-count provision requires the
state to try jailed defendants no later than 90 days from arrest. State v. Henderson,
1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-100021, 2010-Ohio-5730, ¶ 9.
{¶10} Speedy-trial provisions are mandatory; courts must enforce them
strictly. State v. Adams, 144 Ohio St.3d 429, 2015-Ohio-3954, 45 N.E.3d 127, ¶ 81.
Under R.C. 2945.73(B), a person not tried within the relevant time constraints “shall
be discharged,” and further criminal proceedings based on the same conduct are
barred. R.C. 2945.73(D).
{¶11} The speedy-trial period may be extended only when specific statutory
events occur. R.C. 2945.72. Relevant here, these include periods in which the
defendant’s competency is being determined, or when an accused seeks a continuance.
R.C. 2945.72(B) and (G). R.C. 2945.72(B)’s extension provision, which involves
3 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
competency determinations, is not limited to a specific period. State v. Palmer, 84
Ohio St.3d 103, 106, 702 N.E.2d 72 (1998).
{¶12} When a speedy-trial period has expired, the state bears the burden of
showing that events charged to the defendant tolled time such that the speedy-trial
period had not expired. State v. Gage, 2017-Ohio-8897, 101 N.E.3d 557, ¶ 7 (1st Dist.).
Upon review of a speedy-trial issue, a court is required to count the days of delay
chargeable to either side and determine whether the case was tried within applicable
time limits. Sanchez, 110 Ohio St.3d 274, 2006-Ohio-4478, 853 N.E.2d 283, at ¶ 8.
The rationale supporting speedy-trial legislation is to prevent inexcusable delays
caused by indolence within the judicial system. Id.
Lykins failed to raise his speedy-trial rights at trial.
{¶13} Lykins’s first assignment of error asserts that his speedy-trial rights
were violated. But where a defendant fails to raise that argument below, it is waived
on appeal, except in the context of an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim. State v.
Mango, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103146, 2016-Ohio-2935, ¶ 18.
{¶14} In November 2020, Lykins, while represented by counsel, moved pro se
for dismissal on speedy-trial grounds. His counsel did not join the motion.
{¶15} Criminal defendants are not entitled to “hybrid” representation—
defendants represented by counsel may not act simultaneously as their own counsel.
State v. Ojile, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-200340, 2021-Ohio-2955, ¶ 9. Therefore,
Lykins had no right to file the motion to dismiss and the trial court was prohibited
from entertaining it. State v. Castagnola, 9th Dist. Summit Nos. 28621, 28672, and
28702, 2018-Ohio-1604, ¶ 14.
4 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶16} Because Lykins failed to raise his speedy-trial rights below, he waived
that issue on appeal, except for an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim. We overrule
Lykins’s first assignment of error.
Lykins’s counsel was not ineffective.
{¶17} Lykins’s second assignment of error asserts that his counsel was
ineffective for failing to raise his speedy-trial rights below.
{¶18} To succeed on an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel-claim, an appellant
must show that (1) counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) the deficient
performance deprived the appellant of a fair trial. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). “A defendant’s failure to satisfy one
prong of the Strickland test negates a court’s need to consider the other.” State v.
Madrigal, 87 Ohio St.3d 378, 389, 721 N.E.2d 52 (2000).
{¶19} Lykins’s speedy-trial period began when he was arrested on June 15,
2020. Lykins pleaded no contest.1 The trial court accepted his pleas and found him
guilty on February 2, 2022. Thus, approximately 597 days elapsed between his arrest
and the court finding him guilty, placing the burden on the state to prove that Lykins’s
speedy-trial rights were not violated.
{¶20} Lykins asserts that various timeframes should have been counted
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
[Cite as State v. Lykins, 2022-Ohio-3935.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-220103 TRIAL NO. B-2002971 Plaintiff-Appellee, :
vs. : O P I N I O N. MICHAEL LYKINS, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: November 4, 2022
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Sean M. Donovan, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Jon Sinclair, for Defendant-Appellant. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
BOCK, Judge.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant Michael Lykins appeals his convictions for rape
and corrupting another with drugs, arguing that his speedy-trial rights were violated.
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
I. Facts and Procedure
{¶2} On July 8, 2020, Lykins was indicted for two counts of rape in violation
of R.C. 2907.02(A) and one count of corrupting another with drugs in violation of R.C.
2925.02(A)(4), against a 13-year-old child.
{¶3} In August 2020, Lykins sought a competency evaluation and discovery.
The trial found Lykins competent to stand trial on October 15, 2020. The state took
more than five months to respond to Lykins’s discovery demand.
{¶4} In November 2020, Lykins filed a pro se motion to dismiss, arguing that
his speedy-trial rights had been violated. Lykins was represented by counsel at the
time of his pro se filing. Counsel did not join his motion.
{¶5} Lykins sought 13 continuances during the pendency of his case, each
ranging from five to 166 days. Lykins waived time on each request.
{¶6} On February 2, 2022, the trial court accepted Lykins’s no-contest pleas
and found him guilty. The court sentenced Lykins to seven years in the Ohio
Department of Rehabilitation and Correction and classified him as a Tier III sex
offender or child-victim offender.
II. Law and Analysis
A defendant has the right to a speedy trial
{¶7} The Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States
Constitution guarantee a criminal defendant the right to a speedy trial by the state.
2 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution also provides an accused “a speedy public
trial.” R.C. 2945.71 through 2945.73 provide time limits for bringing an accused to
trial. See State v. Sanchez, 110 Ohio St.3d 274, 2006-Ohio-4478, 853 N.E.2d 283, ¶ 6.
{¶8} Speedy-trial appeals present mixed questions of law and fact. When
supported by competent, credible evidence, we accept the trial court’s determination
of facts as true, but we review the application of the law to the facts de novo. City of
Dublin v. Streb, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 07AP-995, 2008-Ohio-3766, ¶ 23.
{¶9} Ohio codified defendants’ speedy-trial guarantees in R.C. 2945.71.
Under R.C. 2945.71(C)(2), a person charged with a felony must be tried within 270
days of arrest. Defendants who enter no-contest pleas are considered “tried” when the
trial court accepts the pleas. See State v. Harris, 9th Dist. Summit No. 26247, 2012-
Ohio-5868, ¶ 12. Each day that a defendant is held in jail in lieu of bond is counted as
three days. R.C. 2945.71(E). Therefore, the statute’s triple-count provision requires the
state to try jailed defendants no later than 90 days from arrest. State v. Henderson,
1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-100021, 2010-Ohio-5730, ¶ 9.
{¶10} Speedy-trial provisions are mandatory; courts must enforce them
strictly. State v. Adams, 144 Ohio St.3d 429, 2015-Ohio-3954, 45 N.E.3d 127, ¶ 81.
Under R.C. 2945.73(B), a person not tried within the relevant time constraints “shall
be discharged,” and further criminal proceedings based on the same conduct are
barred. R.C. 2945.73(D).
{¶11} The speedy-trial period may be extended only when specific statutory
events occur. R.C. 2945.72. Relevant here, these include periods in which the
defendant’s competency is being determined, or when an accused seeks a continuance.
R.C. 2945.72(B) and (G). R.C. 2945.72(B)’s extension provision, which involves
3 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
competency determinations, is not limited to a specific period. State v. Palmer, 84
Ohio St.3d 103, 106, 702 N.E.2d 72 (1998).
{¶12} When a speedy-trial period has expired, the state bears the burden of
showing that events charged to the defendant tolled time such that the speedy-trial
period had not expired. State v. Gage, 2017-Ohio-8897, 101 N.E.3d 557, ¶ 7 (1st Dist.).
Upon review of a speedy-trial issue, a court is required to count the days of delay
chargeable to either side and determine whether the case was tried within applicable
time limits. Sanchez, 110 Ohio St.3d 274, 2006-Ohio-4478, 853 N.E.2d 283, at ¶ 8.
The rationale supporting speedy-trial legislation is to prevent inexcusable delays
caused by indolence within the judicial system. Id.
Lykins failed to raise his speedy-trial rights at trial.
{¶13} Lykins’s first assignment of error asserts that his speedy-trial rights
were violated. But where a defendant fails to raise that argument below, it is waived
on appeal, except in the context of an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim. State v.
Mango, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103146, 2016-Ohio-2935, ¶ 18.
{¶14} In November 2020, Lykins, while represented by counsel, moved pro se
for dismissal on speedy-trial grounds. His counsel did not join the motion.
{¶15} Criminal defendants are not entitled to “hybrid” representation—
defendants represented by counsel may not act simultaneously as their own counsel.
State v. Ojile, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-200340, 2021-Ohio-2955, ¶ 9. Therefore,
Lykins had no right to file the motion to dismiss and the trial court was prohibited
from entertaining it. State v. Castagnola, 9th Dist. Summit Nos. 28621, 28672, and
28702, 2018-Ohio-1604, ¶ 14.
4 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶16} Because Lykins failed to raise his speedy-trial rights below, he waived
that issue on appeal, except for an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim. We overrule
Lykins’s first assignment of error.
Lykins’s counsel was not ineffective.
{¶17} Lykins’s second assignment of error asserts that his counsel was
ineffective for failing to raise his speedy-trial rights below.
{¶18} To succeed on an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel-claim, an appellant
must show that (1) counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) the deficient
performance deprived the appellant of a fair trial. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). “A defendant’s failure to satisfy one
prong of the Strickland test negates a court’s need to consider the other.” State v.
Madrigal, 87 Ohio St.3d 378, 389, 721 N.E.2d 52 (2000).
{¶19} Lykins’s speedy-trial period began when he was arrested on June 15,
2020. Lykins pleaded no contest.1 The trial court accepted his pleas and found him
guilty on February 2, 2022. Thus, approximately 597 days elapsed between his arrest
and the court finding him guilty, placing the burden on the state to prove that Lykins’s
speedy-trial rights were not violated.
{¶20} Lykins asserts that various timeframes should have been counted
against the state, such as a period where a continuance form was filed, but not signed
by Lykins and his counsel. As demonstrated in the table below, even if we count this
time against the state, the court found Lykins guilty before his speedy-trial time had
expired. His counsel was not deficient in failing to raise speedy-trial rights.
1While a guilty plea waives any speedy-trial argument on appeal, a no-contest plea does not waive the issue. State v. Luna, 2 Ohio St.3d 57, 57-58, 442 N.E.2d 1284 (1982). 5 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Charged to Charged to Start Date Action Defendant State Arrest Date 6/15/2020 0 43 (Time starts) Lykins’s Continuance 7/28/2020 0 6 (Unsigned) Discovery Demand & 8/3/2020 25 0 Competency Evaluation Lykins’s Continuance to 8/28/2020 18 0 9/15/2020 Continuance Ends 9/15/2020 (Competency Evaluation 3 0 Pending) Lykins’s Continuance to 9/18/2020 27 0 10/15/2020 10/15/2020 Continuance Ends 0 5 Lykins’s Continuance to 10/20/2020 10 0 10/29/2020 Lykins’s Continuance to 10/30/2020 40 0 12/9/2020 Lykins’s Continuance to 12/9/2020 35 0 1/13/2021 Lykins’s Continuance to 1/13/2021 28 0 2/10/2021 Lykins’s Continuance to 2/10/2021 166 0 7/26/2021 Lykins’s Continuance to 7/26/2021 37 0 8/31/2021 Lykins’s Continuance to 9/1/2021 21 0 9/22/2021 Lykins’s Continuance to 9/22/2021 15 0 10/7/2021 10/7/2021 Continuance Ends 0 8 Lykins’s Continuance to 10/15/2021 103 0 2/14/2022 Lykins’s Continuance to 1/26/2022 7 0 2/24/2022 Court Finds Lykins Guilty 2/2/2022 (Time Stops)
Total Days Charged 535 62
6 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶21} Lykins’s calculations were inaccurate. On the date when the trial court
accepted Lykins’s no-contest pleas and found him guilty, approximately 28 days
remained before Lykins’s speedy-trial time expired.
{¶22} Lykins also asserts that he did not give consent for his counsel to waive
his time and that his November 2020 pro se motion to dismiss served as notice that
he was not waiving speedy-trial rights. First, as discussed above, his pro se motion was
improperly filed because Lykins had no right to hybrid representation. Moreover,
while his motion states that he had never signed a time waiver, Lykins’s counsel’s
representations are imputed to Lykins. And there is nothing in the record showing that
Lykins instructed his counsel not to waive time.
{¶23} Lykins waived his speedy-trial rights at least a dozen separate times.
Those waivers of time caused the delay, not the state’s actions. Accordingly, the trial
court did not violate Lykins’s right to a speedy trial and his counsel was not deficient.
We overrule Lykins’s second assignment of error.
III. Conclusion
{¶24} The trial court did not err by denying Lykins’s motion to dismiss
because Lykins is not entitled to hybrid representation and his counsel did not join in
the motion. Further, the trial court accepted Lykins’s no-contest pleas and found him
guilty within the statutory time limit. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Judgment affirmed.
MYERS, P.J., and CROUSE, J., concur.
Please note:
The court has recorded its entry on the date of the release of this opinion.